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Texto Completo Casa de Oswaldo Cruz – FIOCRUZ Programa de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde MIRIAM ELVIRA JUNGHANS AVIS RARA: A TRAJETÓRIA CIENTÍFICA DA NATURALISTA ALEMÃ EMÍLIA SNETHLAGE (1868-1929) NO BRASIL Rio de Janeiro 2009 MIRIAM ELVIRA JUNGHANS AVIS RARA: A TRAJETÓRIA CIENTÍFICA DA NATURALISTA ALEMÃ EMÍLIA SNETHLAGE (1868-1929) NO BRASIL Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Mestre. Área de Concentração: História das Ciências. Orientadora: Profa. Dra. MAGALI ROMERO SÁ Rio de Janeiro 2009 J95 Junghans, Miriam Elvira ....... Avis rara: a trajetória da naturalista alemã Emília Snethlage (1868-1929) no Brasil / Miriam Elvira Junghans .– Rio de Janeiro : s.n., 2009. 148 f . il. Dissertação ( Mestrado em História das Ciências e da Saúde)-Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz, 2009. Bibliografia: p.117-134. 1.Ciência. 2. História. 3. Museu. 4. Mulheres. 5. Snethlage, Emília. 6. Biografia. CDD:509 MIRIAM ELVIRA JUNGHANS AVIS RARA: A TRAJETÓRIA CIENTÍFICA DA NATURALISTA ALEMÃ EMÍLIA SNETHLAGE (1868-1929) NO BRASIL Dissertação de mestrado apresentada ao Curso de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde da Casa de Oswaldo Cruz-FIOCRUZ, como requisito parcial para obtenção do Grau de Mestre. Área de Concentração: História das Ciências. Aprovada em 07 de julho de 2009. BANCA EXAMINADORA _______________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Magali Romero Sá (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz) - Orientadora ___________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Lorelai Brilhante Kury (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz) _______________________________________________________________ Prof. Dr. Nelson Sanjad (Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi/MCT) Suplente: _______________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Moema Vergara (Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins/MCT) _______________________________________________________________ Profa. Dra. Dominichi Miranda de Sá (Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz) Rio de Janeiro 2009 Aos meus pais e irmãos Ao meu avô, Kurt Emil Junghans AGRADECIMENTOS Quando paramos para pensar na quantidade de pessoas envolvidas na elaboração de uma dissertação de mestrado, acabamos total e plenamente convencidos de que a ciência é uma atividade coletiva, social. Certamente acabarei me lembrando de mais alguma colaboração importantíssima assim que esta relação adquirir seu formato definitivo. Adianto aqui, a quem for injustiçado, meu pedido de desculpas. Na Alemanha os orientadores de pós-graduação são chamados de Doktorvater e Doktormutter . Levando essa idéia ao pé da letra, Magali Romero Sá esteve ao meu lado orientando, incentivando e apoiando das mais diversas formas, sempre acessível e pronta a ajudar. Não tenho palavras suficientes para agradecer-lhe. À Casa de Oswaldo Cruz/Fiocruz e ao Programa de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde – em especial à coordenadora Maria Raquel Fróes da Fonseca – por terem acolhido a pesquisa proposta e pela bolsa concedida durante o curso. A Jaime Benchimol, mestre e amigo. A Nelson e Andréa Sanjad, e aos meninos, João Pedro e Francisco Paulo, pela carinhosa acolhida em Belém e pelo apoio e incentivo permanentes. Aos Profs. Drs. Lorelai Kury, Nelson Sanjad, Dominichi Miranda de Sá e Moema Vergara, pela participação nas bancas de qualificação e defesa. Aos professores da COC Nísia Trindade Lima, Nara Azevedo, Lorelai Kury, Dominichi Miranda de Sá, Robert Wegner, Luiz Otávio Ferreira, Simone Kropf, Kaori Kodama e Luiza Massarani, por compartilharem, com tanto entusiasmo, seus conhecimentos. Aos colegas da pós-graduação Lia, Érico, Maria Letícia, Carmen, Teresa, Simone, Ricardo, Arthur, Gabriel e Juliana, e em especial a Letícia, André Felipe e Vanderlei, pelas discussões, sempre proveitosas, e pela compreensão e amparo em tantos momentos de angústia e incerteza. Aos amigos de todas as horas: Irene Ernest Dias, Juliana Johann, André Sena, Selene Guimarães, Márcia Monteiro e Renata Lins. Ao Sr. Rotger Snethlage, que compartilhou as lembranças da sua tia-avó, Emília Snethlage, e à jornalista Gleice Meire, que gentilmente enviou-me essas informações. Este trabalho é parte importante de um caminho que começou no Projeto Adolpho Lutz, coordenado por Jaime Benchimol e Magali Romero Sá. Muitas das pessoas que conheci aí acompanharam-me na atual jornada: Jacqueline Ribeiro Cabral, Márcio Magalhães, Luiz Octávio, Aninha, Monica Cruz e Jutta Ebeling. Agradeço em especial à Fernanda Schnoor e Tatiana Bukowitz, que me ajudaram com as traduções para o inglês. Ao digno representante da categoria “etnólogos alemães no Brasil”, meu querido amigo Sebastian Drude. Ao pessoal de Belém que conheci nessa grande e acolhedora “aldeia” que é a casa de Sebastian: Rose, Janina, Vilacy, Núbia, Fabíola, Jacinéia, Marga, Iva e Rui Rohte- Neves, Carlos e Regina, João e Elisete, Elis e Ailson.... Ao pessoal do MPEG, pelo carinho e pela disponibilidade: Alexandre Aleixo, Fátima Lima, William Leslie Overal, Teresa Pires, Marinus Hoogmoed, Doralice Romeiro, Aldeides, Olímpia Resque, Mazildo, Rachel, Karin Naase, João Alberto Queirós e Ramiro. A Antônio Carlos Gomes Lima, da biblioteca do Museu Nacional, pela eterna boa vontade e simpatia. Aos funcionários da COC, em especial Maria Cláudia, Paulo e Wanda Weltmann. Aos funcionários da biblioteca e do arquivo do MAST: Araci, Heloísa, Telma, Lúcia e Cris. Por que levarmos adiante uma tarefa que jamais se completará? Max Weber, “A ciência como vocação” SUMÁRIO Lista de ilustrações – p. 9 Lista de abreviaturas e siglas – p. 10 Resumo em português – p. 11 Resumo em inglês – p. 12 1 INTRODUÇÃO – p. 13 2 SENHORINHA DOUTORA, UM ESBOÇO BIOGRÁFICO – p. 20 2.1 Berlim – p. 20 2.2 Belém – p. 24 2.3 Rio de Janeiro – p. 41 3 O TRABALHO DE CAMPO – p. 45 3.1 Viajantes, naturalistas – p. 47 3.2 Os trópicos – p. 55 3.3 A natureza e o homem no leste do Pará – p. 58 3.4 O trabalho de campo de Emília Snethlage – p. 69 3.5 A travessia Xingu-Tapajós – p. 83 4 O TRABALHO DE GABINETE – p. 95 4.1 O Jardim Zoológico do Museu Goeldi – p. 97 4.2 A produção científica de Emília Snethlage – p. 99 5 CONSIDERAÇÕES FINAIS – p. 114 6 OBRAS CITADAS E CONSULTADAS – p. 117 7 ANEXO – A última carta de Emília Snethlage – p. 135 LISTA DE ILUSTRAÇÕES Fig.1 Emília Snethlage no Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, 1926.....................p.139 Fig.2 Folha de rosto da tese de doutorado de Emília Snethlage, 1905................... p.140 Fig.2.1 Prancha da tese de doutorado, desenhada por Emília Snethlage, 1905..... p.141 Fig.2.2 Prancha da tese de doutorado, desenhada por Emília Snethlage, 1905..... p.142 Fig.3 Mapa do “Catálogo de aves”, 1914............................................................... p.143 Fig.4 Emília Snethlage e a chimpanzé, no Museu Goeldi, s/d............................... p.144 Fig.4.1 Emília Snethlage e a chimpanzé, no Museu Goeldi, s/d............................ p.145 Fig.5 Foto de espécime ( Scytalopus speluncae), 1930........................................... p.146 Fig.5.1 Etiqueta de espécime preenchida por Emília Snethlage, 1929.................. p.147 Fig.6 Detalhe do mapa da travessia Xingu-Tapajós de 1909................................. p.148 LISTA DE ABREVIATURAS E SIGLAS AABL – Arquivo da Academia Brasileira de Letras ABC – Academia Brasileira de Ciências AMAST – Arquivo do Museu de Astronomia e Ciências Afins AMNRJ – Arquivo do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro AMPEG – Arquivo Guilherme de La Penha, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi FEG – Fundo Emílio Goeldi no AMPEG FES – Fundo Emília Snethlage no AMPEG RESUMO A dissertação tem por objetivo analisar a trajetória científica da naturalista alemã Emília Snethlage (1868-1929), que trabalhou no Brasil a partir de 1905. Algumas características distinguem seu percurso profissional: o fato de ser mulher, de ter formação acadêmica, a grande ênfase no trabalho de campo, que realizou por toda vida e o fato de ter desenvolvido toda sua trajetória em museus de história natural, na Alemanha e no Brasil. Esta configuração singular funciona como contraponto à reflexão sobre algumas das variáveis sociais envolvidas na produção do conhecimento científico no Brasil, nas três primeiras décadas do século XX. O trabalho de campo e o trabalho de gabinete apresentam-se como instâncias complementares na legitimação do trabalho da cientista e é a partir delas que se desenvolve a análise proposta. Emília Snethlage – história das ciências – museus de história natural – mulheres cientistas – relações científicas teuto-brasileiras. ABSTRACT The dissertation has the objective of analyzing the scientific trajectory of the German Naturalist Emília Snethlage (1868-1929) who has worked in Brazil since 1905. Some characteristics distinguish her professional route: the fact of being woman, of having academic formation, the great emphasis on field work, undertaken through all her life, and the fact of having developed all her path in national history museums both in Germany and in Brazil. This singular configuration stands in a contrastive way when one reflect about some of the social variables involved into the production of scientific knowledge in Brazil during the three first decades of the 20 th century. The field work and the laboratory work are presented as complementary spheres on the validation of the scientist’s work, and it is from this starting point that the proposed analysis is developed. Emília Snethlage – History of Science – Natural
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