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Entwicklungsperspektiven Der Ökologischen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland

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Entwicklungsperspektiven Der Ökologischen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland TEXTE 00/2019 Projektnummer 113 177 UBA-FB XXX Entwicklungsperspektiven der ökologischen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland von Lisa Haller, FiBL Projekte GmbH, Frankfurt am Main Simon Moakes, Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBL, Frick Urs Niggli, FiBL Deutschland e.V., Frankfurt am Main Judith Riedel, Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBL, Frick Matthias Stolze, Forschungsinstitut für biologischen Landbau FiBL, Frick Michael Thompson, FiBL Projekte GmbH, Frankfurt am Main Im Auftrag des Umweltbundesamtes Impressum Herausgeber Umweltbundesamt Wörlitzer Platz 1 06844 Dessau-Roßlau Tel: +49 340-2103-0 Fax: +49 340-2103-2285 [email protected] Internet: www.umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt.de /umweltbundesamt Durchführung der Studie: FiBL Projekte GmbH Kasseler Straße 1a 60486 Frankfurt am Main Abschlussdatum: November 2019 Redaktion: Fachgebiet II 2.8 Landwirtschaft Nils Ole Plambeck, Knut Ehlers Publikationen als pdf: http://www.umweltbundesamt.de/publikationen ISSN 1862-4804 Dessau-Roßlau, Dezember 2019 Die Verantwortung für den Inhalt dieser Veröffentlichung liegt bei den Autorinnen und Autoren. TEXTE Entwicklungsperspektiven der ökologischen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland Kurzbeschreibung: Entwicklungsperspektiven der ökologischen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland Die Landwirtschaft steht vor zwei großen Herausforderungen: Einerseits muss eine weiter wachsende Weltbevölkerung mit einer ausreichenden Menge Nahrungsmittel versorgt werden – die Landwirtschaft muss also produktiver werden. Andererseits ist die moderne, intensivierte Landwirtschaft einer der wichtigsten Triebkräfte negativer Umweltveränderungen – die Landwirtschaft muss also ökologischer produzieren. Die Frage, wie die aus diesen beiden Aufgaben resultierenden Zielkonflikte gelöst werden können, ist die zentrale Herausforderung für die Gestaltung nachhaltiger Agrar- und Ernährungssysteme – in Deutschland und weltweit. Es ist offensichtlich, dass in der Praxis der konventionellen Landwirtschaft ein Umdenken stattfinden muss, damit die gravierenden Umweltprobleme der Nahrungsmittelproduktion eingedämmt werden können. Doch auch die ökologische Landwirtschaft muss sich weiterentwickeln, damit ihr Potential für mehr Umwelt-, Natur-, Tier- und Klimaschutz voll ausgeschöpft werden kann. In diesem Gutachten werden die Merkmale der ökologischen Landwirtschaft sowie ihre wesentlichen Unterschiede zur konventionellen Landwirtschaft dargestellt. Basierend auf der Analyse der gefundenen Stärken und Schwächen werden Innovationspotentiale in der ökologischen Landwirtschaft erläutert und Entwicklungsszenarien der Landwirtschaft entworfen und analysiert (Öko-Kontinuität, Öko 4.0, Integrierte Produktion+). Die Modellierung dieser Szenarien zeigt anschaulich, dass eine hohe globale Ökoeffizienz (Betrachtung der Umweltperformance per kg Lebensmittel) nicht in jedem Fall mit einer hohen lokalen Umweltperformance (Betrachtung je Hektar) Hand in Hand geht. Insgesamt zeigen die Ergebnisse, dass mit der Einführung von ökologisch sinnvollen aber produktionsorientierten Innovationen und Praktiken die negativen Umweltauswirkungen der Landwirtschaft sowohl in ökologischen als auch in konventionellen Produktionssystemen verringert werden können. Mit dem Konzept Öko 4.0 schlägt diese Studie einen ergebnis- und wirkungsorientierten Ökolandbau vor: Dieser ersetzt die starke Ausrichtung auf Verbote und macht den Ökolandbau offener für die Nutzung des wissenschaftlich-technischen Fortschrittes (case-by-case Überprüfung von neuen wie auch alten Techniken). Gleichzeitig werden die in den Öko-Richtlinien gegenwärtig noch fehlenden Mindestanforderungen vor allem in den Bereichen Natur- und Bodenschutz verbindlich gemacht und nicht länger nur in Leitbildern formuliert. Die klar definierte und an Vorschriften gebundene Integrierte Produktion (IP+) verbessert die Umweltperformance – im Vergleich zur derzeitigen konventionellen Produktion – deutlich. Auch dieses Konzept sollte daher vorangetrieben werden. Der Ökolandbau leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag für mehr Umweltschutz in der Landwirtschaft, hat aber in vielen Bereichen noch großes Verbesserungspotential. Das Nachhaltigkeitsprofil des Ökolandbaus kann durch ambitionierte Forschungs-, Beratungs- und Fördertätigkeit noch deutlich geschärft werden. Sowohl der ökologische Landbau als auch integrierte Landnutzungssysteme sollten deshalb zukünftig im Rahmen der GAP weiter finanziell gefördert werden. Abstract: Development perspectives of organic agriculture in Germany Today’s agriculture faces two major challenges: On the one hand, agriculture must become more productive to provide enough nutritious and high-quality food for a growing population. On the other hand, modern, intensified agriculture is one of the major drivers of negative environmental impacts and must therefore become more ecological. To overcome this conflict of objectives, an environmentally sound and sustainable transformation of the agricultural system in Germany, as well as globally, is needed. Opportunities across both conventional and organic practices are identified as contributing to this effort. This report presents the characteristics of organic agriculture and its main differences from conventional agriculture. Based on an analysis of strengths and weaknesses, potential innovations in organic farming were identified, and scenarios for future agricultural systems were designed and analyzed (Organic Continuity, 6 TEXTE Entwicklungsperspektiven der ökologischen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland Organic 4.0, Integrated Production+). The modelling of these scenarios clearly shows that a high global eco-efficiency (consideration of environmental performance per kg of food produced) does not always go hand in hand with a high local environmental performance (consideration per hectare). Overall, results show that conventional and organic production systems can reduce the environmental impact of agriculture by introducing ecologically-sound and production- oriented innovations and practices. With the concept Organic 4.0, this study proposes a result- and impact-oriented organic agriculture: This replaces the strong focus on prohibitions and makes organic agriculture more open to the use of scientific and technical progress, with case- by-case examination of both new and old technologies. At the same time, currently missing minimum requirements in the organic regulations, which are relevant for nature and soil conservation, are made binding and would no longer be formulated only in guiding principles. Integrated production (IP+), which is clearly defined and linked to regulations, significantly improves environmental performance, when compared with current conventional production. Therefore, its uptake should be further facilitated. Organic farming makes an important contribution to more environmental protection in agriculture. However, there is still great potential for improvement in many areas. The sustainability performance of organic farming can be further strengthened by ambitious research, consulting and funding activities. Both organic farming and integrated land use systems should therefore continue to receive financial support under the CAP in future. 7 TEXTE Entwicklungsperspektiven der ökologischen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland Inhaltsverzeichnis Abbildungsverzeichnis ........................................................................................................................... 11 Tabellenverzeichnis ............................................................................................................................... 11 Abkürzungsverzeichnis .......................................................................................................................... 13 Zusammenfassung ................................................................................................................................. 15 Summary ............................................................................................................................................... 22 1 Kontext und Arbeitsziele ............................................................................................................... 28 2 Wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen der ökologischen und konventionellen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland ................................................................................................................................... 33 2.1 Grundsätze und Grundlagen der konventionellen Landwirtschaft in Deutschland ............. 33 2.2 Entstehung und Entwicklung der konventionellen Landwirtschaft ...................................... 35 2.3 Die ökologische Landwirtschaft ............................................................................................ 37 2.3.1 Entstehung und Entwicklung der ökologischen Landwirtschaft ....................................... 37 2.3.2 Die Grundprinzipien und der rechtliche Rahmen der ökologischen Landwirtschaft ........ 38 2.4 Wesentliche Unterschiede zwischen der ökologischen und konventionellen Landwirtschaft ...................................................................................................................... 44 2.4.1 Generelle Unterschiede .................................................................................................... 44 2.4.2 Standortgegebenheiten .................................................................................................... 48 3 Vergleich zwischen der ökologischen und konventionellen Landwirtschaft hinsichtlich ihrer direkten
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