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The Geography of Scotland Thesis

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The Geography of Scotland Thesis THE GEOGRAPHY OF SCOTLAND BY ROBERT ROLAND DRUMMOND B. S., Indiana State Teachers College, 1939 THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN GEOGRAPHY IN THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS, 1940 URBANA, ILLINOIS UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS THE GRADUATE SCHOOL May 25? 1940 I HEREBY RECOMMEND THAT THE THESIS PREPARED UNDER MY SUPERVISION t w Robert Roland Drummond______________________ ENTITLED___________ THE GEOGRAPHY OF SCOTLAND________________ BE ACCEPTED* AS FULFILLING THIS PART OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF. Master of Science In Geography U i In Charge oFThesis Head of Department Recommendation concurred inf Committee on Final Examinationf ♦Subject to successful final examination in the case of the doctorate. •{•Required for doctor’s degree but not for master’s. 1000— 4-40— 18703-S TABLE OP COBTESTS Chapter Page X. Introduction 1 XX* Historical Background . • • • ............ * . 2 XXX. Geographical Regions of Scotland •«••*»**• 6 A* Introduction • *•••*«•••••»••• 6 B* Ha© South of Scotland *•••*•••*«** 8 1* Physical Features . • # ............ .. * 8 3* ClisM&te ##•***♦♦•♦*••••• IS S. Natural Resources • • ............ .. 1 9 4* Agriculture .............. 22 5. Industries 37 a* Woolen ^Manufacturing •*•*••• 3 7 C* The Midland Valley .............. .. 3 9 1. H i y s l e a l F e a t u r e s * * « • .............. 3 9 2* Climate • ............ .................. .. 4 3 3 * natural Resources ......................................... • 45 a. Coal * . .................. * . * . 4 6 h. Oil Shales ......... .. 6 2 4« Agriculture . • • .............. .. • . 67 5. Industries * • « .............. 7 9 a« Iron and Steel Production • • « . * 79 b. Shipbuilding «.•«••••••• 8 3 c. rjoglneering Industries 38 d» Tesctiles *■******••••*• 8 9 e. Printing and Publishing ......... .. 9 6 f • Other Industries »••«•••*• 9 6 Dm Ifce Highlands *•».•«•••••*•••• 97 1* fftysical Features » • • .............. .. 97 2* Climate #♦**##••#•♦•••*• 1 0 4 3* natural Hesources •••••«•***• I C S 4* Agriculture •*•••»••»•*•** 1 0 9 S* Industrios • •••*•***•***•* 1 2 1 a* Distilling •*•»#*»••*•* 1 2 1 b* Tourist Trade *•*•**#•**• 1 2 3 6* Fisheries ♦*«#****•**#»** 1 2 3 X?. Scotland As A Whole • * + •*•••*««*•*• 1 3 1 A« Occult ions ♦*»*##****«••«•*• 131 B. Distribution of Electrical Power »**••• 133 f CU TranaportatIon 136 1* Railways ..... ......... ....*. 137 2. Highways ........... ....................... 139 3. Canals . ............. .. ........... 141 V. Relations With Other Countries ........... 147 Bibliography .................... * • * .............* * * 149 r m r n m Ho* Page 1 Population &fcp of Scotland 5 2 Principal Cities of Scotland **•««•»•• 7 3 The South of Scotland, Physical Features • • • 9 4 lb# Rivers of Scotland • •••••«••»»• 11 5 fh© Four Quadrants of British Clinato • * • * • 1© © Rainfall Map of1 South Scotland «••••••« 1 8 7 Sunshine Hap of *111# British Isles .♦***.• 2 0 8 Grazing Land in ‘lb© South of Scotland * * * * • 23 9 County Distribution of Sh©©p in ’The South of Scotland • ****•*«••*••*•*• 28 10 County Distribution of Cattle in *$i© South of S c o t l a n d •»•*•••••»•*•**•• 2 7 11 Agricultural Regions of South Scotland * * • • 29 12 111© Ffcysical Features of *lhe Midland Valley . * 41 13 Rainfall Map of Hi© Midland Valley .****. 4 4 14 the Scottish Coalfields ............ .. 4 9 15 Section Across Midlothian Coalfield * ......... 8 3 le Production of the Scottish Coalfields .......... 5 5 17 Coal Production In Great Britain • *•**•* 5 7 18 Employment in 3h© Scottish Coalfields * • * * • 59 19 Tffcilisatlon of Scottish Coal* «*••••••• 61 20 Refinery Operation in Great Britain •••••• 6 5 21 Grazing Land in "The Midland Valley *•*.*• 8 9 22 County distribution of Cattle in Th© Midland V a l l e y *•*••**.«•• ............ * 71 23 County Distribution of Sheep In *Th© idland V a l l e y ......... *•••••••••*«• 7 3 24 Agricultural Beglons of Midland Valley . 76 25 Blast Furnaces, 1928 *****«•*«•*•• 8 1 2 6 The Hsysical Features of The Highlands . * * * 100 27 fhe Climates of S c o t l a n d •*••••••*•• 1 0 5 28 Rainfall Hap of Hi© Highlands •*•*«•*«• 1 C 7 29 Agricultural Regions of rIhe Highlands * * * * . 114 30 Grazing Land in *Ih© Highlands ••••••*•• 1 1 6 31 County Distribution of Cattl© in 1h© Ei^lands 118 32 County Distribution of Shsep in ISi© filmlands • 120 33 Fishing Ports of Scotland «•*•*••»**• 124 34 Percentage Comparison of Scottish Fish * . * • 129 35 Occupational Groups ••*«••«•*••»»• 1 3 2 36 Ballway Coverage In Scotland •*«•**«•• 1 3 0 3 7 "Min ! lot or Roads of Scotland •**•*••»• 1 4 0 38 Canals of Scotland «••••**«*••*•• 144 XLLOBTBATI0HS Bo. P a g e 1 A Miniature of the Rural Lands capo • . • Frontispiece 2 A small Corrie loch In the central part of the Highlands ••»*•••*««. * . 14 5 Lodi Troll, near the terrick Kells, a typical ic^-eroded loch ♦ • 14 4 fho Highlands * « 9 8 5 k scene along the western shores of Scotland showing the action of t h e s e a 6 A settlement along the narrow shore of a Highland loch »*#**«**.*••* • » 1 0 2 7 A Highland Xnn *#*#♦*•.**♦»•» ♦ . 122 8 Illustration 1. A Miniature of the Rural Landscape. (From: J. R. Allan, Scotland--1958, Frontispiece.) TABLE OP O O H m t S I re f a c e I Introduction 1 II The Nature ef flight Hates 4 III The ftel&tlon Bmtwmm Freight B*tes and Types of Agricultural Activity in Illinois 2© I V ftorn delation Between IVelght Bates and location of Industries in Illinois 39 A. The Relative Attraction of the Source of Hew Material and the Conmaalnf? Market 4 0 B« Hates on Fuel 48 Cm The Freight Kate Structure 51 P. Bate Policies of the Hailroads 60 I* Transit Privileges 64 V Conclusion 72 Bibliography 73 C H & P T E B X mmosvcTiQ® Scotland has figured In the world osf affairs for nearly 2000 years* fhe Hogans knew it as Caledonia, the hone of wild savage men who were held in check by Hadrian *s Hall* In Medieval times it was a military power which waged successful war with its powerful nei#ibor and concluded alliances with the continental countries. Later when its political star had set it because a part of the great British commercial if system which helped hold together the world fs greatest erxpire* Goods produced in the Scottish factories becam known around the globe, and the ships which carried the?a were likewise made in Scotland* Without doubt the best known product of Scotland is the Scotchman himself; the traits attributed to him are known the world over* His democratic stubbornness and his frugality have nade him the butt of a million anecdotes with no on© enjoying them more than hinself• CHAPTER II HISTORICAL BACWmOWm Scottish history begins with the invasion of the Konans about 80 A.D. A certain general Gnaeus Julius Agricola built & line of forts across Britain Joining the estuaries of the Tyne and the Solway with the express purpose of keeping the war­ like Caledonians from invading the Horaan settlements further south* Ho sooner had he completed this work when he heard of another and yet narrower gap between the seas further to the north which was» of course, the land between the firths of Clyde and Forth* *!&ie second line erf* fortifications marks the Unit of occupation* "Henan Peacen was never established in Scotland* and by 200 A*X>* the garrisons were withdrawn, to H n Tyne-solway line which had beta made into ft continuous wall by the T^speror Hadrian* After the withdrawal of the Renans, there was little peace j the ancient Caledonians or Piets, as they are generally known, were attacked by new invaders* Daring the sixth century the Scots from Ireland landed on the west coast to be followed by the arrival of the Teutonic Angles in the ©astern lowlands, and a long period of war followed* The Boots and Piets were united 200 years later under the Seotfs king, and thus began the king­ d o m of S c o t l a n d * m e l a s t r u l e r of tills u n i o n w a s : ac h e t h w h o - 3 ~ achieved fame mainly because G e n t arias later he became the thene of a Shakespearian play* Close association with Honan England brought rany new in­ fluences into Scotland! one of the nost important being the introduction of the feudal system which replaced a more or less democratic land tenure* She associations with the English brought other troubles, and the Tfogllsh kings gained a semblance of vassalage over the Scottish crown* "hen a quarrel arose as to the rightful king of Scotland, Edward I of England moved in and finally declared hissself the ruler. *£here followed a long war for independence which lasted from 1286 to 15S8, and under B r u c e , the Scotch were finally successful at the battle of Bannockburn* Shis rmrkn the beginning of the nodern Scottish k i n g d o m . fhe religious reform ation in England spread to Scotland, and under the leadership of John Knox in 1560 the reform party in Parliament established a national church. The lands and buildings cf the Catholic church were confiscated, and the overwhelming bulk of the Scottish people be cane Protestants* The two kingdoms were brought closer together than ever when J a n e s V I , son of Mary Stuart, inherited the ^^tglish throne and became Jams I* For over 100 years the two were linked by this "personal** union, but the Hnglish, fearing that ill feelings would again cause war, forced the union of the two nations under the nane of Oreat Britain, m e Articles of Hnion (1707) provided •»4«* that the Presbyterian church of Scotland wouId be nmintalned, that all right* of citizenship and trad# would be the same for Englishman and Scot, and the Scottish people would have so^e representation In the London Parliament. foot land has profited by the union for after a tine the country passed f w n a state of feudal warfare to Hie political peace which lias long characterised England * Bat shen the Scottish members of Parliament no longer went to Minburgh, the old Scotland died and was consumed not by Great Britain but by a "Greater England.
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