JamesR. LaBonte, P ant D v s on OregonDepartrnent of Agr cu ture 635Capto NE Sae.n,Oregon97810email j abonte@odastate or.us DonaldW Scott, B ue Mountans Pestlvlanagement Serv ce Center,USDA Forest Service, 140T Geke er Lane.La Grande,Oregon 97850 James D. Mclver and Jane Leslie Hayes,Pacfic NorthwestResearch Staton Forestryand Fange Scences LaboratorvT40T GekeLer Lane La Grande Oregon97850

Threatened,Endangered, and SensitiveInsects in EasternOregon and WashingtonForests and AdiacentLands

Abstract lnsecrspla) an inrcgral role in ihe heald of lbrest ecosystens. While mosl insect spcciesin easiernOregon and [ishington forestsare presumcdto be abundantand secure.some may bc rare or in decline.Accounts are given lbr iltcen east-sideforesl insed speciescurrenrly listed as threatcned.endangered. or rensitile (TES). We discussreasons for thcir listjng, \\'hich includc peripheralpopulations. relict spccics.species with resficted habitatsor hosls. and endemi( \peLi(\ Wherherlhc nccdsofcurently listcd TES east-sideibrest insectsare being met by cuffent managementpracdces can onl) be ascenainedil adequateinforDarion is availableon their distribuiion. abundance.habital requiremenls,and biologies. However' thjs infofmation is lacking for many specics.For instance.i\c of lhe TES speciesdiscussed in ibis paper have poorly known di\tributions, andbeucr information may changctheir status.Applicatjon ofgeneral principlcsforthe conser!adonofinvertebrale di\crsj!y andfunctions na,v help prevento$ercas! sideforest inseclsliom acquiringlederal or stateTESclassiiicalion and could aid spcciesalreadl lisred. Manl' pracricesalrcady undenakenb,,- lcdcral land m.rnagersma! be helping to prolec! TES popula- lions and habirar.Spcciiic managemenlpractices, such as preserlalion of key habrlu|sat risk of degfadalionor alteration (e.9., springs and sphagnun bogs), may be ncccssarl,to prevenr fic dccljne or local extinction of someTES insccls. Giten the inad equateinformation availablefor mostnon pesl forest insec6 and theirgreat ditersilr. a nroresyslenatic approachto theif conser vation and manageinentmay be necdcd.

lntroduction insectspecies are fbund in this region (e.g.,Par- sonset al. l99l). The extremedifficulty in distin- Insects are integral componentsof virtually all guishingbetween many speciesof insectsfurther tenestrial ecosystems.They are key elementsin complicatesconservation and management effbrts. tbod and energywebs becauseof their high spe- This problem is compoundedby the very limited cies diversity, great abundance.and breadth of numberoftaxonomic specialistsavailable to iden- ccological and trophic roles. Although in forest (Lattin Both ofthese environs most attention in the past has fbcused tify insects 1993,New 1995). upon insectsas fbrest pests,their many contribu- issuesare linked to the absenceof adequatedata tions to a healthy forest ecosystemare now rec- for the majodty of insectspecies. Littlc more in ognized.While mostfbrest insect specles oleastem fomation is available than namesand descrip Oregonand Washington are presumed to be rela- rion. for mo\t \ne(ie:\.Man) inse.:t.pecie. are tir el) commonand se(urc. some spe\.ie\ rre con known fiorn only a singlespecimen, orjust a few, sidercdpotentially thrcatened or endangered.The andan equallylow numberoflocalitiesfrom which purposeof this paper is to provide accountsfor theyare recorded. Consequently, these species arc and discussionsof the 15 insect speciesof east- frequenttylisted as TES by default, as is true of em Oregon and Washingtonthat are considered severalspecies addressed in this paper.However, to be rare or declining, plus 2 additional species suchspecies shouldbe considered forlisting with of interest. caution,especially as scarcity ofinsect specimens Insectspose formidable challengesto threat or recordsdoes not neccssarilygquate to actual ene,l.endangereJ. or .ensili\e ITFS):'pecies con- rarity.Subsequent collecting efforts may find these servation and managementefTorts (New 1995). speciesto be relativelycommon and widely dis- Oneof themost daunting aspects is thegreat species tributed, which was the casewith the caddisfly, diversityofthis class.Litcrally thousandsofforest Cryptochia neosa,discussed herein.

NorthwestScience, Vol. 75, SpecialIssue,2001 185

O 2001 bt the Nonhsen Scicnnil.]\ssociation. Allrisbn '.ic^.d Thebasis for Iistingspecies as TES is theEn- Oregonpopulation is in WascoCo., just eastof dangeredSpecies Act (ESA 1973),and listings the CascadeCresl (LaBonte 1995). Habitat: Re- are continuallyre-evaluated (e.g.. USDI 1999). stdctedto sphagDurnbogs in forestedareas fiom Speciesmay be listed at Federalor statelevels. sealevel (Kitvanaugh1992) to montaneareas in Difl'ercnt categorization criteria and proccsses the Oregonand Washington Cascades (Johnson resultin lisrs ofTES speciesthar ofren diller dra- I 979.LaBonte 1995).S.tatu!: Habitar desrrucrlon matically betwcenagencies, organtzauons, or or degradationvia urbanization.grazing, l1oris- ad.lacentstates. For instance.the Washington State tic succession,trampling, and bog drainage or DepartmenLof Fish and Wildlife (WSDFW) lisrs sphrgnummining. and pesticide applications fbr 17 spccies of inscctsas stateor Federalcandi- iorest pestsor mosquitoabatement are threats 10 (hftp://w\r,w.$'a.go\/wdf dates w,ftablphsinvrt.hhn# knownpopulations (LaBonre l995) arthropods).The OregonDepartmcnt ofFish and Nebria gebleri Kavanaugh; Wildlite (ODFW) hasa cooperativeagreemenr .fragnrlae Com mon name:Sfawberrv Mountainsgazellc rvith thc Oregon Natural Heritage Program beetle: Famil)': Cinabidae.Distribution geb (ONHP) to developand maintain thc srateinver- : N eb r ia leri Dcjeanis distributedthroughout tebrateTES listing.which curently lists78 po westernCanada tential TES insectsin variouscategories (ONHP and the United States,from the ConrinentalDi- vide to the West (Bousquet 2001).The NatureConservancy (TNC) alsomain- Coast and Larochelle 1993). tainsa list of insectsthat are believed to be rare However.this subspeciesis known only or narrowly distributed.Listed insectsoften rep from the vicinity ofthe Strawbeny Mountains in resenttaxa that are rclict or endcmic, have re- noftheastemOregon (Kavanaugh 1979). Habitat: st cted habitatsor hosts.have populations at the Atelevationsftonl 1500-2300m, alongthe cobble periphery of wider distributionsor simply those and gravel banks of montanc perennial streams about which little is known. alnidconilercus forest (Kavanaugh l979. LaBonte 1995).$1atqs: Apparently rclatively abund?Lnt and Of the 21 insect specicsknown from easte[] securein known habitat(LaBonre 1995). OregonorWashington listed by the ONHP(2001) which is largcly within the Malheur National Forest or theWSDFW (websitc).none are listed as Fed- and the Strawbenl Mountain Wilderness.Potential erally Threatenedor Endangercd.although tu'o thrcats include pesticide arclisted as Federal Specics ofConcern and one applicationstbr forest pests(LaBonte is a Federal Candidatcspecies. Fifteen of these 1995).The eflects oflogging. water pollution speciesare associated with forestsor adjacentlands andsedimentation, livestocktrampli[g, and iiquatic habitats.Accounts tbr thesc species and sfeambank degradationupon thesc beedes and two other speciesthat ofler severalpoints of areunknown. discussionarcprovided, focusing upon their known ScaphirutnsmanniiWickham: Common name: distributions. habitats,and statusin eastemOr- None;Family: Carabidae. Distribution: Previously egonand Washington. The listingstatus of each known only from the stepperegion of southeast- specresis prcsentedin Table L The following dis- em Washington,lromrhe vicinity of Asotin.Asotin cussionilddresses ho\r' thesespccies may be in- Co.(Gidaspow 1973), and sourhwest ofPullman. fluenced by specific disturbancesand manage Whitman Co. (Wickham 1919,Greene J975). mcnt practices!including treatnents to promote Recentlyfbundin noftheastemOregon, nsar Troy, forest health and productivity and how land Wallowa Co. (LaBonte, unpubtished).Habitar: managersand stewardsnray mitigate deleteri- Odginally known only lromcanyonsat elevations ous impacts. below about200 m, in riparianstands along small tributariesof the Snakc River (Greene1975, SpeciesAccounts LaBonte1995). Recently found in a remnantstand Coleoptera(Beet es) of riparian forest along the GrandeRonde River. at an elevationof about760 m (LaBonte. unpub AgonumbelleriHo,tch: Common namc: Beller's lished).$1419!: Unknown fbr Oregonpopulations. ground beetle:Familv: Carabidae(carabid or SoutheasternWashington populations are threat- groundbeetles). Distribution: Southwestem Brirish enedby ruraldevelopment, agriculture. under Columbia. westcrnWashington. and northern storyvegetation destruction via livestockgraz- Oregon(Bousquet and Larochelle 1993). The sole ing andtrampling, possible rangeland pesticide i86 LaBonte.Scott. Mclver. and Hayes TABLE L Listings oi Tlrcalcncd and tjndangeredin\ects of ea\rsideOrcgon and \\'ashingion forests and adjacenlarers (this inlbrmarioll is nkcn lio ONHP2001 and WSDFW websile.scc lclt).

Order (Falnil)-)

Coleoptera Fed. (Carabidae) Speciesof

Coleoplcra (Carabidac Coleop|e (C.r bidac)

Heteroptefa

Hclcroplcra (Hcbidac) Heteropterl (Cxniu(lJc

Helcroplcra Imperiled, few popu lations kno$ n (OR)

Hatcroptcra Impefiled, few popu (Nlilidac) lationsknown (OR) Crirically impcnlcd. (Nilridae) one populationknown (oR) Lepidoplcra (N,,-lnphalidael lcnidotterr

Lepidoplcra {Lvcacnidac)

Lepidoplcra

Lepidoptera

Leprdoplera lmpcrjled. fe$ popu- ladonsknorvn (OR) Candida|c

Tfichoptera Fed.Species ofConcefn Trichotrera (Limnephilidae)

I TNC = The Na(urc Conservancr : Seetext fbr lirrt\er inlbrmalion applications,habitat inundation via d msand other Heteroptera(True Bugs) banien to \\,ater tlow, incrcasingthe pool depth of existingdams. alld the possibilit), of increased Unlessotherwise cited, the folJowinginfbrmation frequencyand intcnsity of seasonaltlooding due on Heteropterlderir e. Iromper.orul comnrur)icJ to upstreamdeforestation (LaBonte 19951 E. van tions madeto LaBonteby Dr J.D. Lattin, Emeri- dcn Berghe.Ave Maria Collcge.San Marcos. tus.Deparlment of Entomology,Oregon State Uni- Nicaragua,personal communication). vcrsity.CoNallis. OR. Any misinterpretationsof

TESInsects 187 those rentarksare solely the responsibilityof mately determincdby thar of its hosts. Habitat: LaBonte. Feeds upon the blood of birds and is found in BoreostolL6americatas Wygodzinsky and Stys: bird ncsts in fbrested areas.Status: Unknown. Comnon name:None: Family: Aenictopechidac Health of populationsis undoubtedly linked to (Unique-headcdbugs). Distribution: poorly known that of the hosts.However. the full host ri,nge is overall.Known fron highly disjunctlocales in unknown and theseinsects may not be cotfined Colorado, western Oregon and Washington to forest habitats. (Wvgodzinskyand Stys 1970; Froeschncr 1988a; Nabicula subcoleoptratu Kirby; Common J.D. Lattin,unpublished), and a singlelocale in 44419:None: Familv: Nabidae (Damscl bugs). southeastcrnWashington in ColurnbiaCo. along Distdbution: Widespreadin the eastem United the TucannonRiver (J.D. Lattin, unpublished). Statesand Canada(Henry and Latrin 1988).be- Rccordedfiom Catitbmia(Froeschner 1988a). but cominguncornmon west ofthe Rocky Mountains. this recordis enoneous(J.D. Lartin. urpublished). Known in this regiononly from a locality in noflh- Habitat: Under well-imbeddedrocks and stones easternOregon, representing a peripheraipopu- in sandalong streamsand rivcrs amid coniferous lation. Habitat:This predaceousbug is found on forests.Status: Largely unknown. permanent in- the ground or on low vegelationin moist mead- undation via darnming and changesto the peri ows amid moderateelevation coniferous forests. Status: odicitv andintensity of seasonalfloods may ad- Unknown. velsely affect this species. Pro obcrepis cluvitornis Knight; Common qry: None; Hebrus buettoi Drake and Harris; Common Family; Miridae (plant bugs).pj5 tribution: Recordedtiom British 1944: None:Farnily: Hebridac (Velvet water bugs). Columbia ancl Colorado (Henry and Wheeler Distribution:Widely disrributedrfuoughout much 191i8).Known in this regionfrom a singie of the Unitcd Statesand into Mexico (polhemus localein Lake Co., south of the Pine Mountain Observatory Orcgon. andPolhcmus 1988). Based upon OregonDepaft- Habitat: Oregonspecimens were fbund on cunent (Rlbe.r ment of Agriculturcspecinrens. it is known in sp.) in clearingsamid juniper forest. Status:Un- Oregonfromfour hot springsin HarneyCo. (Borix known. Distribution of RlDe,ispp. may be Hot Lake, Harney Hot Springs.Trour criri- Creek Hot cal to this species. Springs.Whitehorse Hot Springs):Barry Hot Sirerotris sp. (an Springsnear Lakevieu',Lake Co.: Folcy Hot nov. undescribedspecies); Common name: Sprin-tseast ofEugene, Lane Co.; anda hot spring None: Famil)': Miridae. Distri bution: Only known fiom a singlc localc, in MalheurCo., nofth olMcDennitt (NV). Eahi: Thrce CreeksMeadow 1a!;Rest.icted te the coolermargins ofhot springs southof Sisters,Deschutes Co.. Oregon. at theno hcrnedge of itsdistribution, more gen- Habitat: A meadow at an elevation of about 2000 crally aquatic/riparian/lacustrinein ntore south m, amid a forest of lodgepolepine and subalpine erly localcs.Found on dampsoil alongthe water,s fir Status:Unknown. edge and on the surflce of shallow pools with abundantvegetation. Status: Degradation or de- Lepdoptera (Butterflies and N,4otrs) stluctionofspring marginsvia tramplingand live- Much of thefollowing infomadon on Lepidoptera stocKgrazrng represeDt potenlial threats. Drain_ derivesfrom penonal communicationsmade to ing of hot springsor extensivemodification of LaBonteby Dr. PaulC. Hammond,Orcgon State hot springs hydrologv would be detrimental to University. Corvallis. Oregon.Any rnrsrnrerpre- thescbugs. tationsof thoseremarks are solely tnc responsl He.sperocimexc:oLoradensis List: Common bility of LaBonte. 14qp: Coloradobed bug: Famiiv: Cinricidae(Bed Boktria beLlonatoddi Holland: Corrunon name: bugs).Distribution: Known fronr British Colum- Easternmeadow fritillary: Familv: Nymphalidae bia. Califbrnia,Colorudo, Nebraska, Oregon, and (Brush-footedbutterflies). Distribution: A com_ Mexico (Frocschner1988b). In Oregon,only mon eastemUnited Sraresbutted'ly (pyle 197,1) known fiom ote site eachin Grant and Klanath naturally replacedin our region by the westem Co. in easternOregon (Lattin and Schuh1959, meadow fritillary, B. epithoreEdwards (pC. Usinger1966). The rangeof this species is ulti Hammond,personal communication). Spottily

188 LaBonte,Scott. Mclver. and Hayes distributedin castcn]Washington (Hinchcliff densiflorus, and canyon lNe oxk. Quercus 1996).It is at the very southernextreme of its chrt,solepi.s(Scott 19136).Throughout the range range in Orcgon, known from only one locale in of the specics.it is found in snall forestopen- UrnatillaCo. (Hinchlilf 1994).Habitati Montane ings and dparian deciduoustree stands.Status: moist meadows and clearings arnid conilerous Californiaand Oregonpopulations of this sub- tbrests(PyJe 1974, Scoft 1986.). S.!4$: Overgrazing speciesare secure.as the larval tbod plants are or trampling by livestock may degradehabitat or abundantand widely distributcd.Thc Washing- lill immobilelile.tape.. 5ucce\.ion or in\u\ir'n ton populationrepresents thc mostnonherlypopu- by non-nativeplants may elirninatethe lood plant lation of both this buttcrlly and the larval food (violets): fires or pesticideapplications for forest plant. chinquapin.Present threats to this isolated pe\l\ miryL ill .u\'efrihlelilc.lagc:. population of the buttertly include deterioration Boloria selenettrotosralls (Huard);Common or destructionofthc host treestands via logging, laue: Silver-bordered tiitillary; Familv: road building. herbicide application,fire, shad Nymphalidae.Distribution: The speciesis wide ing from adjacentconifers (chinquapinis shade spreadthroughout Canadaand the northem United intolerant), and pathogens(Pyle l9E9). Broad- States(Scott 1986). This subspeciesisboreal across spectrumor Lepidopteraspecific insecticide ap- Canadaand Alaska (Scott 1986).lt is fairly wide- plicationsin the vicinity would also be a threat. spreadin easternWashingbn. becominglcss so MitoLtru gtj^neaDarnl (Johnson);Comrnon to the south(Hinchcliff l996). Known only fiom !a!qg: Juniperhairstrcak: Familv: L1'caenidae. two localesin Oregon;sevcral meadows in the Distribution:A GreatBasin species: Califomia. OchocoMountains in Crook and Grant Co. and a ldaho. Nevada,Oregon, and Washington(Scott population at the southerr end of the Wallowa 1986).Abundant and widespreadin easternOr- Mountains,Baker Co. (Hinchcliff 1994.PC. egon(Hinchcliff 199,1).InsoutheasternWashing- Hammond. personal communication). Habitat: ton,known only ftom four generallocales inAsotin Montaneto subalpincmoist meadowsand bogs andColumbia, Franklin, Grant, and Klickitat coun- (Scoft 1986).Status: Although this butted'lyis ties (Hinchclifl 1996).Habitat: Lower elevation common where found in Oregon. the localized to montaneareas, wherever the larval hostplants, and isolatednaturc of thesepopulations renders juniper, occur (Soott 19136).Sl4!u!: Secureand them vulnerableto disturbancessuch as chronic stablein Oregon.The localizedand isolated na- overgrazingand trampling by livestock (PC. ture ofthc Washingtonpopulations renden them Hamnrond. personal communication), fires, or vulnerableto disturbancessuch as destructionof pesticideapplications for forest pests,while suc- host plants by fire or chronic overgrazing,and cessionor invasionby non-nativeplants may elimi- pesticideapplications lbr rangeor lbrcst pests. natethe lbod plants. Mitoura johnsoni (Skinner); Common name: Habrcdaisgrunus herrl Field; Commonname: Johnson'sor Brown Mistletoe hairstreak:Fau: Golden hairstreak.chinquapin hairstrcak:EalL ily: Lycaenidae.Distribution: Southwestem British !y: Lycaenidae(bluc and hairstreakbutterflies). Columbia south to the Cascadesand Sieras ir Distribution:Thcspecies is disbibutedfrom south- nofihemCalifornia (Scott 1986). In Oregonand cmmost Washingtonsouth to northernBaja Cali- Washington.gcnerally west ofol in the Cascades fomia, eastto the crestof the Cascadcsand Sier- lHinchclilflgg4. loq6). T\'luled. Lli.junLt popu- ras. with isolatcclpopulations in the higher lation: oecurrn Bakerand Wrllou a counticsill elevationsofArizona (Domfeld 1980,Scon 1986). no heastemOregon (and adjacent Adams Co., The subspecicsherri is predoninantlyCascadian, Idaho) (Hammond 199,1).A similarly disjunct rangingfrom northemCalifomia to southernmost populationhas been documented fiom Whitman Washington(Scott 1986; Hinchclilf 1994,1996). Co. in southeasternWashington, but this record SeveralOregon populations occurjust east ()1 the is in needofverification (Stanford and Opler 1993). CascadeCrest, and thc single Washingtonpopu H4bi!(: Matureor old-growthtbrcsts ofDouglas- lation is locatedin SkamaniaCo. (Pyle 1989, fir and hemlock infested witb d$,arf mistletoe Larsenet al. 1995).Habitat: The caterpillarsof (lrceurhohian spp.), the larva1lbodplant (Pyle this speciesleed upon chinquapin, Castanopsis lq71).51111!: Thi. :pecie.is of con.errulion chrysoph,-la, as well as tan oak, Lithoutrpus concembecause it is essentiallyrcstrictedto mature

TES Insccls 189 or old-gro$'th forests.Threats of habitat loss in- pennanent.small streamsin densefir forestsat clude tinrber haryestingand uncontrolled wild- elevations above about 1400 m (Betts and tircs (Hammond I 99:l) as well as du,arf mistle- Wisseman1995). Unlike theaquatic larvae of most toe control.As with otherTESforest Lepidoptera. caddisflies.Cnptocrid larvaeffe semi-tcrrestrial. pesticide applicationsfor forest pests are a po- inhabiting damp leaves.debris. and u'ood along tential thrcat. streammargins. Status: No longer considercd Polites nartlort (Edwards): Common name: threatenedor endangeredas prcviously thought. Mardon skipper:Family: Hesperiidae(Skippers): Widespreadin the Blue Mountains and the habi- Distribution: Known only fronr fbur disjunct ar- tat is believedto be secure. eas in northwesternCalifomia (Del Norte Co.), Forest Management thc CascadeCresl of southernOregon (Jackson and East Side TES nsect Species andKlanrath Co.), the east slope ofthe Cascades 1nsouthem Washington (Klickitat and Yakima Co.). Thc etleet.oi lorcrt ntJnalemenlpractir..e. upon and the Tenino glacial outwash grasslandsnear TES insectsin east-sideforest ecosystems may Olympia in western Washington (primarily in be benignordetrimental. This dependson the fre ThurstonCo.) (Hammond1994, Potter et al.1999). quency,intensity, and spatialand temporalscales Habitat: Dry, open. ridgetopsor grasslands,\\,et of the disturbances.as well as $'hetheraffected meadows,and riparian areas amid coniferousfor- taxa are lelict or cndemic. have rcstrictedhabi- estsat a varictyof elevations(Harnmond 1994, tatsor hosts.or arerepresented by populationsat P tteret al.lQQQrThe larracIeed upun nali\e the peripheryof wider distributions.How sensi- bunchgrasses.Festucq spp. (Potter et al.1999). tlve iDsecttaxa may be managedwithin the con- Status:This is considereda naturally rare, relict terl of nlturalrnd humln di.lurbilnce5in cit\(- specics of the late Tcrtiary pedod (Hammond sideforests is discussedbelow. 19921).The California coastal and Orcgon Forestshave evolved within the contextof dis- Cascadianpopulations currently appear abundant lurbince regin]es.Natural disturbancesthat oc- and stable.but somc Pugetgrasslands and Wash- cur throughtime andspace create. alter, and main ington Cascadianpopulations are apparently in tain habi|atsfor the biota.including insecrs. Thus. declineor may be extinct (Potteret al. 1999).All disturbanccsare a normal aspectof forest devel- populations may be threatcnedby urban devcl- opmenl.For in\tance. foresl. e\periencir)g pcri- opment!overgrazing, pesticides, exotic invasivc odic disturbance.such as outbreaksof tree-kill- plants.and natural successionto forest (Potteret ing/defoliatinginsects or pathogcns,wildfires. and al. 1999). windstorms, have richer structural and species plants, Tr choptera (Cadd sfl es) diversity of ultimatcly leading to grerter diversity of inscct herbivoresand predators Apatatliotav d(Denning);Con.mon name: None; (Hammondand Miller 1998).Periodic flooding Fanrily: Limnephilidre (Northerncaddistlies). is necessar)'tomaintajtrkey dpadan habitats. such Distribution:Known from Clackamas,Crook, as gravel bars. Drought helps crcate patchesof Douglas,Jefferson, Klamath, ald Linn Co. in xeric andtire adaptcdspecies upon ridgetopsand Oregon(ONHP 2001).The Crook, Jeffersonand othe[ exposedor well-drained areas.with more Klamath Co. rccords are from east of the Cas, mesrcspecies associations along valley floors and cadcCrest. Habitat: Springs and spring-fed streams in riparian/wetlandareas. The historical imprinL in thc CascadeMountains at elevationsbetween of pastclimatic changesis expressedin the paG about 1200-1800m (ONHP data).&411s!: When temsofecosystems. habitats. and faunalassocia- Iistedin 19134.only afew populationswerc known. tions presentin today'sforests and adjacent lands. Subsequentsurveys have found this species to be Geneflow amongpopulations has been cnhanced much more common and u'idely distributedthan by the network and mosaicofhabitats createdby previouslythought (Wisseman 1990, 1991). thcsenatural dislurbances. Cnptochi.ttcosa Dcnning;Common name: Other disturbanccsatlecting east-sideforesls None:Famill': Limnephilidae. Distribution: Widelv and their biota are thoseimposed by people.For- distdbutedthroughout the Blue Mounlains of estland ownersand managersat timcs attemptto Oregon(Bctts andWisseman 1995). Habitat: Cold, fep]icatethe effects ofnatural disturbances tlnough

190 LaBonte,Scott, Mclver. andHaves pncticcssuch as prescribed fire. andvarious timber wards(Sheppard and Farnswofth 1995).It is also harvcslingregimes. These can promote plxnt spe- vital to monitofthe reestablishmentof anvTES cicsand structural diversity by alteringfbrest tloor speciesand the responsesof individualsboth [ricroclimatesand by nlaking resourcesavai]able. imrnedi ately after the action ol eventand for several suchas light. nutricnls,and space.In sornein- )eirr:inlo lhe luture. lt i. imp('niinllo recogni,/e stanccs.thcy strivc to amelioratethe effectsof that meeting thescgoals tbr TES insects.as well natural and human disturbances,such as by sup asother organisms. is rarclysimple or easy. pressinglbrestpest outbreaks and wildfires. Some managementactions are undeflakento mitigale u cdr lrg I the effects of non-resourcemanagemenl distur- Becausetbrests have evolved in concerlwith natu- bances.such as agricultural, commercial, and resi- ral disturbanceregimcs, lbrest health and the health dential development,consffuctiol'l of roads and of TES insectsmay be best achie\ed by sriving dams.and invasive plants. all ol which may de- to ensurethat managementactivities and other gradeand destroy critical habitats ordisplace native humandisturbances emulate natulal disturbance species. regimesas closely as possible.Perhaps the best One of the aspectscentral to this issueis the generlll.lr.rle!:) lor the long-termcon5er\llion scaleat nhich insectslunction. Although insect ofTES inscctsand retention oftbrest health is to populationscan be orders of magnitudegreater ensurethe development and maintenance ofhabitat than those of vertebrates.representing vast mosaicsand networksthroughout east side for metapopulations.this is not alwaysso. Many in- csts.A full rangeof forest habitatsis regardedas sectsexist onlv in dinrinutivc.often ephemeral c':( ntiillf(\r:ur'ce\)ful ltrre:l inseel eonsen ation or scattered.habit ts. The otten small and iso- (Warrcnand Key 1991). lated populationsof TES insectsthus pose par The maior lactor to considerfor TES insect ticularly diflicult problems for forest land own conservationis the need for physical and chro- ers and nranagers.These populations.and their nological continuity of TES insect habitats,es- hostsor habitats.are inherently vulnerable to small- peciallytbr thosespecies requiring early andlate scaienatural and anthropogenic disturbances, such successionalhabitats (Waren andKey l991). For aslocal succession.Iocalized flooding, clearcut instance,some folest butter{1ies. including Bdodc ting. controlled burns,pesticide applications for seleae.probably cannot cft'ectively colonize habi- moscluitoabatement adiacent to popular recle tatsmore than aiew kilometersaway irom a sowce iition ilreasand urban intertace areas, or roadbuild- population(Waren andKey 1991).Distributing ing. Destructionor dininution of local popula- a varietyof forcstmanagement activities such as tions may further incremental population han'estingregimes. in time aswell as space.over fragmentati0nand isdation. fbrestedlands while maintaining substantialnatural Recognitionof thenecessity to maintainhealthy areas,should provide good rcpreseltation of many and productive forest ecosystemsand to protect developmentalconditions (Bormann and Likens TES specieshas beenexpressed through the En J979)necessary fbr TES insectsard other biota. dangeredSpecies Act (ESA 1973)and various An essentialcomponent of this strategyis the nandatesalltcting public lands.Fcdcral and Sttrte provisionfor expansive.contiguous landscape areas agercies are mandatedto insure that their man such as National Parks, game reserves,wildcr- agementactjvities do not ieopardizethe coDtin- nessareas. aurdroadless areas that arclargely sub- ueJe\i\tenee ul li.teLlor iandiLlrte.pe(ie. or ject to naturaldisturbance proccsses and pattens. adverseJyrnodity their esseotial habitats. Activi- For example,on federallands most east-sidefbr- tieson NationalForest lands ainred at theprotec- estshave set asidevarious research natural areas tion and managenlcntof habitat for thc pcrpctua- (RNAs) to preservea rcpresentativesamplc ofas tion and recoveryofTES organismsare included many ofthe naturallyoccurring plant and associ- in Forestpli,nning regulations (USDA 2000a) and atedaninal communiticsas possible.These. as arc monitorcdto dctcrmincthcir etlectiveness. u'ell asdedicated national recreation iucas (NRAS). \n inrportantsorl iofTES.n(cic\monir ringi: wildernessareas. and roadless areas help to form to documenteffectsofan actionoran cvcnt.such a network and mosaic of natural areas Lo help as rvildfire. upou the recovery of the arca aftcr- presene special,unique, or sensitivehabitats within

TESTnsects l9l a lardscapcof othcr managementreginres and deadtrees may help conserveinsects such as the resourceuses. The Tenestrial Ecology Assessnent bug,Hesperot:imex colorzizlensis, whosc avian hosls for the Interior ColurnbiaBasin EcosystenMan are dependentupon adequatenesting rcsources, agcmcntProject (Marcot et al. 1997)also offered such as standingdead and large trees.Thinning, guiding principles to help conserveinvertcbratc in conjunctionwith the distribution of final har- biodiversityand ecosvstem functions: (1) provi- vest cutting regimesand reservesacross forcsts, sionofa diversityofhabitat composition and struc- could aid speciesdependcnt upon clearingsald tures.(2) maintenanceofsoil structureand chem- open arcas,e.g.. the butte\11y,Habrodais grunus istry to sustainthe soil invefiebratefood web, and herrl, as well as thoserequiring mature and old- (3) eradicationor preventionof the introduction growth stirnds. such as the b]utterfly,Mitoura of exoticorganisms. johnsoni. Thesegeneral principles of managingfbr habitat Manl of theforest manrgement prrclicc. no\\ diversity are applicableto all taxa. including in mandatedfor consen'ationof anadromousfishes sects.and nay help prevent other speciesfrom nay alsohelp protcclaquatic TES insects,such beconing listedas TES. Howcvcr.the creation asthe caddistl),.ApQl.rr14 /ara14. Aquatlc rnsects trndnraintenance of habitatmosaics will not be areknown to beespecirLlly sensitive to disrurbances suflcicnt to ensurethe survivalof TES insects. suchas chemical and themal pollution, sediment For instancc.such strategies $,ill not createthe loading. removal of coarsewoody debds, intro- uniqueconditions or habitatsrcquired by some ductionsof exoticplants and animals,removal TES insccts.such as hot springstbr thebug, Hebras ofsourcesoforganic input. and disruption of water baerol. rnd sphagnumbogs lbr thebeetle,Agorrizr llow pattems(Foster 1991, Kar 1996).Limiting belleri. newroad construction. decommissioning unused roads.exercising crosion and sedimentcontrol Chang ng Forest NlanagementPract ces practicc..conscn ing riprirn enrinrn.. mi:rintuining adequatebuffers fronl rcsource Many forest managementpractices de!elopcd to extractionetlbfis lnd pe.ticideapplriation.. rnd mrnrgingripar- more closely approximatenatural disturbancesand ian grazing are all intcgral componentsof llsh to reducehuman disturbanccsmay well benetit protcctionplans (USDA 1995,USDAruSDI 1995). TES insects,as *ell as tbrestbiota in general. These practicesmay also help conserveterrcs- Fur errrnple. neu harrestingund .ite prepara trirlTES insecls.e.peciallr riprrirn .pccies. tion machirery suchas han'ester forwardels have e.g.. the beetle,Nebritt gebleri.fragarlae. and featuresand operatingcharactedstics that cause those reliant upon streamsideforcsts, such as .t a/ftlrol!.t lessdamrge to soils nd vegetationthan some equipmentuscd in thc past.Usc of suchequip- t1t4t1t1lt. ment may reduce pefiurbationsto soil and her- Tramplingby humansor livestockcan be bivorousinsect populations onoradjacent to timber harmfulto riparian,water margin, or wetlandTES har\''estsites. Retention ofdown wood andstanding speciesfbund on and in compactablesubstrates deadtrees is essentialto theconsen ation of wood- (Bayfield1979, Johnson 1979, LaBonte 1995), f-eedinginsects (Waren and Key l99l), aswell utch asAgontun belleri andHebrus buenoi.Wet as spccicsthat usc down or standingdead wood meadowspecies. such as the buttcrflies. Bolorla as shelter,such as thebeerle. Scaphinotus mannu. bellonatodrli utd Boktria seleneatrotostalis.may Other strategiesto protectand conserveduff and also be at risk from suchactivitics. Insectsfbund soil-inhabitinglbrest invertebrates, including TES along water margins in areasexperiencing sum species,are being developed (Niwa et al. 2001). mer drought may be particularly vulnerable to Re,.enlre.eirrrh .uFgerl. that lou-intensitl pre abundantactivity of livestockor ungulatewild- scribedlire haslittle eftecton oribatidmite spe- lite, as may be the casewith SLaphinotusmannii ciesrichness, diversity, and evenncss in castside in steppehabitats (LaBonte 1995). Fencing around pineforests in Califomia,whereas prescribed fires aspenclones in wetlandshabitat and along streams ol moderateintensity have a moreprofound ef- traversinggrazed meadows has been effective in f. ct,'n mitL rhundal\rund\,'mmunit) \tru(ture protecting declining aspenpopulations (Shirley (Oliver2000). Thinning timber. applicatjon of other and Erichson2001) and may have the added regenerationsystems. and retentionof standing benefitof protectinginsects and other species

192 LaBonte.Scolt, Mclvcr, andHayes from tran.rplingdamage in thesewet habitats.Ri- pesticides,they can pose significant risks to TES parian speciesliving on or in non compactible and other nontargetinsects. For instance,formu- substrates,such as cobble or gravelbars, e.g., the lationsof Bacillla,r/? uringiensis kur.staki,Btk, ire btrg,Boreostolus americants, andNebria gebleri now commonly usedto eradicateor control lepi- frugarirc , ot those found fafiher from water mar- dopteranforest defoliators,such as gypsy moth gins are probably less susceptibleto trampling. (Lymantriidae:Zlnartria dirpar (Linnaeus))and However.they may be aflectedby human actrvr westernspruce budworm (Totricidae: Cftorlsto ties that increasesediment loading or aftect the neuraoccidentalis Freeman). Upon ingcstion,this fiequency and magnitudeof seasonalfloods and bacteriumis toxic to a wide arrayofbutterfly and $,atervolumc fluctuations.For instance.although moth laNac (c.g.,Reardon et al. 199,1,Wagner riparian beetleshave adaptationsenabling them andMiller 1995)and can resultin reducedabun to cope with seasonalllooding (LaBonte and dance and speciesrichness of nontargct Lepi- Nelson1991J). even populations of extremelyabun- doptera fbr at least severalyears afier applica dantspecies can be dramaticallyreduced by in- tion (e.9.,Miller 1990). tdentificationand tense.scouring t'loods (LaBonte. unpublished). monitoring ofTES Lepidoptera.and tacticssuch Danming andpemanent inundation can entirely as excluding locations of known populationsof elirninrtepopulrtions of riprrirnspccics. r. ap- thesespecies from sprayareas. are probably the pearsto be the casewith at least one population best strategiestbr mitigating impactsof Btk and ol Scaphilotus rzaniril. Damrning also appears similar agentsupon thesespecies (e.g.. Anhold responsiblefor thc cxtinctionof a tiger beetle and Whalcy 1996).Such infbrmationwas suc- (Carabidae:Cicindelini). Cicindela olunhica cessfullyused to preventdeleterious effects upon Hatch.along the ColumbiaRiver in Oregonand a population of the endangeredFender's blue Washington(LaBonte 1995). butterfly (Lycaenidae:Icaricia icarcideslbrtderi Macy) (ONHP200l), adjacentto a gypsymolh Pcsticidesuscd to control or cmdicatetbrest infestation treated with Btk (Oregon Dept. of pests(e.g., insects. diseases, and non-native plants) Agriculture1993). havegreatpotential lbr hamingTES insects,both throughdircct conlactand by contaminatingfood. The increasinguse of narrow-spectrumbio- Insectmoftality via eatingpesticide-contaminated Iogical pesticidesand controls that specifically fbod has been shown to be much greater than tffget forest pest speciesmay go far to reduce ef- through residualpesticide contact (e.g.. Thacker t'ectsupon non-target species, including some TES and Hicknan 1990). Riparian species,such as insects.Douglas fir tussockmoth (Lynantriidae: O rgyia p se u do t s u gata McDunnough)infestations Nebria gebleri frugariae arTdBoreostolus tunerit:anus, ate predatorsor scavengersof emer threateningold-growth stands. campgrounds, and (see gent aquatic insectsor those washedup as drift otherareas ofconcem USDA 2000b)on sev- uponriverbanks (e.g., Hering 1998).These spe- eral National Forestsin Oregonand Washington weretreated with a biological insecticidederived cieswould be at riskfrom eatinginsects killed or from a naturally occurring virus specific to tus- iniured by insecticidesand washeddownsteam, sockmoths (Brookes et al. 1978).No deleterious as well as from direct exposureto insecticides. effects upon non-targetinsects within the treat, Similar dsks are posed for non riparian preda ment areaswere documented(see Greear 2000). tory TES insects, e.g., Agonum belleri 'ar.dthe TES butterflies such as thoselisted in this paper b:rg, Nabicula subcoleoptrata,as well as herbi- could benetit tiom such approaches.Similarly. vores such as the listed butterflies and the plant semiochemical-basedtechnologies are being used bugs. Si.rerol&,!sp. nov. and Pronotocrepis in managementstategies for somespccies of bark claviconrl.r.Current bufler requirements1br pes- beetlesin westernforests, such as the Douglas- maypro- ticideapplications near bodies ofwater fir beetle(Scolytidae. Dendroctonus pseudotsugae vide protection tbr water- adequate aquatic and Hopkins)(e.g., Ross and Daterman 1995, 1997). margininsects liom director residualcontact with althoughthese can also affect non{arget bark bcctle pesticides. prcdatorswhen attractantsare used with mass- Although microbial pesticides are far less trapping tactics.The use of poison baits and nri- gcncrally toxic 10insecls and are thus much bct- crobiaf basedinsecticides to control rangeland ter alternativesthan broad-spectrumchemical grasshopperspresents little directthreat tojuniper

TESInsects 193 lccclinginsects, such as the b\tterfl-\,Mitouru or othermeasures Llsed to controlforest pests mav gnneo barni, in starkcontrilst to earliermethods be necessarywhere TES insectsare known or using aerirl spraysof broad spectrumchemical suspectedto be present.For instance,less-aggrcs insecticides.Hou'ever, effects upon rarecrickets sivedwarf mistletoecontrol effo s in thc vicin- or grasshoppcrsshould be considered,as rvell as ity ofknown Miloirra jolirsoll populationscould the potentialeffects of poisonbails upon non- be beneficialto theseinsects, irs well as the other onhopterandetritivores and herbivores and thosc organismsassociated with theseplants, especially "broonrs" lnsectsthat pre) upon them. thoseutilizing mistletoe tbr shelter(Bull Herbicidesapplicd for weedcontrol and brush et al. 1997).Advance plaDning to mitigatepoten rcmoval also poserisks to TES insects.The most tiallydeleterious effects ofwildfire. firc suppres- obviousthreat is to nonophagousor oligopha- sion,orprescribed burns upon TES insects would gousherbivorcs whose tbod plantsmay be killed be greatlyassisted by prior acquisitionof such or stressed.such as chinqutrpin for Habrc(lais d1t13. populirtionlocation.. hrbrtdl rcquirenrenl.. grunus herri. As rvith pesticidestargeted at for- and protection and restorationneeds (Sheppard estinveflebratc pcsts. predatory or scavengingTES and Farnsworth1995). It shouldbe cxplicitly insectsmay alsobe at risk fronr residualherbi- undcrstoodthat baselinedata for many TES spe- cidccxposure or ingestionof contaminatedprey. ciesis lackingand that the acquisitionthereofmay Plantsexperielcilrg ecological rclcasc. such rs requlre extensiveresearch and survey eftbrts. herbicideresistant wccds. may competitivelv It i. imponlrrtto recognizeIhal rhe\e aelions cxcludeTES insectlbod plarts.such as thc vio- are no guaranteeof long-tem viability fbr easC letsupon rvhichBoloria bell.onitofuli a\d Boloia side TES insects.Isolated populations of such seleneut|otostulis u e dcpcndcnt.Similar to in- speciesmay be inherentlyephemeral bccause of vct1ebratepesticide applications. potentially dcf demographicor environmentalstochasticity. ge- rimentalherbicidc applications could be avoided neticbottlenecks. ctc. (Primack 1993). For instancc. trnd/or butlered with prior knowledge of TES local extinctions,owing morc to populationfluc .prrie. popuialionlocrlion\. Sornr prrrgres. is luations than to habitat instability, are conrmon beingmadc in thedevelopment of moreselective to populationsof Europeancarabid beetles, with herbicides,the use of which couldpose less risk local populationsrarely surviving norc than 100 1,,TfS in\eit ho.t'.Furlhermore. inrr.irc rcg- years(den Boer 1981. l9E5). This problemis etationthal can competitivelv exclude TES spe- compoundedfor thosc specieswith limited dis- cieshost plants, such as is cullentlythe casein persalcapabilities existing in habitatislands, such sone PugctSound habitats ofthe butterflyP.)1ir.rr as the flightlessbeetles, Agoil,n belleri and (Potter nqrdon et al. 1999) coLrldbc controlled St uphinotus marn i i, andthe buttedlies. lLrlrm./dl.s by pludentuse of sclcctiveherbicides. grtutuslurri andPolites nardon. DirectProtection More aclivc managementmav be requiredl'or suchspecies, such as habitat restoration and cap- Adequateprotection for cast-sideTES fbrest in- tive breeding.Augnlentation of lbod and neclar scctscannot be achievedsolely through the crc- plants,in conjunctionwith invasiveweed con- ation and maintenanccof hnbitatmosaics and trol. havebeen suggested as neasurcs to aid Puget throughchanging management practices. Direct Sound populationsof Polites nardon (.PotLcret protectionfor many of thesespecies and their al. 1999).Regeneration of somehost plants is habitalsmay be a necessaryaddition to the suite stimulatedor encouragcdby fire. as in the case ofstrategiesrequired 1() sustain their numbersand of the coastal butterlly, the Oregon Silverspot, improvetheir habitat conditions. (Nymphalidae: Spereria T.erenehippohtu The ke1'to conservingthese species ma)' bc lEd$.rrds\rrM(Corkle erd. laRO).Houerer.;etire recognizing.mapping. and protecting their known managcmentte createand maintain habitatsfbr andprobrb]epopulations or habitats.This approach TES insectsmust be approachedwith caution.lt wjll also enableland managersand stcwardsto seenrsclear that no single habiht management betler honc nranagementpractices to aid the sur- stralcgyis applicableto all specieswhose habi- vival andhealth ofTES insectspecies. As previ tats originatedfiom a particular natural process. ously mentioned. broaderbuffers lbr pcsticides For instance,open habitat butterflies, including l9.1 LaBontc,Sctxt. Mchel andHayes TES spccics.otien respondedin species-specific Application of basic principles such as creating mannersto different managementtechniques. rn,l mainlilinin!hrbitlt mo.aie.. iharrting mun- includingu'ildf ire, rotationalbuming. nechani- agementpdnciples 1o rcduce human disturbances cal vegetationcuning, and grazin-e.as $,ell asthe and morc closelymimic naturalp[ocesses, and timing. licquency. and duration of theseevents directprotection ofTES insectsmay be the means (Swengel1998). The context in which suchpro- fordoingso. Howeveq a soundunderstanding of cessestook placehas also changed, particularly the biology of TES forcst insectsand the effects for TES specics.While the grasslandhabitats of of east-sidelbrest practicesupon thcrn is requi- P. manlon were presumablyat leilst partially sitc. nlaintainedby reculrentflres. cufient fuel loads It is clearl'rom the precedingspecies accounts and habitat fragmentationn1ay now rcnder this anddiscussion that the infomation currentlyavril- speciesrulncrablc to fires,particularly those of able is insufficient ltl mcct this need. The best greatintensity or scale(Potter et al. 1999).The $'ay to addressthis problem is to devclop a sys- Mima Mounds Natural Area Preserve(Puget tematicapproach to acquirethis information. which Sotnd) P. nardon populltion may havebeen ex can then be used to aid in the conservationand tirpatedby escapedcontrolled bums (R.M. Pvle. managementofeast sideTES insectspccies. Such unpublishcd). anapploach would include development ofa net In contrast,some endcmic TES insects,such work of entomologistsable to identily TES in- as thc caddisf'ly,Crl"lttochia xeoscL, llnd Nebriu sects,provide ayailablenatural history and eco- gebleri fragttriue may be abundantand secure logicalinfonnation, and to makerecommendations within their geographicallimits (e.g..Betts and aboutthe statusollistcd or potentialTES insects. Wisseman1995). Such taxa are probablymost Basic resezLrchon key aspectsof the biology of threatenedby large-scaledisturbances. such as thescspecies should be conducted,pa(icularly globalwarming. regional pesticide applications, with regardto their responsesto east-sideforest or catastrophicwildfires or floods. Whilc it is managemcntpractices. Little ol none ol this cs- desirablethat land manageniand stewardsffe a\\"are sentialinformation is cunentlyavailable. Meitns .rl en,.jernic.hut 'ecure. TES inseet.. in mrnl in- by which forestland manageru lLnd stewards could stancesthcsc taxa may not representurgent con be kept informed of information relevantto TES \er\alionconcenr:. I hu:c gcncrrli/.rli('n\ ilre not tbrest insect nanagement would bc cxtremel), alwaysapplicable. as with the steppepopulations useful,such as workshops.tield reviews.sympo- of Stttphinotusnanzll. which appearto be small, sia,and intemet websites. isolated.aurd vulnerable to thoselocal disturbances discussedundcr that species. Acknowledgements FutureNeeds We are grateful for the input of PC. Hamrnond, J.D. Lattin,and A. Potter,and a host of othcrs EasCsidetbrestland managers and stewardsface whom we contactedin the courseof developing the difficult task of balancing or rnanagingdis the speciesaccounts in this papcr For their help- turbancesor changesso the health ofTES insect ful commcntson the manuscriptas a wholc. we speciesand thc rest of the fbrest biota. including thankJ.D. Lattin. D.J.Hilbum. andtllo additional insectsin general.is maintainedor improvccl. anonyInouslcvicwers.

LiteratureCited Bett\. B.J.. and R.W. Wisscman.1995. Geographrc fange and habitat charxcte.istics of the caddislly C,Ir/r.lid Anhold.J.A.. and WH. Whalc). 1996.Survey summary for ricor.r.Nolth\le\t Science69::16 51. Ilrreatened.endangered. sensilivc and loca]],"-rur'e spe Bormann. F.H.. and G.E. l-ikcns. 1979.Pattern and Pfoces\ cic! ofLepidoplera: Utah g)p\y rnothemdication pro i a ForcsrcdEcosvstem: Di\turbance, Devclopmcnl gram: 1989-1991. TJSDA Forcs! Scn icc.lnGrmour, and the Steady Siate Based on dre Hubbad Brook uin Rcgion. Ogden. Utah. 16 p. EcosystemStud). Springcr Vcrlag. lnc.. Ne$ Y(nk. Bayfield. N. 1979.Somc ctiicls of trampling on rvololtrtur New York. 253 p. (Diptera. di.r. (Meigen) Tipulidac) Biologicxl Con- Bousquer,Y. and A. Larochellc.1991. Cat.rlogue of the servationl6:219-212. C;eadephaga(Colcoplera: Trachypachidae. Rh,vsodidac.

TES Insects 195 Carubidaeircluding Cicirdelini) ofAnerica nol1hof Henr), T.J., and J.D. Lattjn. 19E8.Nabidac. Pages 508 520 Mexico. Nlemoi|s of the Bntomological Society of ,r T.J. Henry and R.C. Froesch.cr (cdirors).Calalog Canada167:l 391. of the Heteroprera,or true bugs. of Canadaand thc Broolcs. \'1.H..R.W Slark.ard R.W.Calnpbell (editors). 1978. con!incnlal Uniled S|ares.E.J. Brill. New York. New The Douglas'fir tussock moth: a synihesis.USDA York.958 p. Fofest Serlice Technical tsulletin 1585.Science and Henry.T.J., and A.G. Wheeler,Jr. I 988. Miridae. Pagcs25 l Educalion Agency. Douglas 1lr Tussock Morh Resenrch 5071, T.J.Henry andR.C. Froeschnef(editors), Cata andDevelopment Program. [hshington, D.C.331 p. log 01 the Heteroptera,or true bugs. of Canadaand Bull. 8.L.. Cl.C.Parks. and T.R. Torgersen.1997. Trees and the conlinenlal United States.E.J. Bfill. New York. bgs impollanito wildlife in theinteriorColumbia River New York.958p. basin. USDA Forcst Scrvicc Ccncral Tcchnical Re Hering. D. 1998.Riparian bcclles along a small sireamin the pofl PNW CTR 391.Pacific NonhwestResedrch Sta- Oregon Coast Range and their intcractionswilh the tion, Ponland, Ofegon. 85 p. aquaticenvironnent. Coleopterists tsulletin 52(l)r I 61 den Boef, PJ. I98 L On the sur\.'ivalofpopulaiions in a hct 170. ()1 crogcnou!and variable environment. Oecologia 50:39- HinchclitT.J. 199,1.Thc dislribulion the burterfliesof Or- 53. egon.Oregon Slate Unjvcrsiry Booknore. Oregon State dcn Bocr. PJ. 1985. Fluctuatiors ()1density and surlival of llniversit!.Con allis.Orcgon. 176 p. HinchclilT, I 996.The carabidpopulations. Oecologia 67:322 330. J. di stributionof &c bullerlliesol Wash- ington. Bookslore. Domiild. E.J. 1980.Burtcrllies of Oregon.Timber hess. Foresl Oregon State University C)regon StateUniversity, CoIaallis, Oregon. l6l p. Cro!e. Oregon.276 p. Johnson,PJ. 1979.Arepon or a surveyfor Beller'sground EndangeredSpeciesAcl. 1973.Public La\l 93-205. l6 U.S.C. r53r-t536.1538 15,10. beetle on the Norlh Fork Snoqualmie River. King Count), Washington.Unpublished report on filc $ith Foslcr. C.N. 1991. ConseNing iNects of aquaric and \tet- U.S. Army. Corps of Engineers SeatileDislrict. Sc land habilats.wi$ specialreferenceto beetles.Pages a111e,Washington. 19 p. 217 2621, N.M. Collins and J.A. Thomas (edilors). Kar, J.R. 1996.Aquatic invefiebmtes:sentinels ofrvatershcd The Conservationoflnsects and Their Habitats.Aca- condition. \l'ings (The Xerces Society) 19(.2):2223. dcmic Prcss.London. UK. ,150p. Kavanaugh.D.H. 1979.Sludies on the Nebriini(Coleoptera: Froeschner.R.C. 1988a.Enicocephalidae. Pages 132-135./n Carabidae).lll. New NcarclicN.l7,"i.r species and sub- T.J. Henry and R.C. Froeschner(editors), Catalog of species.nomenclatural notes. and leclotvpc dcsigna lhc Helcroptcra.or true bugs. ofCanada and the con tions.Proceedings of the Caiifornia Acadenryof Sci tinentalUnited SlaGs.E.J. Brill. \ew York. New York. ences,l2(,t):87133. 958p. Ka|anaugh.D.H. l992.Carabidbcctles(lnsecttt:Coleoptefa: Frocscbncr.R.C. I 91i1jb.Cimicidac. Pages 6,1 68 1IrT.J. Henr] Carabidae)of ihe Quecn Charlollc lslands. Bfitish (editors). and R.C. Froeschner Catalog of the Columbia. Memoirs of thc Calilbmia Academy of Hctcroplcra. or true bugs. oi Canadaend the conti- Sc;ences16. lll p. nentalUnited States.E.J. Bdll, NelvYork, Ne\l York. LaBonte, J.R.. 1995.Possible threatened or endangcrcder 958P. renrial predaceousColeoptera of the Columbia Rivcr Cidaspow.T. 1973.Rc!ision ol ground beetlesol American Basin. Unpublishcd report to Bureau of Land \4an- genus Cl.rr.ris and four subgenera of genus agemenrand U.S. Forest Servicc. EastsideEcosys- -S.d,rrrxrrr (Coleoptera:Carabidae). Bulletin of the teln ManagementPrcject. On fi le with lnterior Colnn$ia AmcdcanMuscum ol NaturalHislory 152:51102. Basin EcosystemManagement Project. 30,1 Norlh 8'r Gree.'-f,N. (project 'nanageo.2000. Dougla,i-firtussock moth St..Room 250, Boise.Idrho 83702.3l p. projcct final repo( 2000. Repoa No. BMPMSC'01' LaBonte. J.R.. and R.E. Nelson. 1998.North American 04, LISDAForest Service.Pacific Northwest Region. dislribulion and habitat of Ela?hnpu\ turrulut Urnatillaand \\'allowa Whihan NadonalForests. On (Dcjean). an inlroduced. non-synanthropic carabid lile wifi\lallowa Whit.ran NationalForest.PO. Box beetle(Coleoptera: Carabidac). Colcoplcrists Bulletin 907, Baker City, Oregon 97814. 50 p. + appendices. 52(1):35-:12. Greene,A. I 975. B iolog)' of the five speciesof Cychrini (Co Larsen, E.M., E. Roddck. and R. Milner (edilors). 1995. lcoptcrarCarabidae) in the slepperegion ofsoutheast' Managementrccomrncndalions ibr Washington'spri- em Washineton.Melandaria l9: l-43. ority specics.Vol. li lnlenebrates. lkshington De- Hammond. PCl. 1994. Rare butteril) assessnentfbr the Co- partmentof Fish andWildlile. Olympia, $'ashineton. lLrmbiaRner Basinin thePacific North$est. Unpub 8l p. lishcdrcport!o thc EastsidcEcosy s|ems Management Latlin, J.D. 1993. Arthropod diversity and consenarron in StrategyProject, U.S. Bureau of Land Management old-growth N''orthwestforesis. American Zoologisr and Lr.S.Forest Service. On file with lnteriorColum 33:578587. biaBasin EcosystemManagementProject.304North Lattin, J.D., and J. Schuh. 1959.H(\perocim?r Loloradensk 8'' S!.. Room 250. Boise. ldaho 83702. 1,1p. List in Oregon (Hemiptera: Cimicidae). Pan-Pacific Hammond,PC., and J.C-Miller. 1998.Comparison of the Entomologirt35:175 176. biodi!ersily ol LepidopterawiLlin thrcelbrested eco- Marcot, B-G.. M.A. Castellano.J.A. Christy.J.F. Lehln- sy\tems.Annals of the EntomologicalSocieiy of kuhl, R.H. Naney,R.E. Rosentrctcr.R.E. Sandquist, Amcrica9i(l)i323 128. E. Zieroth K. Nelson,C.G. Niwa. and B.C. Wales.

196 LaBonte, Scott,Mclver, and Hayes I 997.Terrestrial ecologt assessment.Pages I ,197-I 7 I l polr on file lvith \\h\hington Defartment ofFi\h and 1" T.NI Quisle,""and S.J.Arbelbidc(.chnical cdilors). Wildlifc.Ollnpia. Wishington.2i2 p. An Asse\smentofEcoslsteD ComponentsiD the ln- Reardon. R., N. Dubois. and w Mcl-ane. 1991. BacillLts rerior Columbia tsasin and Poftions of the Klanath tlLutitryiensis for nunagrng gypsy moth: a fe!iew andCreat Basins: Volume Ill. tISDA ForestService USDA ForestSe|\ice. FHM-NC-01-9.1.National Gereral Technical Repon PNw GTR,l05. Pacilic Clcntcroi Forcs! llcal!h N4anagcnrcnt.l2 p. Northwest Re\earch Station.Podland, Oregon. Ross.D.. and G.E. Datefm.rn.1995. Efficrc) ot an .rnti- trlccorkle, D.\:. P Halnmond. und C. Peningbn. 1980.Eco aggrcgation phcromonc for rcducing Douglas fir bccllc. logical investigationreport: Oregon silverspotbutter- Dendnctonus pseudots!8de Hopkins (Coleoptefr: ,\ (Spc\1'tiat(ra|( hipp.fit r ). lunnumbcrcdrcpofll. Scolytidac).infcsla(ion in high risk siand\. Canadian USDA FofestSefvice. Pacific Nortb*est Region. Entonologist127:805'81 1. Siusla\\\ational Forest.l17 p. Ross.D.. and G.E. Daterman.1997. Usine pheromone-baited N1iller.J.C. 1990.Ficld asscssmcn!oi lhc ciiccts ofa micro traps to control rhe amount and distribution of trec bial pesi control agent on noD-targetLepidoptera. nonality during ourbreaksoi lhe Douglas lir beede. Anrerican Entonrologist36: I 35' I 39. ForestScience.l3:65-70. New. T.R. 1995.lnhoducdon to inle ebraN conscrladon bi Scott.J.A. 1986.Thc buttcruics of\orthAmcrica: a nalural ology. Orford Uni\.'ersityPress, Oxford, U.K. 19.1p. histofy and field guide. Stanfbfd Univefsit] Pres\, Niwa. C.G.. R.W Peck, ard T.R. Torgersen.2001. Soil. lit Sraniord.Califomia. 581 p. ler. and coarsewood,v debris habitatsfor afhropods Shepp.rd. G.. and A. Farnswonh. 1995.Fire suppressronin in caslcm Orcgon and washingron. North\\est Sci threatened.endangered. and sensitivespecies habitats. ence75(Specixl lssue):1,11 148. Pagc! 317 340 /n J.M. Crccnlcc (cditorJ.Firc Ellccrs Oliler W$'. 2000. Ecologicalresedch ar the Blacks Moun on Rare .rndEndargered Speciesand Habit.rts.Pro tain ExperinreDtalForest in northeasternCalifornia. ceedingsof a confefencerNovember 1l-16 1995r USDAForest Serlice GeneralTechnical Rcpofl PSw Cocur d Alcnc, ldaho. 3,13p. GTR 179. Pacific South$'esrRe\eafch Station. Ber- Shirle].D.NL. and V Erichson.2001.Aspen festdation in keley, Caliibmi:r. 66 p. lhc B luc \{ountains of northcan Orcgon. Pagcsl0 I Oregon l)epartmentof Agriculture.199:1. Envircnmental I15 1nWD. Shepperd,D. Binkley.D.L. Banos.T.J. Assesslnentiglps) lnoth cradicarionspray progranrs. Stohlgren, and L.G. Esker' (compilcrsl. Suslaining Multnomah,Chckamas, and Benton countres. Unpub Aspen in \ltslcm LandscapcsiSlnposium Proceed lished report on file with Ofegon Depadment ofAg- ings.USDA ForestSeNice RNIRS-P-I8. Rocky Moun- riculturc. Salcm, Oregor..l5 p. tain ResearchStation, Fofi Collins, Colorado. Ofegon ).laturalHeritage Progran. 2001.Rare. lhrealencd and Slanford.R.E.. and PA. Oplcr 1993.Allas of $csrcm LSA endangeredspeciesof Oregon.Oregon Natural Heri- buttedlies, including adjacent pans of Canada .rnd iage Pfogram, Po and, Oregon.90 p. \{cxico. LPublishcrunkno\Lnl. :75 p. Parsons.C.L., G. Cassis.A.R. l\'loldenke.J.D. Lattin, N.H. Su engel.A.B . 1998. Eftects of Danagementon buttedt abun- Anderson, J.C. Miller. P Hrnnnond. and T.D. danccin tallgrassprairic andpine bancns. Biological Schowalter. 1991.Inleftebrates of the H.J. Andrews Conservation83:77 89. ExpcrimentalForest. western Cascade Range, Oregon. Thackef. J.R.M., and J.M. Hickman. 1990. Techniquesfor v: an annotatcdlist ol insccts and other arlhropods. in!estigaringthe routesofexposure ofcarabid beellcs LISDAForestService General Technical Rcporl PNW 1opcslicidcs. Pagcs 105 ll3 /n N.E. S[ork(cditor). GTR 290. Pacific North*est ResearchStation. Pol1- The Role ofGround Beetle\ in Ecobgicrl and EnIi- land. Oregon. 168 p. roninentalSmdies. lntercept I-!d.. Andovcr. Hanrpshirc. Polhcnus.J.T.. and D.A. Polhemus.1988. Hebfidae. Pages LrK. ,12,tp. l5l-1551n T.J. HenI! and R.C. Froeschner(cditors). USDAForcstScnicc.1995. Inlandnalivcfishstratg) cn!i Catalog of the Hereroptefa.or true bugs. of Canad.r roDmeDtalassessment decision notice and finding of andlhc contincnlalLnitcd Stales.E.J. tsrill. N*ewYork, no significant impact: interim stralegiesfor nanag Nelr York.95E p. ing fish producingwatersheds in easternOrcgon and Pottef,A., J. Fleckenstein,S. Richardson.and D. Hxls. 1999. \lhshinglon. ldaho, wcsrcm Monlana. and porrions washinglon Slale siaius report for the Mafdon skip- of Nevada |INFISHI. Intefmountain. Northern. and pef. Report filed with Wildlile Diversit) Di\ision. Pacitic Norlhwcst Rcgions. \\ashinglon Dcpartmenlof Fish ard Wildlife. Ol) m- USDA Forest Service. 2000a. National fofest system land pia, \!'ashington. 39 p. rcsourcc managcmcntplanning: final rulc. 36 cFR Pri ack. R.B. 1991.Essentials of conservationbiology. Prut 2l 9. FederalRegistef 65(2 I 8):6751,1-6158 l. Sinaeur As sociarcs.lnc.. Sundcrland. N{ assachusetrs. USDA F-orestSenice. 2000b. Pacific Nw Region Douglas 56.1p. firlussocl molh nnal cnrironmcnlalinrpacl solcment, Pyle. R.\'L 197.t.$'rtching $ishington buttedlies. Seatlle Pacilic Northwest Region.Ponland, Oregon. Audubon Socie!y.Seaule,washington. 109 p. USDA Forest SeNice. and LISDI Bureau of Land N{anage- Plle. R.M. 1989. \4'ashingtonbut|erily conservationslatus mcnr. I 995. Dcci sion nolicc/dccisionrccord. FON Sl. rcpo( and plan. Rcport to Nongame Programof the environmental asses\ment,and appendicesfor the WashingtonDeparlment of \\'i]dlile. Unpublishedre implemenlalion ol incdm srategies 1br manugirg

TES Insects 191 anadrcInousfish producinguatersheds in casrern Wicknaln,H.F 1919.Sf.rp hitntus lPs.udanonur(tus) tnd ltii Orcgon.rndWashington. ldaho, and portionsofCali n. sp. (Coleoptera. Clalabidae).Procccdings of the fomia LPACFISHI. EntolnologicalSociely olWaslington 21r 178 181. tJS D I Fish and$'ildlife Sen'icc. I 999. lndangeredand rhrcal Wisseman.R.\l'. 1990. Sur|ey for scnsiriveaquaric inrcrrc ened $,ildlifc plants: plant and revieq of and .rninal bfate taxa in hexdwater tribularics of Squar and Iara rhal irc candidrtesor propo\ed lbr lisring as en Donegan Crccks. Tillef Ranger Distlict. UDrpqua dangefedor ihrcalcnedl aunu.rlnoticc of llndinls on National Forcst. Oregon. Untublishcd rcpon to the rccycled petitions: annualdescripti{m of progrcsson U.S.Fbrcst Scrvice. On lile with AquaticBiolog]'Asso listinc actions:proposed rule. USDI Fish and Wild- ciates.Inc.. 1,190 NW DeerRun Road Corvallis.Or lile Sen'ice5 0 CFR Ptul I I FederalRegistcr 6,1(205 ): egon97330. 12 p. 5t5-r3 575.17. WisseDan.R.W. 199l. Usinger, R.L. 1966. \,lonograph of Cimicidae (llcmipGr.r - Surveyofthe macro;n!erGbrLre fauna Hcrcropler.r).Entomological Societ) of America, and aqurtic habi!a!sofstreams draining inl'c)|he Kla- Thonas Say Fou.datior. !ol. V[. 585 p. mathRivef basin.Cratcr Lake National Park.Oregon. $'tlgner, l).. and J.C. N,liller 1995. N4ustbu[erf]ies die for Unpublishedfeport to CraGr Lake Nrrional Park.On the gvpsy molh s sinsl Americrn Butterflics 3:19,23. tllc wilh,{quaticBiology Associares.Inc.. 3,190 \W Warrcn.\{.S. .rndR.S. Ket. 1991. \bodhnds: pa\r. prcscnl Dcer Run Road. Cor\allis. Oregon 91330. and polcnti.tllbf insects.Pagcr 155 2ll 1, N.Ni. Wygodzinsky,P\\'.. and P Stys. 1970.A new gcnus of Collin\ andJ.A. Thomas (editof\). The Conscr!rdon aenictopecheinebugs liom the Holarctic (Enico- of Inscctsand Their Habitatr. Acadenic Press.Lon ccphalidaeHemiptera). Americ:m \fuseunr ol Nutural don. UK. ,150f. Hislory.Nolitates 2.111:l 17.

Note

This specialissue ofNdr1ril,.,!/ 5i i.,r.. is .r set of papcrsre vie$ing the stateof knowledgc about disturbanceproccsscs in canern Oregonand Washingbn. relatedmanagcmcnl pruc ticcs. rnd effects on key rnanagementi\sues.

l9E LaBontc,Scott. Mclver. and Hryes