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Stone Source Glossary of Terms.Indd
GLOSSARY OF TERMS This glossary provides you with commonly used terms for each of our material UPDATED ON: 9.13.2012 categories. The guide is divided into 5 sections: • Natural Stone • Porcelain tile + Ceramic tile • Glass Tile • Engineered Stone • Wood New York Boston Chicago Los Angeles New Jersey Washington DC Natural Stone Porcelain Tile Glass Tile Engineered Stone Reclaimed Wood 1 of 21 - stone source Glossary of terms GLOSSARY OF TERMS: Natural stone These are the terms most commonly used in relation to Natural Stone: Bleed Staining caused by corrosive metals, oil-based putties, mastics, caulking, or Abrasion resistance sealing compounds. The ability of a material to resist surface wear. Book Matched Absorption Layout wherein slabs are cut to create a mirror image of each other. The relative porosity of the material. Materials with low absorption will be less prone to staining. Materials with high-absorption may not be suitable for all applications, specifically kitchen countertops that come into regular contact with oils or pigmented acidic liquids such as wine or balsamic vinegar. Acid etching Materials that contain calcium or magnesium carbonate (marble, travertine, limestone and onyx) will react to acidic foods such as lemons or tomatoes. This reaction will result in a change in surface sheen, otherwise referred to as “acid etching”. Lighter stones and honed surfaces will typically diminish the appearance of acid etching. Antiqued finish Brushed finish A finish with a worn aged appearance, achieved by mechanically rubber- A smooth finish achieved by brushing a stone with a coarse rotary-type wire brushing the tile. brush. Buttering / Back buttering bullnose edge The process of slathering the back of a stone tile with thinset material to ensure (see edge profiles on page 8) proper mortar coverage. -
3.4 Stone Masonry
Table of contents 3.0 Introduction 5 3.1 Excavating and backfilling for foundations 6 3.1.1 Excavating and preparing foundations 7 3.1.2 Backfilling foundations 10 3.2 Building foundations 12 3.2.1 Defining the size and type of foundations 12 3.2.2 General rules for the construction of foundations 14 3.3 Brick and block masonry works 16 3.3.1 Wall and bond types 16 3.3.2 Preparatory activities for brick masonry works 17 3.3.3 Materials for brick masonry works 18 3.3.4 Bricklaying 21 3.3.5 Pointing for brick masonry 28 3.4 Stone masonry 30 3.4.1 Wall and masonry types 30 3.4.2 Preparatory activities for stone masonry works 31 3.4.3 Material for stone masonry works 32 3.4.4 Laying stone 35 3.4.5 Pointing for stone masonry 39 3.5 Installing doors, windows, lintels and ventilators 41 3.5.1 Installing frames for doors and windows 41 3.5.2 Constructing lintels and sunshades 43 3.5.3 Installation of ventilators 43 3.6 Plastering 46 3.7 IPS flooring 49 Learning Unit 3 Masonry works 3.0 Introduction The purpose of this Learning Unit is to: enable a rural mason to build various masonry structures using brick, block or stone and fix ready-to-install doors, windows and ventilators. By the end of this Learning Unit the rural mason should be able to: (i) Manage excavation works for foundations, (ii) Construct foundations for rural houses, (iii) Perform brick masonry for construction of foundations, footings, load bearing and non-load bearing walls, columns, and including plinths and DPC, (iv) Perform rubble stone masonry for construction of foundation walls, including plinths and DPC, (v) Fix ready-to-install doors, windows, lintels and ventilators, (vi) Carry out pointing and plastering of wall surfaces, and (vii) Lay IPS floor slabs. -
The Art of Stone Masonry in the Rockbridge County Area (1700 to Present)
The Art of Stone Masonry In the Rockbridge County Area (1700 to present) Steven Connett Archaeology 377 5/25/83 Dr. McDaniel The art of stone masonry in the Shenandoah valley seems to be somewhat of a mystery prior to the nineteenth century. However, as some of us have learned from the anthropology 101 course: The absence of artifacts (documents in this case) is just as important as the presence of artifacts. In order to make sure that the lack of information was not due to my possible incompetence in research, I spoke with a current day stone masoner named Alvis Reynolds. Mr. Reynolds relayed t o me that when he was trying to learn the skills of stone masonry he, too, had great difficulty in obtaining information and thus decided to teach himself this art through the process of trial and error. Although this information did not directly aid me in my research, Mr. Reynolds did provide me with a bit of information that allowed me to derive a hypothesis on why there is this unusual lack of information in this line of study. I will state my hypothesis in this paper, however, I will not be able to prove it or disprove it due to the deficiency in available information. Mr. Reynolds explained to me that in the eighteenth century there were nomadic stone masoners. These nomadic workers went from valley to valley in search of people who needed help with building their houses. Since these people did not know how to cut stone themselves (after all, stone cutting is not the type of thing that is innate to most people) they had no choice but to p~y these men for their services or go unsheltered. -
How to Build a Dry Stone Wall an Instructional Guide for Beginners
Do- It-Yourself: How to Build a Dry Stone Wall An instructional guide for beginners © Copyright Stephen Burton and licensed for reuse under this Creative Commons License. By: Stephen T. Kane Table of Contents: INTRODUCTION………………………………………………….3 TOOLS, EQUIPMENT, AND SUPPLIES………………………4 GROUNDWORK…………….…………………………………….7 FOUNDATION…………………………………………………….8 COURSING.…………………………………………………………9 COPING.……………………………………………………………10 GLOSSARY………………………………………………………..11 Introduction: Whether for pure aesthetics or practical functionality, dry stone walls employ the craft of carefully stacking and interlocking stones without the use of mortar to form earthen boundaries, residential foundations, agricultural terraces, and rudimentary fences. If properly constructed, these creations will stand unabated for countless years, requiring only minimal maintenance and repairs. The ability to harness the land and shape it in a way that meets one’s needs through stone walling allows endless possibility and enjoyment after fundamental steps and basic techniques are learned. How to Build a Dry Stone Wall provides a comprehensive reference for beginners looking to start and finish a wall project the correct way. A list of essential resources and tools, a step-by-step guide, and illustrations depicting proper construction will allow readers to approach projects with a confidence and a precision that facilitates the creation of beautiful stonework. If any terminology poses an issue, simply reference the glossary provided in the back of the booklet. NOTE: Depending on property laws and building codes, many areas do not permit stone walls. Check with respective sources to determine if all residential rules and regulations will abide stonework. Also, before building anything on a property line, always consult your neighbor(s) and get their written consent. -
HOUSING REPORT Rubble-Stone Masonry House
World Housing Encyclopedia an Encyclopedia of Housing Construction in Seismically Active Areas of the World an initiative of Earthquake Engineering Research Institute (EERI) and International Association for Earthquake Engineering (IAEE) HOUSING REPORT Rubble-stone masonry house Report # 58 Report Date 05-06-2002 Country SLOVENIA Housing Type Stone Masonry House Housing Sub-Type Stone Masonry House : Rubble stone without/with mud/lime/cement mortar Author(s) Marjana Lutman, Miha Tomazevic Reviewer(s) Svetlana N. Brzev Important This encyclopedia contains information contributed by various earthquake engineering professionals around the world. All opinions, findings, conclusions & recommendations expressed herein are those of the various participants, and do not necessarily reflect the views of the Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, the International Association for Earthquake Engineering, the Engineering Information Foundation, John A. Martin & Associates, Inc. or the participants' organizations. Summary Rubble-stone masonry houses are still found throughout Slovenia. This housing type with its special history represents a typical, older residential building in the northwestern part of Slovenia. After their destruction during World War I, these houses were rebuilt, mostly with the recycled stone material from demolished buildings. Many houses of this type were subsequently damaged during the last two earthquakes in Slovenia (1976 Friuli and 1998 Bovec). In order to preserve the country's architectural heritage, about 66% of these houses were strengthened following these earthquakes. http://www.world-housing.net/whereport1view.php?id=100025 1. General Information Buildings of this construction type can be found in the area of Upper Posocje. The residential housing stock built before the World War II in that area is generally of this type. -
DRY STONE WALLS Fig
INFORM DRY STONE WALLS Fig. 1: Two regional variations showing how local geology influences walling style. Composition of dry stone walls DRY STONE WALLS Dry stone construction is an ancient This INFORM guide aims to broaden building technique, where the walls are the awareness of the importance constructed from carefully positioned and complexity of dry stone walling interlocking stones placed on top of in Scotland, and it outlines common each other without the use of mortar. causes of deterioration and the Pressure from the stones at the top maintenance required to prolong the and the way the stones are interlocked life of such walls. ensures the self-supporting stability of the wall. However, there is more to the Dry stone walls, or drystane dykes as construction of a dry-stone wall than known in Scotland, are an integral part randomly setting stone upon stone; of the built heritage and landscape the skill required to properly construct of Scotland. They perform several a wall without mortar that will last for functions, such as to delineate several hundred years is considerable. boundaries, to corral livestock and to provide shelter for wildlife. Despite The construction of the wall depends the many thousands of miles of dry on the quantity and types of stone stone walling which can be seen available. Although today it is possible forming field boundaries and related to source quarried stone, walls would structures, it is a much neglected have originally been constructed with and misunderstood part of the built stones found on local ground. There heritage. Both their construction are regional variations in the type of and repair are complex tasks that stone used for dry stone walls, as the should not be undertaken lightly; It local geology varies from one place is recommended that any large-scale to another, dictating the shape and repair is performed by a competent or size of available stone, as well as the accredited dyker. -
Outline of Dry-Stone Retaining Wall
12TH INTERNATIONAL BRICK/BLOCK Masonry c O NF E RE NC E OUTLlNE OF DRY-STONE RETAINING WAll CONSTRUCTION IN BRITAIN AND FRANCE 1 2 2 P.J. Walker , J.c. Morel and B.villemus 'Dept. Architecture & Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK ' DGCB, ENTPE, Rue M.Audin, 69518 Vaulx en Velin, FRANCE ABSTRACT During the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries a large number of dry-stone re taining walls were built as part of new road networks in Britain and France. Though many of these walls continue to perform quite satisfactorily, many fail simple stability checks. Maintenance authorities are typically confronted with a large number of ageing and distressed walls and an apparent increasing rate of deterioration in recent years. Initially the paper outlines the form of construction, distribution and extent of these walls in Britain and France. Failure mechanisms, including bulging, and causes of deterioration are discussed. General guidance for inspection and assessment of walls are included. Methods of repair and strengthening, which include pressure poin ting, soi! nailing, reconstruction, and buttressing are summarised as well. The Univer sity of Bath and ENTPE are currently undertaking on-going research programs aimed at improving structural integrity assessment of dry-stone walls. Initial findings from field work, model testing and numerical mode/ling are also included in the paper. Key words: Assessment, dry-stone, retaining walls, maintenance, repair. 1909 INTRODUCTION Dry-stone walls are built largely without the use of mortar by stacking uncut sto ne rubble blocks. Built by skilled masons and they rely on careful selection and positioning of stones for their integrity. -
A Short Text-Book on Masonry Construction, In- Cluding Descriptions of the Materials Used, Their Preparation and Arrangement in Structures
WORKS OF PROF. M. A. HOWE PUBLISHED BY JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc. Masonry. A short Text-book on Masonry Construction, in- cluding Descriptions of the Materials Used, their Preparation and Arrangement in Structures. 8vo, ix +160 pages. 115 figures. Cloth, $1.50 net. Foundations. A short Text-book on Ordinary Foundations, including a brief Description of the Methods Used for Difficurt Foundations. 8vo, vii + 110 pages. 56 figures. Cloth, $1.25 net. Influence Diagrams for the Determination of Maximum Moments in Trusses and Beams 8vo, vii+65 pages, 42 figures. Cloth, $1.25 net. The Design of Simple Roof=trusses in Wood and Steel. With an Introduction to the Elements of Graphic Statics. Third edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, vi+173 pages, 124 figures and 3 folding plates. Cloth, $1.80 net. Retaining-walls for Earth. Including the theory of Earth-pressure as Devel- oped from the Ellipse of Stress. With a Short Treatise on Foundations. Illustrated with Ex- amples from Practice. Sixth edition, revised and enlarged. 12mo, xv +194 pages, 110 figures. Cloth, $1.25 net. A Treatise on Arches. Designed for the use of Engineers and Students in Technical Schools. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, xxv +369 pages, 74 figures. Cloth, $4.00 net. Symmetrical Masonry Arches. Including Natural Stone, Plain concrete and Rein- forced concrete arches, for the use of Technical Schools, Engineers and Computers .in Designing Arches according to the Elastic Theory. Second edition, revised and enlarged. 8vo, xxiv -r245 pages. Profusely illustrated with figures in the text and folding plates. Cloth, $2.50 net. -
Dry Stone Retaining Wall Specifications .PDF
SECTION 04600 DRY STONE WALL RETAINING SYSTEM PART 1 - GENERAL DESCRIPTION Work includes furnishing and installing a coursed dry stone retaining wall to be installed to the lines and grades designated on the project’s final construction drawings or as directed by the Architect/Engineer. Included here are the standards of coursed dry stone wall construction, as they should be shown on the construction drawings. 1.02 RELATED SECTIONS A. Section 02220 – Earthwork 1.03 DEFINITIONS: A. A Dry Stone Retaining Wall is a type of gravity wall. It is built without any mortar, and relies on the mass of the stones and the friction between them to retain soil. B. Terminology for Dry Stone Walls as used in these specifications: 1. Footing: The prepared surface on which the wall is built 2. Foundation Stones: Large Stones in the bottom of the wall, forming the first course. 3. Lift: A portion of wall vertically above or below a course with through stones. The First Lift Starts on top of the foundation stones and goes up to the first course of through stones. The second lift is the next in height and so on. The number of lifts is determined by the height of the wall. 4. Through Stones: Long stones used to tie the face of the wall back to the stones behind. Through stones are typically placed in level courses with a specified horizontal distance between them. The courses of through stones define the top and bottom of the lifts. 5. Wall Stones: Stones seen in the face of the completed wall. -
To: Panel [email protected] From: Katty Law Date: 11/09/2014 11
CB(1)2000/13-14(01) To: [email protected] From: Katty Law Date: 11/09/2014 11:38AM Subject: Objection to the proposed pumping station at the Flagstaff House Monument, Hong Kong Park (See attached file: Flagstaff house paper.pdf) (See attached file: Flagstaff House Paper Appendices.pdf) (See attached file: photo2.jpg) (See attached file: photo7.jpg) (See attached file: photo8.jpg) (See attached file: photo29.jpg) (PLEASE CIRCULATE TO ALL MEMBERS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PANEL) Legislative Councillors Members of the Panel on Development Legislative Council Hong Kong Dear Councillors, On behalf of the Central & Western Concern Group and Heritage Watch, I would like to bring to your attention the serious threat posed to the Flagstaff House monument at Hong Kong Park by the proposed repositioning of the Harcourt Road Freshwater pumping station. Our consultant conservation architect Mr Ken Borthwick has written a detailed assessment of this proposed scheme and the paper is attached herewith for your consideration. In his assessment (which closely examines aspects of WSD's HIA) Mr Borthwick looks at the original positioning of Flagstaff House on the crest of the slope, as well as at what he assesses to be its original grounds based on historical plans and early pictures of Flagstaff House in the HIA. He has made an assessment of an historic, rubble stone, fortified defensive wall with loopholes for firing through, which he opines may be the earliest example of British military fortification surviving in Hong Kong and a vital piece of historic evidence. WSD's HIA totally fails to identify this feature for what it is, nor assess its historical and cultural importance. -
Historic Stone Highway Culverts in New Hampshire Asset Management Manual
Historic Stone Highway Culverts in New Hampshire Asset Management Manual Prepared for: New Hampshire Department of Transportation, Bureau of Environment, Concord. Prepared by: Historic Documentation Company, Inc., Portsmouth, RI September 2009 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION .........................................................................................................1 1.1 Purpose......................................................................................................................1 1.2 Why Preserve Historic Stone Culverts .....................................................................2 2.0 IDENTIFYING HISTORIC STONE CULVERTS.......................................................4 2.1 General Information .................................................................................................4 2.2 New Hampshire Stone Culverts................................................................................7 2.3 Stone Box Culverts ...................................................................................................8 2.4 Stone Arch Culverts................................................................................................14 3.0 MAINTAINING HISTORIC STONE CULVERTS ..................................................16 3.1 General Maintenance Discussion ...........................................................................16 3.2 Inspection & Maintenance Program ......................................................................17 3.3 Clear Waterway .....................................................................................................18 -
Autonomous Dry Stone On-Site Planning and Assembly of Stone Walls with a Robotic Excavator
Research Collection Journal Article Autonomous Dry Stone On-Site Planning and Assembly of Stone Walls with a Robotic Excavator Author(s): Johns, Ryan Luke; Wermelinger, Martin; Mascaro, Ruben; Jud, Dominic; Gramazio, Fabio; Kohler, Matthias; Chli, Margarita; Hutter, Marco Publication Date: 2020-12 Permanent Link: https://doi.org/10.3929/ethz-b-000444678 Originally published in: Construction Robotics 4, http://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-020-00037-6 Rights / License: Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International This page was generated automatically upon download from the ETH Zurich Research Collection. For more information please consult the Terms of use. ETH Library Construction Robotics (2020) 4:127–140 https://doi.org/10.1007/s41693-020-00037-6 ORIGINAL PAPER Autonomous dry stone On-site planning and assembly of stone walls with a robotic excavator Ryan Luke Johns1 · Martin Wermelinger2 · Ruben Mascaro3 · Dominic Jud2 · Fabio Gramazio1 · Matthias Kohler1 · Margarita Chli3 · Marco Hutter2 Received: 15 June 2020 / Accepted: 9 September 2020 / Published online: 29 September 2020 © The Author(s) 2020 Abstract On-site robotic construction not only has the potential to enable architectural assemblies that exceed the size and complexity practical with laboratory-based prefabrication methods, but also ofers the opportunity to leverage context-specifc, locally sourced materials that are inexpensive, abundant, and low in embodied energy. We introduce a process for constructing dry stone walls in situ, facilitated by a customized autonomous hydraulic