Vegetarismus Im Christentum

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Vegetarismus Im Christentum Theologische Fakultät der Universität Freiburg/Schweiz Vegetarismus im Christentum Die kirchliche Druckverweigerung des Manuskripts „Versuch einer Theologie des Vegetarianismus“ des Freiburger Professors Prinz Max von Sachsen angesichts der fleischlosen Tradition des Christentums, des heutigen Wissensstandes und der theologischen Diskussion Lizentiatsarbeit von: eingereicht bei: Diego Hieronymi Prof. Dr. Dr. Mariano Delgado Weststrasse 51 Lehrstuhl Kirchengeschichte CH-6314 Unterägeri Universität Miséricorde [email protected] 1700 Freiburg/Schweiz 15. Mai 2000 Korrigierte und leicht überarbeitete Fassung: August 2000 Vorwort Hat die Katholische Kirche mit dem Vegetarismus eine gemeinsame Tradition? Ja und nein. Der Begriff ,Vegetarismus’, steht für die Ernährungslehre, die den ausschliesslichen oder überwiegenden Genuss von pflanzlichen Nahrungsmitteln anstrebt. Er wurde erst im 19. Jahrhundert gebildet und entstammt aufklärerischen Kreisen ausserhalb der Kirche. Und auch heute scheint in den wenigen katholischen Dokumenten, die das Thema Fleischverzicht ansprechen, das Wort ‘Vegetarismus’ gemieden zu werden. In der christlichen Tradition sind aber seit Beginn immer wieder Bestrebungen auszumachen, sich fleischlos zu ernähren. Es ist dabei unter anderem an die christlichen Asketen, Ordensregeln und Fastengebote zu denken. Wo aber früher die Ernährung innerhalb der religiösen Praxis einen wichtigen Stellenwert einnahm, spielt sie heute eine randständige Rolle. Zu Unrecht, wie ich meine. * * * Für die Aufarbeitung des Manuskripts von Prinz Max und seiner Auseinandersetzung mit dem Vegetarismus war mir der Kontakt mit Iso Baumer von unschätzbarem Wert. Von ihm stammt das dreibändige Werk „Prinz Max von Sachsen“, ohne das ich gar nicht auf die Schriften von Prinz Max gestossen wäre. Iso Baumer hat mir auch den Zugang zum Manuskript „Versuch einer Theologie des Vegetarianismus“ ermöglicht und mich mit der Schenkung von zahlreichen Büchern zu den Themen Ökologie, Theologie und Vegetarismus kräftig für meine Arbeit motiviert. Für Informationen über Vegetarismus danke ich Renato Pichler vom Vegibüro Schweiz, Susanne Juchli von der „Aktion Kirche und Tier“ Schweiz, Prof. Hubertus Lutterbach, Gerhard Berger und Charlotte Probst. Während der Arbeit durfte ich immer wieder auf die Unterstützung von Familie und Freunden zählen: besonders von meinem Bruder Andreas, Maria Jans, Annina Schneider, Paul Truttmann, Borys Liechti und Richard Steinhauser, der mir bei der Entzifferung des Briefes von Generalvikar Ems in alter deutscher Handschrift geholfen hat. Und nicht zuletzt möchte ich Professor Delgado danken für sein Einverständnis zu meiner Themenwahl und seine Unterstützung während der Ausarbeitung. Diego Hieronymi 1 INHALTSVERZEICHNIS EINLEITUNG .......................................................................................................................... 5 1 PRINZ MAX UND SEIN EINSATZ FÜR DEN VEGETARISMUS .......................... 8 1.1 Königliche Kindheit ..................................................................................................... 8 1.2 Jugend und Studium .................................................................................................... 9 1.3 Der Weg zum Priestertum ......................................................................................... 10 1.4 Erste Seelsorge und Doktorat ................................................................................... 11 1.5 Professur in Freiburg und Erforschung der Ostkirchen ........................................ 12 1.6 Verurteilung durch den Papst ................................................................................... 12 1.7 Einsatz im Ersten Weltkrieg ..................................................................................... 14 1.8 Die Verurteilung durch das sächsische Landesgericht ........................................... 15 1.9 Ende der Monarchie ................................................................................................... 16 1.10 Lebensreform .............................................................................................................. 17 1.11 Neues Schaffen ............................................................................................................ 18 1.12 Geistlicher einer vegetarischen Frauenkongregation ............................................. 19 1.13 Der Prinz im Alter ...................................................................................................... 19 1.14 Abschied von der Welt ............................................................................................... 20 1.15 Interview mit einem seiner letzten drei Studenten .................................................. 21 1.16 Zusammenstellung einiger Lebensdaten von Prinz Max von Sachsen .................. 23 2 EINFÜHRUNG UND ZUSAMMENFASSUNG DES MANUSKRIPTS „VERSUCH EINER THEOLOGIE DES VEGETARIANISMUS“ ........................................................ 24 2.1 Einführung .................................................................................................................. 24 2.2 Zusammenfassung des Manuskripts „Versuch einer Theologie des Vegetarianismus“ ................................................................................................................... 25 2 3 ANALYSE DER DRUCKVERWEIGERUNG ............................................................ 31 3.1 Einleitung mit Fragment ........................................................................................... 31 3.1.1 Kirchenrechtlicher Hintergrund ........................................................................... 33 3.1.2 Der Absender: Generalvikar Ems ........................................................................ 34 3.2 Die Kritikpunkte des Ordinariates ........................................................................... 35 3.3 Veränderungen am Manuskript durch Prinz Max ................................................. 41 3.3.1 Streichungen beim Grundtext durch Prinz Max ................................................... 43 3.3.2 Ergänzungen von Prinz Max ................................................................................ 43 3.4 Die Folgen der Druckverweigerung .......................................................................... 43 3.5 Prinz Max: Ein Prophet für den Vegetarismus? ..................................................... 45 4 GESCHICHTE DER FLEISCHLOSEN ERNÄHRUNG IM CHRISTENTUM ..... 48 4.1 Blick auf andere Kulturen und Religionen .............................................................. 48 4.2 Vegetarische Ansätze in der Bibel ............................................................................ 50 4.2.1 Altes Testament .................................................................................................... 50 4.2.2 Neues Testament .................................................................................................. 51 4.3 Situation im Urchristentum und in der Alten Kirche ............................................. 54 4.4 Einfluss des heiligen Hieronymus ............................................................................. 54 4.5 Asketische Bewegungen ............................................................................................. 55 4.6 Die ersten Ordensregeln ............................................................................................ 56 4.7 Der Fleischverzicht in der Benediktsregel ............................................................... 57 4.7.1 Der Fleischverzicht bei den Benediktinern in Cluny ........................................... 59 4.7.2 Fleischverzicht bei den Zisterziensern ................................................................. 59 4.8 Die Regeln bezüglich Fleischverzicht lockern sich .................................................. 60 4.9 Pflanzliche Ernährung als Ideal ................................................................................ 61 4.10 Vegetarier vereinen sich ............................................................................................ 62 4.11 Abschliessende Bemerkungen ................................................................................... 63 3 5 DIE THEOLOGISCHE AUSEINANDERSETZUNG MIT DEM TIER ALS NAHRUNGSMITTEL ........................................................................................................... 64 5.1 Ethische Überlegungen zum Tierschutz ................................................................... 64 5.2 Die Stellung des Tieres und des Menschen innerhalb der Schöpfung ................... 65 5.3 „Vegetarismus“ in theologischen Lexika ................................................................. 67 5.4 Stellungnahmen von Theologen und Philosophen................................................... 67 5.5 Kirchliche Verlautbarungen zu Tierschutz und Fleischkonsum ........................... 72 5.6 Das Tier im Katechismus ........................................................................................... 74 5.7 Kirchliche Ansätze und Projekte für ein neues Tierbewusstsein .......................... 77 5.8 Herausforderungen für die Zukunft ........................................................................ 79 6 SCHLUSSBETRACHTUNG ........................................................................................ 80 LITERATURVERZEICHNIS .............................................................................................. 83 ANHANG 1: „VERSUCH EINER THEOLOGIE DES VEGETARIANISMUS“
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