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Und Vogelschutz Im Umfeld HAECKELS: Wrlhelm Bölsche, Konrad Guenther, CARL GEORG Schillings

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Und Vogelschutz Im Umfeld HAECKELS: Wrlhelm Bölsche, Konrad Guenther, CARL GEORG Schillings Anz. Ver. Thüring. Ornithol. 5, 191-200 Dezember 2005 Natur- und Vogelschutz im Umfeld HAECKELS: WrLHELM BöLSCHE, KoNRAD GuENTHER, CARL GEORG ScHILLINGS RosEMARIE NöTHLICH & UwE HaßFELD Mit 3 Abbildungen Zusammenfassung HAECKELS Verdienst, den Begriff »Ökologie<< definiert zu haben, ist hinlänglich bekannt. Bislang kaum erörtert wurde jedoch, wie HAECKEL zu der aufkommenden Naturschutzbewegung stand und welche Kontakte er zu Protagonisten dieser Bewegung besaß. Wie Recherchen jetzt zeigen, stand HAECKEL zumindest der Vo gelschutzbewegung aufgeschlos­ sen gegenüber und unterstützte entsprechende Aufrufe von KONRAD GuENTHER und CARL G. SCHILLINGS. Für den Natur­ und Vo gelschutz engagierte sich auch sein enger Freund, der Schriftsteller WILHELM BöLSCHE, was sich durch dessen Initiativen und Veröffentlichungen, aber auch durch die verschiedensten persönlichen Kontakte belegen läßt. HAECKELS Interesse an der Ornithologie - mehr als Ratgeber und Initiator denn als Fachornithologe - umfaßte dabei einen Zeitraum von fast 50 Jahren, beginnend mit der »Nationalversammlung der Vögel<< (1850) und endend mit der Kolibri-Tafel im Werk über >>Die Kunstformen der Natur<< (1899/1904). Summary ERNST HAECKEL and his influence on the nature conservation movement It is widely known that ERNST HAECKEL coined the term >>ecology<<. Hardly anything has hitherto been known, however, about HAECKEL's relation to the nature conservations movement and its leading protagonists. New archive material shows that HAECKEL - for more than 50 years - was directly involved at least in the bird protection move­ ment, and supported the appeals made by the bird conservationists KoNRAD GuENTHER and CARL G. SCHILLING. HAECKEL's closefriend, the writer WILHELM BöLSCHE, was also involved in the conservation and bird protections movements. BöLSCHE's activities in this area included publications and other initiatives, as weil as various personal contacts with members of the movements. Keywords: ecology, bird protection, ERNST HAECKEL, nature protection, ornithology. Einleitung durch die Arbeiten von Haeckel-Schülern und Verehrern (wie MAx FüRBRINGER oder VICTOR Es ist eine längst bekannte, häufig schon gewür­ FRANZ) diese Tradition bis weit in die Mitte des digte Tatsache, daß bedeutende Evolutionsbio­ 20. Jahrhunderts für den thüringischen, speziell logen auch zugleich bedeutende Ornithologen Jenenser Raum Relevanz besitzen sollte. waren, stehen doch hier als prägnante Beispiele Namen wie die von .ERWIN STRESEMANN, ERNST MAYR oder BERNHARD RENSCH (u. a. HAFFER 1997, Ornithologie bei ERNST HAECKEL HaßFELD & JuNKER 2000, BocK 2004). Auch im Umfeld des Jenaer Zoologen ERNST HAECKEL Wie LEPS im Jahre 2000 nochmals hervorhob, (1834-1919) sollte sich insbesondere um 1900 ein gebührt HAECKEL unumstritten >>das historische solches Interesse entwickeln, wobei HAECKEL Verdienst, in seinem Werk >Generelle Morpholo­ selbst sich nur bedingt in ornithologische Dis­ gie< (1866) eine vor ihm unbenannte >bisher meist kussionen einbrachte, vielmehr, aus dem Hinter­ in hohem Grade< vernachlässigte Disziplin erst­ grund agierend, auf diesem Gebiet als Rat- und malig bezeichnet und ihren Gegenstand definiert Ideengeber auftrat. Aufgrund neu aufgefunde­ ZU haben« (LEPS 2000: 601; vgl. auch HERMAND ner Archivalien im Umfeld der Haeckel-Korre­ 1993). HAECKEL hatte dazu notiert: >>Unter Oeco­ spondenz ist es möglich, einige dieser bisher für logie verstehen wir die gesammte Wissenschaft die Ornithologie- und Naturschutzgeschichte un­ von den Beziehungen des Organismus zur um­ bekannten Streiflichter herauszustellen, zumal gebenden Aussenwelt, wohin wir im weiteren * Dip!. Bio!. R. Nöthlich und PD Dr. Uwe Hoßfeld, Ernst-Haeckel-Haus, Berggasse 7, D-07745 Jena. E-mail: Uwe.Hossfeld@ Uni-Jena.de 192 R. Nöthlich & U. Hoßfeld: Natur- und Vo gelschutz im Umfeld Haeckels § 35 1. Stammbaum der Vögel. r--- c 0 r a c 0 r n i t h e s Paueriformes Clnmn.to1·e� Oscines Cuculiformes Pici \ � Coraciformes H•Oc7�:,�� ' I/ Striges /0 Alectorornithos Charadriornithes Opisthocomi Coraciae Galliforme11 Lo.ridae Columbae � Alcidae ' Gruiformea Pterocles Apter Ralliformes j Crypturi Dinornithcsy� Charadrii I // � Purrae /I/ Pelargornithes Ratitae I cathnrt·des Falconea Rheornithca Cico i e vj Anseres n a Struthiornithes Steganopodes Ichthyornis ' , � l{hen , I Saururae Archornithea Archueopteryx /z__-------- / / oertili L a -· - �inosaur�a R-h��-�hocephalia � rn h Crocodilin - --------·:::::::::,...__ c it s -� a To o e Ptero11auria _.-/__....--- -----; L ____ _ Tocosauria / Abb. I.- Stammbaum der Vögel, E. HAECKEL: Systematische Phylogenie der Wirbelthiere (Vertebrata). Dritter Theil des Entwurfs einer systematischen Stammesgeschichte. Berlin 1895, S. 41 1, § 351. Sinne alle >Existenz-Bedingungen< rechnen kön­ seilschaftlieh wenig Beachtung geschenkt. Die nen« (HAECKEL 1866, Bd. 2: 286). Als HAECKEL gegen Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts zunehmende diese Definition verfaßte, wurde dem Begriff rapide Industrialisierung und Verstädterung ging Existenzbedingungen und der Ökologie i.w.S. ge- mit einer immer mehr fortschreitenden Zerstörung Anz. Ver. Thüring. Ornithol. 5 (2005) 193 der Natur einher, die jedoch nur langsam oder de (Morphologie der Vögel von FüRBRINGER etc.) kaum im allgemeinen Bewußtsein wahrgenommen mit in seine Überlegungen integrierte. Ein Ver­ wurde und sicherlich aber auch regionale Unter­ gleich der Stammbaumdarstellungen aus der er­ schiede erkennen ließ (HERMAND 2001: 411). Um sten Auflage der >>Systematischen Phylogenie<< so mehr ist den vorhandenen und beginnenden (1895, Bd. III) sowie aus der I 1. Auflage der >>Na­ Bemühungen um einen umfassenden Naturschutz türlichen Schöpfungsgeschichte« (1909) belegt (eben auch in Blick auf die Entwicklung biologi­ dies eindrucksvoll (Abb. 1). Im Jahre 1861 (dann scher Fachdisziplinen wie der Ornithologie, Sy­ wieder 1877) war zudem im Solnhofer Schiefer stematik etc.) Aufmerksamkeit zu schenken, wur­ ein Archaeopteryx gefunden worden. A. 0PPEL und den doch eben dieser frühen Naturschutzbewe­ HAECKEL wiesen an ihm den stammesgeschicht­ gung in Deutschland aus dem Umfeld HAECKELS lichen Zusammenhang der Vögel mit den Reptilien wichtige Impulse verliehen. nach; Thomas HENRY HuxLEY faßte später die Rep­ Erste Spuren in Richtung Ornithologie führen tilien und die Vögel als >>Sauropsidae<< zusammen bereits in die Schulzeit des Jenaer Biologen. Durch und prägte 1867 den Satz >>Birds are greatly modi­ den Vater frühzeitig mit politisch-weltanschauli­ fied Reptiles<< (STRESEMANN 1951: 236). HuXLEY war chen Problemen konfrontiert, verarbeitete der da­ es auch gewesen, der angeregt durch HAECKELs mals 14jährige Schüler die Erlebnisse des revolutio­ >>Generelle Morphologie<< im Jahre 1868 den er­ nären Vormärz sowie den Kampf um einen einheit­ sten ornithologischen Stammbaum aufstellte. Ei­ lichen deutschen Nationalstaat auf seine Weise. nen gewissen Abschluß der künstlerisch-ornitho­ Zwischen 1848 und 1850 kolorierte HAECKEL ca. logischen Betätigung von HAECKEL bildete dann 4000 Stahlstiche in dem von Eduard PoEPPIG her­ seine Kolibri-Vogeltafel (Tafel 99) im Werk >>Kunst­ ausgegebenen Werk »Illustrirte Naturgeschich­ formen der Natur<< (1899). te des Thierreiches«, woraus schließlich 1850 ein großes farbiges Bild entstand. Bezug nehmend auf die Deutsche Nationalversammlung in Frank­ HAECKELS Kontakte furt am Main nannte er es »Nationalversammlung zur Naturschutzbewegung der Vögel, bestehend aus je einem Abgeordneten einer jeden Familie«. Die »Abgeordneten« plazierte Aus HAECKELS populärwissenschaftlichen Kon­ HAECKEL auf einem Baum, ohne jedoch innerhalb takten, auch hinsichtlich einer Bedeutung für die der Vögel stammesverwandtschaftliche Bezieh­ Geschichte der Ornithologie und Wissenschafts­ ungen konstruieren zu wollen (KRAUßE 1984: 14). popularisierung, ragt der freundschaftliche Kon­ Diese phylogenetischen Beziehungen finden takt mit WILHELM BöLSCHE (1861-I 939), der als sich dann allerdings fast 20 Jahre später in seiner Romancier und volkstümlicher Schriftsteller zu >>Natürlichen Schöpfungsgeschichte« (1868). Hier einem der meist gelesenen Autoren seiner Zeit referierte HAECKEL innerhalb des achtzehnten Vor­ avancierte, heraus (NöTHLICH 2002). Der aus einem trages >>Stammbaum und Geschichte des Thier­ freidenkerischen Elternhaus stammende BöLSCHE reichs. II. Stammbaum und Geschichte der Wir­ rezipierte, rezensierte und popularisierte HAECKELs belthiere« mehrere Seiten über die Systematik und monistische Naturanschauung in einer ihm eige­ Morphologie der Klasse der Vögel und unterteil­ nen Weise. HAECKELS >>Kunstformen der Natur<< te diese in reptilienschwänzige oder fieder­ entsprachen dabei ganz besonders seinen ästhe­ schwänzige (Saururae), fächerschwänzige oder tischen Intentionen. Seine ersten populären Ar­ kielbrüstige (Carinatae) sowie straußartige oder tikel veröffentlichte BöLSCHE bereits ab 1876 als flaumschwänzige Vögel (Ratitae), auch Laufvö­ Gymnasiast in den von dem Ornithologen KARL gel (Cursores) genannt (HAECKEL 1868: 458-460). Ruß herausgegebenen Zeitschriften >>Isis<< und Insgesamt fällt das Kapitel inhaltlich - im Ver­ >>Die Gefiederte Welt«. 1 Mit seinen populärwissen- gleich zu den anderen - oberflächlich aus: >>Da die nähere Betrachtung der geschichtlichen und 1 KARL Ruß (1833-1 899), Apotheker, Naturforscher genealogischen Entwickelung der einzelnen Vo­ und enthusiastischer Vo gelliebhaber gründete 1 872 die gelordnungen gar kein besonderes Interesse hat, Zeitschrift >>Die Gefiederte We lt«, welche noch heute wenden wir uns dann sogleich
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