Butler University Botanical Studies
Volume 10 Article 18
The Pioneer Period in the Study of Indiana Vascular Flora
Ray C. Friesner
Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanical The Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal eaturf ed original papers primarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology.
Recommended Citation Friesner, Ray C. (1952) "The Pioneer Period in the Study of Indiana Vascular Flora," Butler University Botanical Studies: Vol. 10 , Article 18. Retrieved from: https://digitalcommons.butler.edu/botanical/vol10/iss1/18
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Butler University Botanical Studies (1929-1964)
Edited by
Ray C. Friesner
The Butler University Botanical Studies journal was published by the Botany Department of Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, from 1929 to 1964. The scientific journal featured original papers primarily on plant ecology, taxonomy, and microbiology. The papers contain valuable historical studies, especially floristic surveys that document Indiana’s vegetation in past decades. Authors were Butler faculty, current and former master’s degree students and undergraduates, and other Indiana botanists. The journal was started by Stanley Cain, noted conservation biologist, and edited through most of its years of production by Ray C. Friesner, Butler’s first botanist and founder of the department in 1919. The journal was distributed to learned societies and libraries through exchange.
During the years of the journal’s publication, the Butler University Botany Department had an active program of research and student training. 201 bachelor’s degrees and 75 master’s degrees in Botany were conferred during this period. Thirty-five of these graduates went on to earn doctorates at other institutions.
The Botany Department attracted many notable faculty members and students. Distinguished faculty, in addition to Cain and Friesner , included John E. Potzger, a forest ecologist and palynologist, Willard Nelson Clute, co-founder of the American Fern Society, Marion T. Hall, former director of the Morton Arboretum, C. Mervin Palmer, Rex Webster, and John Pelton. Some of the former undergraduate and master’s students who made active contributions to the fields of botany and ecology include Dwight. W. Billings, Fay Kenoyer Daily, William A. Daily, Rexford Daudenmire, Francis Hueber, Frank McCormick, Scott McCoy, Robert Petty, Potzger, Helene Starcs, and Theodore Sperry. Cain, Daubenmire, Potzger, and Billings served as Presidents of the Ecological Society of America.
Requests for use of materials, especially figures and tables for use in ecology text books, from the Butler University Botanical Studies continue to be granted. For more information, visit www.butler.edu/herbarium.
A few 0 picture 0: THE PIONEER PERIOD IN THE STUDY OF IN the river DIANA VASCULAR FLORA us as we being in ; By RAY C. FRIESNER came to ] The earliest scienti fic work on Indiana vascular flora was done easy slop( by non-resident travelling naturalists. Andre Michaux, born in Satory "On 1 near Versailles, France, March 7, 1746, spent ten years in North fertile, an America, 1786-1796, during which time he travelled from Hudson's beech of Bay to Florida and from tbe Atlantic to the Mississippi River, and sIze; .. collected many species of plants. This collection contained about 20 horse che species taken from Indiana on a trip across the state from LouisviHe to we saw, v Vincennes in August 1795 (12; 24). Four days were required for the grape Vlll trip of 125 miles. In commenting on this trip he writes, "Of all direction. the journeys I have made in North America in the past ten years, this is one of the most diHicult owing to the quantity of trees overturned "Che by storms. to the thick brushwood through which one is obliged to on the pe pass: to the number of Flies by which one is devoured, etc." This the soil is total collection formed the basis for the first general flora of North timber be' America. The publication appeared in 1803 following his death in and spice- Nladegascar in 1802. Sugar oa~ His son. Francois Andre Michaux, travelled some 2000 miles on "open a trip through the Ohio valley in 1802. Observations on plants and such are, agriculture were recorded briefly in his "Travels," but his major Apparent] work, completed after further travels (2), was his "North American treeless al prairie: ,. Sylva." wastes ar David Thomas. a ci viI engineer by profession. (born June 5, 1776. an Impelll 111 Montgomery County, Pennsylvania). journeyed along the Ohio ing under River from eastern Indiana and ultimately reached Vincennes in 1816. of moistu In the account of his travels he records 95 species of plants taken from admit am Indiana (23). The following quotation makes an interesting' reference the scient: to the situation regarding floods during that early period. "He (his host) pointed to a mark on the wall, about four feet above the first Const. floor, and observed that the river had been there; and that they had the EL1ro taken refuge in the neighboring hills. It is said that the difference earliest re between high- and low-water mark sometimes equals 60 feet perpen per'od fn dicular, and our observations tend to give credence to this statement." central :\
144 A few other quotations will give the present-day botanist a vivid picture of the character of the vegetation. "The rank vegetation of IN THE STUDY OF IN the river flats crowded so close as sometimes to brush both sides of RA us as we rode along and indeed everything conspired to remind us
FRIESKER being in a new country. After a traverse of three or four miles·we came to Rising Sun. This village of 40 or 50 house~ is built on an Indiana vascular flora was done easy slope that fronts the Ohio. s. Andre MichalL'C, born in Satory li46, spent ten years in North "On leaving, we ascended the hills, the soil of which is very time he travelled from Hudson's fertile, and the vegetation uncommonly fine. 'Ne gazed at the majestic tic to the Mississippi River, and beech of this country, three feet ill diameter, with branches of great his collection contained about 20 size; . . . we had seen the honey locust, the black walnut and the horse chestnut (sweet buckeye) of equal magnitude; . . . and here across the state from Louisville to we saw, with surprise, the black locust almost a rival in stature, with Four days were required for the grape vines, like cables hanging from the tops of the trees in every on this trip he writes, "Of all direction. America in the past ten years, this the quantity of trees overturned "Chestnut grows near the base (of the knobs) and chestnut oak through which one is obliged to on the peaks; but as we leave these, and advance westward where hich one is devoured, etc." This the soil is less exposed to the wasting action of winds and rains, the r the first general flora of North timber hecomes nearly as thrifty as on the plains below; and pawpaw in 1803 following his death in and spice-wood, as usual constitute the principal underbrush." Sugar maple and beech are mentioned often and he writes of the x, travelled some 2000 miles on "open oak woods" passing "into an extensive plain or prairie. Here 802. Observations on plants and such are called barrens, but improperly, for the soil is very fertile." "n his "Travels," but his major Apparently the term "barren" was applied in these early days to any s (2), was his "North American treeless area surrounded by forest. He speculates on the cause of the prairie: "To me it is evident that the immediate causes of these wastes are fire and inundation; but the predisponent cause is eitber y profession. (born June 5, 1776. an impenetrable hardpan, or a level rock ... the same rock extend nia). journeyed along the Ohio ing under drier parts confines the roots and intercepts the supply ately reached Vincennes in 1816. of moisture that subsoils generally contribute. The trees thus stunted . 95 species of plants taken from admit amongst them a luxurient herbage." The cork elm was gi,'en on makes an interesting reference the scientific name Ulmus IholllGsi in his honor by Sargent (19). ing that carly period. "He (his , about four feet above the first Constantine Samuel Refinesque, born October 22, 1i93, at Galata, d been there: and that they had the Enropean residential district of Constantinople (1) was the s. It is said that the difference earliest resident botanist west of the Alleghanies. During the 25-yeClr metimes equals 60 feet perpen per'od fr0111 1815 to 1840, he tra\'clled on foot through l11llch of the gi\'e credence to this statement." central :\ Iississippi valley and the states eastward to the Atlantic 145 seaboard. collecting, studying, and writing about the plants, animals, lately ha~ and other natural history materials of the area. He spent some of this to considl time at the New Harmony settlement and mentions meeting Dr. TliIiller Merri (Dr. Christoph Miller or Mueller). who gave him "some fine plants" the conch and with whom he "went ... to herborl:>:e in the meadows," (14). tility of ; No doubt he made numerous trips into the Ohio valley portions careless, of Indiana during his professorship at Transylvania University. Of activity, r a total of 1235 Rafinesquian names (11) proposed for 634 taxonomic tiol1s of h entities occurring in Indiana, he specifically cites 21 as being based on lack of in specimens from Indiana, but includes Indiana within the range of evaluate many others. Of the 21 Rafinesquian names based upon specimens examinati from Indiana, only one, viz. Oenothera pilosella Raf. is now in use. clusion. ] Of the remaining 20 names, 6 (Onoclea dentata Raf" Rosa dasistema much and a.~£gust1foliu1n Raf., R. acwminata RaE., Dadecathian RaE., Scutellaria positive 0 villasa Raf., and Lophactis tmifolia Raf.) are of unknown identity. temporari, The remaining 14 are invalid names. Of the total of 1235 names respects h given by Rafinesque to 634 entities which occur in Indiana, only 33 uncontroll or 2.66% are now considered to be valid names. successors
The genius, untiring energy, but careless, erratic, and contentious Coulte character of this pioneer in midwestern natural science is only now area of Ir being appreciated, so great were the eccentricities of his behavior and Natural J his personality. Peattie (13) says of him, "Amongst all the naturalists University who ever worked on the American continent, Rafinesque is the only many spec one who might clearly be called a Titan. He had a voracious appetite descriptioT for discovery, an energy that would have carried him triumphantly through the career of a Humbo1t, a Darwin, a Linnaeus, all in one. Alexar But he had no mental discipline, no capacity to see any subject through United St, to a conclusion, no respect for the work of others, no care for how he tinued to : wounded feelings or made enemies, and absolutely no sense of Ohio to H humor." proceeded spent the The attitude of his contemporaries and those following him for other natu several decades after his death (1840) is well expressed by the follow down the' ing quotation f rom a letter written by the botanist, George Engel of the :;\li mann, to the physician and botanist, Charles 'vV. Short, under date of June 12, 1855 (4). "Your off~r of Rafinesque's writings I thank Return fully accept; though I believe with you that the trouble of sifting the May, 183~ little good wheat from the mass of chaff is vastly greater than to go Harmony to work anew without paying attention to him.... Agassiz, however, Via wagon
146 writing about the plants, animals, lately has paid more attention to his labors about fishes, and seems of the area. He spent some of this to consider him quite sharp-sighted, and ahead of his contemporaries." t and mentions meeting Dr. l\t[iller 'Merrill (11) says of Rafinesque, "Evidence adequately warrants . who gave him "some fine plants" the conclusion that Rafinesque was a genius. He possessed a versa herborize in the meadows," (14). tility of kaleidoscopic range. His work was frequently said to be rips into the Ohio valley portions careless, incorrect, and unreliable. His ceaseless compulsive mental .p at Transylvania University. Of activity, rapidity of execution and magnitude of output-representa (11) proposed for 634 taxonomic tions of,his character organization-adequately account for whatever cifically cites 21 as being based on lack of integrity his work possessed. . . . Anyone who attempts to udes Indiana within the range 0 f evaluate Rafinesque's botanical work on the basis of a thorough uian names based upon specimens examination of his numerous publications can reach only one con lhera pj[osella Ra f. is now in use. clusion. Briefly, this is that it is regrettable that he published so oelea delltata Raf., Rosa dasistema much and so poorly.... He was erratic, noncon formic, contentious, ion (Iugllstifolium Raf., Scutellaria positive of the correctness of his views, highly critical of his con ia Raf.) are of unknown identity. temporaries and some of his predecessors. . . . Clearly in some les. Of the total of 1235 names respects he was ahead of his time. His judgment was faulty, he being which occur in Indiana, only 33 uncontrolled and uncontrollable. Some of his contemporaries and valid names. successors even considered him insane." tit careless, erratic, and contentious Coulter (5) records a visit by Thomas K uttall to the Ohio River estern natural science is only now area of Indiana in 1818, a few years before he became professor of e eccentricities of his behavior and Natural History and curator of the botanical garden at Harvard f him, "Amongst all the naturalists University, While Nuttall is credited as the name authority of a great continent, Rafinesque is the only many species which occur in Indiana, there is no evidence that his itan. He had a voracious appetite descriptions are based upon any Indiana specimens. Id have carried him triumphantly a Darwin, a Linnaeus, all in one. Alexander Philip Ivlaximilian, Prince of Neuweid, travelled in the capacity to see any subject through l}nited States in 1832-34. He began his journey at Boston and con work of others, no care for how he tinued to New York, Philadelphia, and Pittsburgh, thence down the ies, and absolutely no sense of Ohio to the vVabash. He landed at jVlount Vernon (Indiana) and proceeded by road to New Harmony, arriving Octoher 19, where he spent the winter of 1832-33 with C. A. Lesueur, Thomas Say, and ries and those following him for other naturalists. In the spring he continued his journey via steamer ) is well expressed by the fo11ow down the \Vabash and the Ohio to the Mississippi. thence to the mouth by the botanist, George Engel of the Missouri which he ascended to the Rocky Mountain region. , Glarles \V. Short, under date of of Rafinesque's writings I thank Returning by a different route, he arrived in New Harmony in you that the troub1e of sifting the May, 1833 and continued his study of the local flora. He left New f chaf f is vastly greater than to go Harmony on June 9, 1833, accompanied by Lesueur, and proceeded ion to him.... Agassiz, however, via wagon road through Owensville, Princeton, and Vincennes, thence 147 eastward across Indiana and northward to Lake Erie, Niagara. and (Uhio) aca' back to Boston. The results of his study were published in his which he be "Reise durch innere Nord-Amerika" (10) a large quarto volume with Nevertheles: numerous wood cuts and an atlas of magnificent folio plates. (18) had First mention of plants of Indiana occurs in his notes for October taxonomic v 16, 1832. Some delay was experienced during completion-of necessary Dr. Chal repairs to the boat on which he was travelling and "'vVe took advantage tions, in hi, of the delay to walk in the woods, for the first time in the state Psoralea COl (Indiana). The bank was about 50 feet high and steep: tile upper Mr. Jones, ( part of this declivity was grown with Datura, the seeds of which place (21). were not ripe, but very few of the bright violet flowers were to be Riddell in h, seen. The handsome blue-flowering Eupatorium coelestinum and the Lobelia siphilitica bore their flowers between the thorn apples. Upon Alphollst the bank was a magnificent forest of tall heavy beeches, maples, oaks. of Botany" walnuts, etc., in which some plantations of maize with their block "Vood as a houses were already to be found. As underwood, the papaw tree abundant.., grew here everywhere: in the edge of the forest the yellow-flowering scribed Cera Cassia marilandica with ripe seeds. Here stood colossal trunks which of Dr. A. G. three or four men could not have spanned." garding this of the techn Of the vegetation about l\ew Harmony, he writes, ''Lofty forests 1846, in Gre rise round about, in which the settlers have here and there established zeal in botal their fields. The forests which they inhabit are very extensive, their does not tun ground very fertile. Nature is here far more vigorous and luxurient than eastward of the Alleghanies." Plants mentioned include mistle I t should toe. cross vine, sycamores over 41 feet in circum ference, lofty tulip "Ia." was us trees, maples of immense height, nine species of oaks, walnut, wild to Indiana. cherry, eight species of hickory, beech, elms, hackberry, sweet gum, the way the cof fee-nllt. catalpa, black gum, ash, linden. buckeye. In all, 58 species signed their of trees and 13 species of shrubs are listed, besides the more casual of \Vestern mention of herbaceous species. This is the earliest published list of mond, Ind.;' trees and shrubs in Indiana. Dr. Asal In 1835, John L. Riddell published the first comprehensive list of to follow th plants (17) a f the general area 0 f which Indiana is a part. His as a physici: synopsis contained over 1800 species and included many common in plants of th, Indiana. Since he did not retain verifying specimens upon which his dicinal Plam publication was based, it is not certain that any of the particular meeting of t' specimens used for his data actually came f rom Indiana. While he Dr. Clapl taught botany (natural history) for a short period in the Worthington ern States" i 148
149 which he collected. He states that he has added 100 species not observin, recorded by Riddell. His copy of Gray's "Manual of the Botany their resl of the Northern United States," (first edition of Gray's Manual), is Francois also marked, and from these two, together with the tist of medicinal Thomas plants presented in his paper mentioned above, it has been possible to 33). (2: reconstruct a list of plants collected by him in Royd County and side the ~ vicinity. The list totals 930 species. The Wabash College herbarium was Pro; contains 184 specimens; Purdue University 18; and Chicago Natural ington, Ii History Museum, 17 specimens col1ected by Dr. Clapp. His list of Indiana; medicinal plants collected in the vicinity of New Albany contains but who 292 species. ing Soli! In 1854, Increase A. Lapham, engineer. botanist, paleontologist, taxonom~ geologist, and expert map maker, published (9) a list of over 800 Botany ( species of grasses of \Visconsin and adjacent states. induding Indiana. pIOneer p Apparently this is the eadiest comprehensive publication devoted ex least twc clusively to the grasses of the NQrthwest area. (3) Men to advan Rufus Haymond, in his geological survey of Franklin County (8), Short, pl' presented a list of the principal timber trees of that county, prepared Clapp, pr during the summer and fall of 1869. The list contains 33 species with white oak as the most frequent, and beech a dose second. The p A. H. Yc He lists both "white" (F. syh.:estris Michx.) and "r~d" (F. fer marks thl ruginea Ait.) beech. Wood, (26) in his "Class Book of Botany" 3 ed. (1851) writes, "The Red Beech is now regarded as only a variety; with wood softer, and of more easy cleavage, and perhaps a slight Gratel difference in foliage." All other species, though listed under scientific collection names in use at that time, are identi fiable with names in use in our inspiratiol present time. One Indiana specimen bearing his name as collector is first part deposited in the herbarium of the Chicago Natural History Museum taxonomy (26) . R. H. Fisher, of Arba, Randolph Connty, writes in the American 1. BARNF Naturalist, 1870, of having in his col1ection a specimen of Trill1'um in the sessile with flower parts in fours and one of T. recurl'atum with parts 2. BCLEY in twos. These were collected along the Salamonie River (6). 1950. 3. CL~PP, Thus ended what may be spoken of as the pioneer period in the Med. / study of Indiana vascular plants; a period of 75 years, during which 4. COKER. this study was carried on by three types of naturalists: (1) Travellers Elisha 5 Couu' who passed through the state or made only brief stays, collecting and Proc. 150 . he has added 100 species not observing, bllt moving on to other centers for study and writing of Gray's "Manua1 of the Botany their results. Such workers are iltustrated by Andre Michaux (1795), 'st edition of Gray's Manual), is Francois Andre Michaux (1802. ff.), David Thomas (1816), Dgether with the list of medicinal Thomas Nuttall (1818), and Alexander Philip Maximilian (1832 ned above, it has been possible to 33). (2) Professional botanists of the general area but residing out d by him in Floyd County and side the state, e.g. Constantine Samuel Rafinesque (1793-1840), who The Wabash College herbarium was Professor of Natural History at Transylvania University, Lex iver5ity 18; and Chicago Natllral ington, Kentucky, and who no doubt made many collecting trips into lected by Dr. Clapp. His list of Indiana; John L. Riddell, whose botanical work was done in Ohio, ~cinity of New Albany contains but who undoubtedly had many Indiana specimens for study, includ ing Solidago shortii, and who did much to uni fy and stabilize ngineer. botanist, paleontologist, taxonomy of that time. Alphonse Wood, whose Class Book of ~ub!ished (9) a list of over 800 Botany (1847 and 1851) was widely used in the later years of the adjacent states, induding Indiana. pioneer period and the earlier years of the middle period, described at ehensive publication devoted ex least two new species from specimens first collected in Indiana. west area. (3) 1\1 en of other professions who did much as side lines of interest to advance our knowledge of Indiana flora, e.g. Dr. Charles W. I survey of )7ranklin County (8), Short, physician of Lexington, Kentucky (1835), and Dr. Asahel er trees of that county, prepared Clapp, physician of New Albany, Indiana (1852). . The list contains 33 species and beech a dose second. The publication of "lVlanual of Botany of Jefferson County" by A. H. Young (27) in 1871, and the activity of the Hanover group, tris ?dichx.) and "r~d" (P. fer marks the beginning of the Middle Period (1871"1900). his "Class Book of Botany" 3 ed. now regarded as only a variety; ACKNOWLEDGMENT
r cleavage, and perhaps a slight Gratefnl acknowledgment is made to Dr. Charles C. Deam, whose ies, though listed uncler scienti fic collection of original materials made this study possible, and whose 'fiable with names in use in our inspiration and encouragement furnished the motivation for this bearing his name as collector is first part of a larger project intended to cover the history of Indiana icago ~atural History Museum taxonomy from its beginnings to the present date. LITERATURE CITED County. writes in the American 1. B.~RNHART. JOHN HENDLEY. Brief sketches of some collectors of specimens lIection a specimen of Trillium in the B;lrtoll Herbarium. Bartonia 9 :35-42. 1926. one of T. rccu.ruatum with parts 2. BULEY, R. CARLYLE. The Old Northwest. Pioneer period. 2 :580-597. be Salamonie River (6). 1950. Indiana Historical Society. 3. CLAPP, A. Catalogue of the medicinal plants a [ the United Slates. Amer. of as the pioneer period 111 the Med. Assoc. Trans. 5 :233 pp. 1852. eriod of 75 years, during which 4. COKER, W. C. Letters from the collection of Dr. Charles Wilkins Short. - of naturalists: (1) Travellers Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. Jour. 57 :98-168. 1941. 5. COULTER, JOHN M. A century of botany in Indiana. Indiana Acad. Sci. only brief stays, collecting and Proc. 1916 :236-260. 1917.
151 6. DEAM, CH,'RLES C. Flora of Indiana. Indiana Dept. Conservation. 1940. 7. FISHER, R. T. In Fours (On monstrosities of Trillium). ArneI'. 1\'at. 4 :46. 1870. THE B. HAYMOND, Rl-FUS. Geological survey of Franklin County, Indiana, made during the summer and fall of 1869. Indiana Geol. Surv. Ann. Rept. 1:195 TH 197. 1869. IN 9. L.~PHAM, INCREASE A. The grasses of Wisconsin and the adjacent states oi Iowa, ]llinois, Indiana, Ohio, and Michigan, and the territory of Minnesota and the region about Lakc Stlperior. Wisconsin State Agric. Soc. Trans. Tri, 3 :397-488. 12 pI. 1854. it he e 10. MAXIMILIAN, ."LEX.~NDE.R PHILlP (Prince of 1\'ell\veid). Reise das innere Nord-Amerika in den Jahren 1832 bis 1834. 1 :209. CobJenz 1839. (Quota species tions are from an English translation prepared for Robert Ridgway). tlremen
11. MERRILL, ELMER D. Index Rafinesquianus. Arnold Arboretum. 1949. mlCrOll~ 12. MiCHAUX. ANDRE. "Journal of Travels into Kentucky: Jllly 15, 1793-.-\pril and an 11, 1796," in Thwaide: Early Western Travels. 3 :66-68. 1904. 13. PEATTIE, DONALD CULROSS: Green Laurels: The lives and aehievements membr; of the great naturalists. New York. 1936. one-hal 14. RAPINESQUE, CONSTANTINE SAMUEL Selection of twenty-four out of one who ha hundred new species of plants of North America sent to Europe in 1828. by that T. C. S. Rafinesque. Atlantic Jour. and Friend of Knowledge. 1 :li, 152 yon, 24 1832. 15. A life of travels. Reprint in Chronica Botanica. 8 :291-360. T. ·z 1944. ~l"cretio 16. Oenolhera pilosella from Indiana, near Evansville, Vanderbmg County. Ann. Nature IS. 1820. a diseas 17. RIDDELL, JOHN L. A synopsis of the flora of the westem slates. 116 p. this par Cincinnati. 1835. fOllnd i 18. . Supplementary catalogue of Ohio plants. 28 p. Cincinnati. 1836. that in 19. S.'RGENT, CHARLES SPR'GUE. Silva of North America. 14 :102, 1902'. 20. S.'Y, THOMAS. List of plants as an appendix to Keating's report on the Clinic, . second James expedition to the St. Peters River in 1823. 1824. 21. SHORT, CHARLES \V..A fourth supplementary catalogue of the plants of Kentucky. Western Jour. Med. Surg. 2 :283-288. 1840. 22. WALLER, A. E. The vaulting imagination of John L. Riddell. Ohio State For Med. lour. 42:1-13. 1946. scribed. 23. THOMAS, DAVID. Travels through western country ill the summer of 1816. (9) de' Auburn, New York. 1819. introdl\( 24. WILSON, GEORGE R., and GAYLE THORNBROUGH. The Buifalo Traee. In During diana History. Soc. Pub. 15(2) :177-279. 1946. 25. WOOD, ALPHONSE. Class Book of Botany. PI. n. The !\'atura) Orders, the org. illustrated by a Flora of the northern United States nortb of the Capital. which it 2ed. 1847. bacteria 26. WOOD, ALPHONSE. Ibid. 3ed. 1851. 27. YOUNG, A. H. Manual of the botany of Jefferson County, Indiana Geo!. Surv. 2 :253-292. 1871. I A ~ for the ~~ Universit
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