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The Evolution and Age of Populations of Scaphinotus Petersi Roeschke on Arizona Sky Islands (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cychrini)

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The Evolution and Age of Populations of Scaphinotus Petersi Roeschke on Arizona Sky Islands (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cychrini) A peer-reviewed open-access journal ZooKeys 147: 183–197 (2011) Sky Island Scaphinotus petersi 183 doi: 10.3897/zookeys.147.2024 RESEARCH articLE www.zookeys.org Launched to accelerate biodiversity research The evolution and age of populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke on Arizona Sky Islands (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cychrini) Karen Ober, Brian Matthews, Abigail Ferrieri, Sonia Kuhn Department of Biology, College of the Holy Cross, Worcester, MA 01610 Corresponding author: Karen Ober ([email protected]) Academic editor: T. Erwin | Received 7 September 2011 | Accepted 20 September 2011 | Published 16 November 2011 Citation: Ober K, Matthews B, Ferrieri A, Kuhn S (2011) The evolution and age of populations of Scaphinotus petersi Roeschke on Arizona Sky Islands (Coleoptera, Carabidae, Cychrini). In: Erwin T (Ed) Proceedings of a symposium honoring the careers of Ross and Joyce Bell and their contributions to scientific work. Burlington, Vermont, 12–15 June 2010. ZooKeys 147: 183–197. doi: 10.3897/zookeys.147.2024 Abstract Populations of the ground beetle Scaphinotus petersi are isolated in subalpine conifer forest habitats on mountain ranges or Sky Islands in southeastern Arizona. Previous work on this species has suggested these populations have been isolated since the last post-glacial maximum times as warming caused this cool adapted species to retreat to high elevations. To test this hypothesis, we inferred the phylogeny from mito- chondrial DNA sequence data from several Arizona Sky Island populations of S. petersi and estimated the divergence time of the currently isolated populations. We found two major clades of S. petersi, an eastern clade and a western group. Our results indicated most mountain ranges form clades except the Huachucas, which are polyphyletic and the Santa Catalinas, which are paraphyletic. We estimated the Pinaleño popu- lation is much older than the last glacial maximum, but the Huachuca and Pinal populations may have been fragmented from the Santa Catalina population since the post-glacial maximum times. Keywords carabid ground beetles, divergence dates, phylogeography Introduction Carabidae (ground beetle family) is one of the larger families of insects with approxi- mately 40,000 described species (Lorenz 2005). The snail-eating beetles of the genus Copyright Karen Ober et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. 184 Karen Ober et al. / ZooKeys 147: 183–197 (2011) Scaphinotus belong to the carabid tribe Cychrini. Cychrines consist of about 150 spe- cies in four genera and are restricted to the Northern Hemisphere; the Cychrini genus Scaphinotus, found only in North America, began its initial radiation about 35 million years ago (Osawa et al. 2004, Scudder 1900) into 55 species (Lorenz, 2005). Scaphino- tus petersi is a large ground beetle confined exclusively to moist coniferous forests that occur in southern Arizona at elevations > 1800 m. Scaphinotus petersi is a specialist pred- ator of land snails, using elongated and narrow mouthparts to penetrate and extract the soft parts of terrestrial snails (Digweed 1993, LaRochelle 1972). Scaphinotus petersi, like other Scaphinotus, is flightless, with reduced or absent flight wings under fused elytra, and thus a poor disperser. Six subspecies of S. petersi have been described (Ball 1966), and geographical variation among subspecies includes differences in size, head and neck characteristics, leg differences and color variation. All six S. petersi subspecies live only on mountains in the sub-Mogollon area of Arizona, a region known as the Sky Islands. The Sky Islands (Heald 1951), also called the Madrean Archipelago, are a unique complex of mountain ranges and ecosystems in southeastern Arizona. At present, hot, dry, desert grasslands and desert scrub in the valleys (the sea between the Sky Islands) act as barriers to the movement of upland forest species such as S. petersi much as saltwater seas isolate flora and fauna on oceanic islands. As with oceanic islands, this separation of habitat limits genetic interchange between populations and creates en- vironments with high evolutionary potential. The resulting Sky Island ecosystems, renowned for their biodiversity (Lomolino et al. 1989), support a high number of endemic species, including many threatened and endangered species, and are consid- ered a biodiversity hot spot (Spector 2002). The Sky Islands are a natural laboratory in which to examine genetic differentiation and the evolutionary dynamics of vicariance. Mesic refuges, such as those in southwest mountains, may have been important centers of diversification during periods of dry climate for carabid beetles (Noonan 1992). To- day, several Sky Island mountain ranges each contain a unique subspecies of S. petersi. The goal of this study was to infer the biogeographic history of S. petersi in south- eastern Arizona and investigate how the paleoclimatic oscillations of Quaternary affected the distribution of populations in the Sky Islands. We present a preliminary genealogy of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) sequences and use these data to address questions about population structure of this species and examine the potential role of the Pleistocene climate changes in the differentiation some of the Sky Island populations of S. petersi. Methods DNA sequence data We collected DNA sequence data from 45 specimens of four of the six subspecies of S. petersi in five localities in four mountain ranges (Table 1, Fig. 1). We included three outgroup species from the tribe Cychrini. One species of a related genus Sphaeroderus, and two other distantly related Scaphinotus species. Outgroup choices Sky Island Scaphinotus petersi 185 Table 1. Specimens, collection localities, and GenBank numbers included in this study. Specimen Collection locality Specimen COI ND1 number GenBank GenBank Sphaeroderus lecontei MA: Worcester Co. Wachusett Reservior 001 JN639333 JN641890 71.6849°W, 42.4048°N 120m elev. Scaphinotus crenatus CA: Kern Co., Silvia Rd. 002 JN639334 JN641891 37°29.789'N, 119°53.369'W Scaphinotus sp. CA: Kern Co. Hwy 49A 030 JN639335 JN641892 37°22.806'N, 199°43.879'W Scaphinotus petersi AZ:Graham Co., Pinaleño Mts., 040 JN639336 JN641893 grahami Columbine Corral Camp/Ash Creek 32.7065°N, 109.9131°W elev. 2904m Scaphinotus petersi AZ:Graham Co., Pinaleño Mts., 041 JN639337 JN641894 grahami Ladybug Trail 32.6589°N, 109.8540°W elev. 2716m Scaphinotus petersi AZ:Graham Co., Pinaleño Mts., 075 JN639369 JN641926 grahami Columbine Corral Camp/Ash Creek 32.7065°N, 109.9131°W elev. 2904m Scaphinotus petersi AZ:Graham Co., Pinaleño Mts., 076 JN639370 JN641927 grahami Columbine Corral Camp/Ash Creek 32.7065°N, 109.9131°W elev. 2904m Scaphinotus petersi AZ:Graham Co., Pinaleño Mts., 077 JN639371 JN641928 grahami Columbine Corral Camp/Ash Creek 32.7065°N, 109.9131°W elev. 2904m Scaphinotus petersi AZ:Graham Co., Pinaleño Mts., 078 JN639372 JN641929 grahami Columbine Corral Camp/Ash Creek 32.7065°N, 109.9131°W elev. 2904m Scaphinotus petersi AZ:Graham Co., Pinaleño Mts., 079 JN639373 JN641930 grahami Columbine Corral Camp/Ash Creek 32.7065°N, 109.9131°W elev. 2904m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 044 JN639340 JN641897 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 045 JN639341 JN641898 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 046 JN639342 JN641899 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 047 JN639343 JN641900 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 048 JN639344 JN641901 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 049 JN639345 JN641902 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m 186 Karen Ober et al. / ZooKeys 147: 183–197 (2011) Specimen Collection locality Specimen COI ND1 number GenBank GenBank Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 050 JN639346 JN641903 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 051 JN639347 JN641904 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 052 JN639348 JN641947 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 073 JN639367 JN641924 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Cochise Co., Huachuca Mts., Carr 074 JN639368 JN641925 biedermani Canyon Trail 31.4272°N, 110.3069°W elev. 2186m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., 042 JN639338 JN641895 catalinae Marshall Gulch 32.4279°N, 110.7052°W elev. 2432m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., 043 JN639339 JN641896 catalinae Marshall Gulch 32.4279°N, 110.7052°W elev. 2432m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 053 JN639348 JN641905 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev. 2499m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 054 JN639349 JN641906 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev. 2499m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 055 JN639350 JN641907 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev. 2499m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 056 JN639351 JN641908 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev. 2499m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 058 JN639352 JN641909 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev. 2499m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 059 JN639353 JN641910 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev. 2499m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 060 JN639354 JN641911 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev. 2499m Scaphinotus petersi AZ: Pima Co., Santa Catalina Mts., Ski 061 JN639355 JN641912 catalinae Valley 32.4507°N, 110.7789°W elev.
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