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Stone and Brick Masonary

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Stone and Brick Masonary Sagar Institute of Science and Technology Gandhi Nagar Bhopal, 462036 Approved by AICTE, New Delhi & Govt. of M.P. Affiliated to RGPV & BU, Bhopal Tel: 7024368999, 9977995985|www.sistecgn.ac.in CONSTRUCTION OF SUPER STRUCTURE STONE AND ITS MAJOR TYPES BASED ON FORMATION • Building stone is a natural engineering material. • Stone is obtained from rock by applying certain disintegration techniques like manual quarrying and blasting etc. • Stones obtained from rocks are irregular in shape and size and thus need proper dressing before using for construction purpose. Based on formation of the parent rock it has three types 1. Igneous rock formed by the solidification of molten lava such as volcanic activity For example: Granite 2. Sedimentary formed from silt, marine life, and rocks that have been deposited by running water For example: Limestone, Sandstone 3. Metamorphic igneous or sedimentary rock that have been changed by pressure, heat, or moisture For example: Marble, Slate The stone masonry and its uses • Stone blocks laid with cement or lime mortar in a systematic manner forming a structural mass which can resist load without disintegration is called stone masonry. • Stone masonry is used for the construction of walls, foundation, columns, lintels, arches and other components of structures. • If abundantly available it can serve as an economical building material keeping in view the dressing cost and time of construction. • Undressed or rounded shape stone masonry with insufficient mortar is disastrous in earthquake hazard areas like Balakot, Abbottabad etc. Classification of stone masonry • Masonry can be classified according to the thickness of joints, continuity of courses and finish of face. • Broadly there are two types of stone masonry, namely: 1. Rubble Masonry 2. Ashlar Masonry 1). Rubble masonry: This consists of blocks of stones either undressed or roughly dressed and laid in suitable mortar, having wider joints which are not of uniform thickness. a) Uncoursed random rubble masonry b) Random rubble masonry: c) Coursed rubble masonry d) Dry Rubble masonry. Uncoursed rubble masonry: They are used as they are available from Quarry except knocking out some corners. The courses are not maintained regularly. The larger stones are laid first and the spaces between them are then filled up by means of small stones. Uses: construction of compound walls, godowns, garages, labour quarters, etc. Random rubble masonry: In this type rubble masonry, the stones of irregular sizes and shapes are used. The stones are arranged so as to have good appearance. It is to be noted that more skill is required to make this masonry structurally stable. Uses: Const. Of residential building, compound walls, godowns etc Random rubble coursed: In this type of rubble masonry, the height of stones vary from 50 mm to 200 mm. The stones are sorted out before the work commences. The masonry work is then carried out in courses such that the stones in a particular course are of equal heights. Uses: Const. Of public buildings, residential buildings etc. Dry Rubble masonry. Ashlar masonry: • Stone masonry having finely dressed stones laid in cement or lime mortar is known as ashlar masonry. • In this masonry all courses are of uniform height • All the joints are regular, thin and of uniform thickness. • This type of stone masonry is costlier in construction since it involves greater dressing cost. • Superior to all types of rubble masonry in terms of strength and other qualities. • Suitability:- This type of masonry is used forheavy structures, architectural look, piers and abutments of bridges. Types of Ashlar Masonry Types of Ashlar Masonry 1. Ashlar fine masonry: In this type of masonry, the beds, sides, faces are finely chiesel dressed. The stones are arranged in proper bond and the thickness of the mortar joint does not exceed 3mm. This type of construction gives perfectly smooth appearance but it is costly in construction. 2. Rough tooled ashlar masonry: In this type of masonry, the beds and sides are finely chisel dressed. But the face is made rough by means of tools. The thickness of mortar joints doesnot exceed 6mm. 3. Rock or quarry faced ashlar masonry: In this type of masonry, a strip of about 25mm wide and made by means of chiesel, is provided around the perimeter of every stone exposed for view. But the remaining portion of the face is left in the same form as received from quarry. 4. Chamfered ashlar masonry: In this type of masonry, the strip is provided as above. But it is chamfered or bevelled at an angle of 45 degrees by means of chiesel for a depth of about 25mm. 6. Block in course ashlar masonry: This type of ashlar masonry occupies an intermediate position between rubble and ashlar masonry. The faces of the stones are generally hammer dressed and the thickness of mortar joints does not exceed 6mm. Ashlar fine or coursed ashlar masonry Random coursed ashlar masonry Rough tooled ashlar masonry Rock or quarry faced ashlar masonry Chamfered ashlar masonry Block in course ashlar masonry Ashlar facing masonry BRICK MASONRY The bricks are obtained by moulding clay in rectangular blocks of uniform size and then by drying and burning these blocks. As bricks are of uniform size, they can be properly arranged and further, as they are light in weight, no lifting appliance is required for them. The bricks do not require dressing. Thus, at places where stones are not easily available, but there is plenty of clay suitable for the manufacture of bricks, the stones are replaced by bricks. PRINCIPLE OBSERVED IN BRICK MASONRY • While constructing or supervising a brick construction, the following points should to be kept in mind : 1. The bricks should be properly soaked in water, before they are used. 2. The bricks should be so laid that their frogs face upwards. 3. Mortar used should be as stiff as possible. 4. The vertical joints of alternate courses should be in one line. 5. The walls should be raised uniformly and vertically of the wall should be tested at every course. 6. All the joints should be of equal thickness and the ‘thickness of each should not exceed 0.5 to 1 cm. 7. In one day not more than 1.5 m of wall in height should be constructed. 8. The work should be kept wet from 4 to 7 days until the mortar sets and becomes hard. Brick Masonry Terms and Definitions 1. Stretcher: This is a brick laid with its length parallel to the face or front or direction of a wall. The course containing stretcher is called stretcher course. 2. HEADER: This is a brick laid with its breadth or width parallel to the face or front or direction of a wall. The course containing header is called header course. 3. Course :-A course is a horizontal layer of bricks or stones. 4. Bed :-The lower surface of brick when laid flat is known as bed. 5. Face :-The exterior of wall exposed to weather is known as face. The material used in the face of the wall is known as facing. 6. Prepends:- The vertical joints separating the bricks in either length or cross directions are known as perpends. 7. Lap:- The horizontal distance between the vertical joints in successive courses is termed as a lap and for a good bond it should be one fourth of the length of a brick. 8. Bull nose:- A brick moulded with a rounded angle is termed as a bullnose. 9. Frog Types of Bonds: STRETCHER BOND: In this type of Bond all the bricks are laid as stretchers, that is length wise.This bond is used-in half brick thick walls. HEADER BOND: In this bond, all the bricks are laid all headers. This bond is used for curved surfaces in work such as well lining or well foundation etc. ENGLISH BOND: • English bond This is the most common and popular bond and is used in most of the structures. The English bond consists of alternate layers of headers and stretchers. That is to say, one layer will be of stretchers and the other layer of headers. FLEMISH BOND • In this type of bond, each course consists of header and stetcher alternately arranged. • The ENGLISH bond is found to posses more stregnth than the flemish bond for walls having thickness greater than 1.5 bricks. • The construction with the flemish bond requires greater skill as compared to the English bond..
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