Jing Wang Regional Veterinary Officer [email protected]

Questionnaire: Regulation of AMU in aquatic animals in Asia and the Pacific

November 16, 2020 Summary of the questionnaire

• To better understand the regulation of antimicrobial use in aquatic animals and companion animals in Asia and the Pacific. • The OIE RRAP sent a questionnaire to the OIE Delegate and OIE Focal Point for Veterinary Products. • The summary of this questionnaire will serve as a useful tool in identifying the good practices and issues of concern and will also provide valuable information for OIE in planning future activities. 16 responses by 11 November Legislation relating to antimicrobial use in aquatic animals?

AQUATIC ANIMAL SPECIES INCLUDED IN THE LEGISLATION 20 18 16 14 39% 12 10 8 61% 6 4 NO. OF COUNTRIES/TERRITORIES 2 0 Farmed Fish Ornamental All farmed Farmed Molluscs Amphibian Other (Food fish (farmed crustaceans shrimp only Yes No production) and wild caught) Legislation relating to antimicrobial use in animals cover aquatic animals?

• Title of the legislation (example) Fisheries Act protocol of use antimicrobials in food animals Act on Securing Quality, Efficacy and Safety of Products Including Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agricultural Compounds and Veterinary Medicines Act The Agricultural and Veterinary Chemicals Code Act Drug Act Regulations/action plan to monitor and/or reduce the use of antimicrobials in aquatic animals

39%

48%

0%

13%

Yes, both regulation and action plan Yes, only regulation Yes, only action plan No Specific antimicrobials REGISTERED/LICENSED for use in aquatic animals

All the licensed medicines by Florfenicol Europe, Australia, New Zealand, Penicillins: Ampicillin, Macrolides: Erythromycin, South Africa and United States Tetracyclines: Oxytetracycline quaternary salts, Oxytetracycline HCl, Doxycycline HC, Quinolones: Only 2 products containing Oxolinic acid, Sulfonamides: combinations of Methylene Sulfamonomethoxin/Sulfarnomethoxine sodium, Blue and Malachite Green No registration Sulfisozole Sodium, Other synthetic antibacterials: or licensing Ormetoprim, Thiamphenicol and Derivateives: system Thiamphenicol, Florfenicol, Other antibacterials: (12 Members) Amoxicillin, Fosforycin sodium oxytetracycline ASEAN Guidelines for the Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture and Measures to Eliminate the Use of the Harmful Chemicals Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Doxycycline, Oxytetracycline, Doxycycline, Amoxicillin, Erythromycin, Florfenicol, Flumequine, Florfenicol, Sulfadiazine, Sulfamethoxazole, Kitasamycin, Lincomycin, Oxolinic acid, Sulfadimidine, Trimethoprim, Erythromycin, Oxytetracycline, Spiramycin, Fosfomycin, Sulfadimethoxine, Sulfathiazole, Sulfadimethoxine, Ormetoprim, Praziquantel, Levamisole, Bronopol Sulfamonomethoxine, Thiamphenicol Antimicrobials are BANNED from use in aquatic animals for treatment purpose

The following are banned from use in all farmed aquatic animals: Carbapenems,Australia Chloramphenicol, uses its own national Chloroform, list - Chlorpromazine,The Importance NaturalRatings toxins (e.g. and Colchicine), Summary ofDapsone, Antibacterial Nitroimidazoles Uses in (includesHuman and Metronidazole, Ipronidazole, Ronidazole, Dimetrazole), Glycopeptides Animal Health in Australia. Australia has not registered (includes Avoparcin, Vancomycin, Orienticin), Polymyxin (e.g. Colistin), 35% Sulfanitrancolistin,, Streptomycin, carbapenems, Thiouracil or any analogues, fourth generationTapazol, Quinoxalines (includescephalosporins Olaquindox and for Carbadox), animal use, Triphenylmethane and chloramphenicol, dyes (includes nitrofurans, carbadox, gentamicin, and fluoroquinolones 48% Gentan violet, Malachite green and its metabolites), Nitrofurans group are& the not metabolites approved for use in food producing animals. Ipronidazole,Not limited Chloramphenicol, to aquatic animals, Orakindox but, Hodox as general,, we have Chloramphenicol,banned Virginiamycin, Dimetridazole, Zinc Nitrofural, Bacitracin, Nitrofurantoin, Avilamycin and Furazolidone, Furazolidone, Malachite Green, Metronidazole, Flavophospholipol antimicrobial growth promoters and Ronidazole Nitrofurans, Dapsone, Ronidazole, Chloramphenicol, 13% AristolochiaCarbadox,spp and Olaquindox its products, and Chloramphenicol, Aminoglycosides Chloroform, injectables in 4% Chlorpromazine, Colchicine, Dapsone, Dimetridazole, food producing animals. Registration of products Metronidazole, Nitrofuran (including Furazolidone), Ronidazole, None Greencontaining Malachite, Streptomycin,Ipronidazole, Nitroimidazole, Colistin and Clenbuterol, 3rd generation cephalosporins -cancelled and discontinued from 2017. All antimicrobials within “Highest priority” group of WHO list of critically Diethylstilbestrol (DES), Glycopeptides, Trichlorfon (Dipterex), important antimicrobials (CIA) GentianRegistration Violet (Crystal of products violet), Trifluralin, containing Cypermethrin, Flumequine - All antimicrobials within the WHO CIA list Deltamethrin,discontinued Enrofloxacin, from August Ciprofloxacin, 2020 Fluoroquinolones Chloramphenicol, nitrofurans Other specific antimicrobials. Antimicrobials are BANNED from use in aquatic animals for prevention purpose

The use of any antimicrobials is not allowed for non- veterinary medical use such as promoting the growth of food producing animals and use of sub-therapeutic doses without therapeutic justification. Chloramphenicol, Orakindox, Hodox, Chloramphenicol, 39% 39% Dimetridazole, Nitrofural, Nitrofurantoin, Furazolidone, Furazolidone, Malachite Green, Metronidazole, Ronidazole(These antimicrobials are banned because of toxicity, not because of AMR.) Avoparcin (CIA), Chloramphenicol (HIA), Nitrofuran derivatives (IA). Proposed to gazette the banned of specific 9% 13% CIA AM by 2021 for Antimicrobial Growth Promoter (AGP) and prophylaxis (as prevention) in food producing animals None as listed below: Colistin, Erythromycin and Tylosin, Ceftiofur,

All antimicrobials within “Highest priority” group of WHO list of critically Enrofloxacin, Fosfomycin,Tetracycline . important antimicrobials (CIA) Malachite gree and Gentian violet, Beta agonist drugs, All antimicrobials within the WHO CIA list Nitrofurans, Olaquindox and Carbadox, Chloramphenicol, Other specific antimicrobials. Chloroform (Trichloromethane), Diethylstilbestrol (DES) Challenges faced for AMU in aquatic animals

• Lack of awareness about antimicrobial resistance • Lack of appropriate legislations related to use of veterinary pharmaceuticals • Access to safe and effective veterinary medicine • Lack of aquatic veterinary expertise • No guidelines currently on the prudent use of antimicrobials in aquatic animals and aquaculture • Risk assessment for AMR in aquatic animals have not conducted. It is difficult to identify hazards for conducting risk assessments on AMR in fish • Difficult to control and monitor the use of antimicrobials at the farm level Activities which the OIE may conduct to help Members address the above challenges

• Awareness raising; a) Training and workshops for different stakeholders in the aquaculture industry on prudent use of antimicrobials; b) assist with communication about safe and appropriate aquatic veterinary medicine use. • Collect information of risk assessment for AMR in aquatic animals. • Create a platform to discuss AMU and AMR in aquatic sector. • Hosting experience sharing sessions on how member countries have approached the development of domestic guidelines on the proper use of antimicrobials • Continue the AMR laboratory training • Identify feasible methods to reduce the use of aquatic veterinary medicines Good practice

• Japan, Australia – Using vaccines as alternatives to antimicrobials • Vietnam – Good aquaculture biosecurity practice • Hong Kong SAR – “prescription only” policy https://rr-asia.oie.int/en/projects/antimicrobial-resistance/good- • Fiji – border agency practices-addressing-amr-in-asia-and-the-pacific-region/ reporting AMU since 2016 Thank you