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Diptera: Tephritidae) Scientific Notes 419 A COMPARISON OF YEAST HYDROLYSATE AND SYNTHETIC FOOD ATTRACTANTS FOR CAPTURE OF ANASTREPHA SUSPENSA (DIPTERA: TEPHRITIDAE) TIMOTHY HOLLER1, JOHN SIVINSKI2, CALIE JENKINS3 AND SUZANNE FRASER4 1USDA-APHIS-PPQ-CPHST, 1600/1700 SW 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608 2USDA-ARS, CMAVE 1600/ 1700 SW 23rd Dr., Gainesville, FL 32608 3FDACS-DPI, Caribbean Fruit Fly Certification Program, 3479 S. US 1, Ft. Pierce, FL 34982 4FDACS-DPI, Biological Control Rearing Facility, 1913 SW 34th St., Gainesville, FL 32608 Monitoring for the presence and relative abun- compared these two components to yeast slurry dance of tephritid fruit flies is an important com- and the second to ammonium acetate and trime- ponent of area-wide control. Trap captures are thylamine or ammonium acetate, trimethy- used to delimit populations, direct control efforts lamine, and putrescine. In studies conducted in and measure their effectiveness, and influence Guatemala, traps baited with ammonium acetate whether or not vulnerable agriculture commodi- and putrescine captured six Anastrepha species of ties can be exported to un-infested states and economic importance, as well as thirteen other countries (Simpson 1993). Anastrepha spp. (Martinez, USDA/APHIS, Edin- Various pest fruit flies are attracted to phero- burgh, TX, personal communication). Thomas et mones, pheromone precursors, and paraphero- al. (2001) found that traps baited with putrescine mones (e.g., Sivinski & Calkins 1986). However, and ammonium acetate captured marginally the standard trap for the capture of Anastrepha more A. suspensa in traps baited with yeast hy- species in general and the Caribbean fruit fly, drolysate, but capture by the three component Bi- Anastrepha suspensa (Loew), in particular is the olure was not tested. McPhail trap, an invaginated glass bottle baited In this report, we compare captures of A. sus- with an aqueous protein (yeast) hydrolysate solu- pensa in three different trap/bait combinations: tion (McPhail 1939). Food bait attractants are glass McPhail traps baited with 4 torula yeast/ generally considered to be relatively inefficient borax tablets (ERA International LTD, Baldwin, compared to other forms of attractants available NY), in 300-350 mL of water; plastic McPhail-like for other fruit fly species. But unlike well known traps (IPM® trap; Great Lakes IPM®, Vestaburg, parapheromones such as methyl eugenol, trimed- MI) baited with a three component lure blend (pu- lure, and cuelure that attract only males (Sivinski trescine, ammonium acetate, and tri-methy- & Calkins 1986), food baits capture both sexes, lamine) or with a two component lure blend (pu- with a bias toward females (Heath et al. 1993). trescine and ammonium acetate). Tests were con- Because the capture of mostly females and rel- ducted between Jun and Oct 2002 in an aban- atively few males results in fewer flies to process doned citrus grove containing common guava, and identify during sterile male releases (SIT), Psidium guajava L., scattered throughout the improved food-based lures have been developed area. For both the two and three component lure that employ volatile chemicals emitted from treatments, a 10% solution of propylene glycol yeasts, bacteria, and other potential food sources (Prestone Low-Tox® antifreeze, Prestone Prod- (Heath et al. 1995; Heath et al. 1997). BioLure ® ucts Corp., Danbury, CT) was added to the bottom (Suterra LLC, Bend, OR), consisting of a three of the traps as a fly preservative. The addition of component blend of putrescine, ammonium ace- propylene glycol solution serves not only as a fly tate, and trimethylamine, was originally designed preservative, but also enhances capture rates to attract the Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis (Thomas et al. 2001). These traps were placed in capitata (Wiedemann), and has been widely de- six scattered, wild guava trees, a principal host of ployed to both assess the efficacy of SIT and de- A. suspensa (Norrbam & Kim 1988), in Indian tect the presence of low density C. capitata popu- River County, FL. During the experiment all fruit lations (Florida Fruit Fly Detection Manual, Re- stages were present. Traps containing individual vision 6). The usefulness of these components in treatments (bait combinations) were placed ~1 m the capture of Anastrepha spp. also has been in- apart at heights of 2-3 m in each tree canopy. vestigated. Both Thomas et al. (2001) and Heath Traps were left for 7 d, their contents were et al. (2004) found that two component blend of counted, and the traps were then rotated into po- putrescine and ammonium acetate lures were sitions previously held by a different treatment. particularly efficacious attractants for the Mexi- The synthetic lures and preservatives were can fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens (Loew). The first changed following a 6 wk field exposure period, 420 Florida Entomologist 89(3) September 2006 while the torula yeast solution was replaced tri-methylamine added (three-component Bi- weekly (Fruit Fly Detection Manual, Revision 6). olure) or the historically standard attractant, hy- The five 3-wk complete trap rotations resulted in drolyzed yeast slurry. an equivalent of 90 weeks of exposure for each trap-attractant combination. Mean trap catches REFERENCES CITED were compared by Tukey (HSD) test (Statistix for Windows 1998). FLORIDA FRUIT FLY DETECTION MANUAL, REVISION 6. Yeast hydrolysate-baited McPhail traps cap- 2004. Cooperative Florida Fruit Fly Detection Pro- tured an average (±SD) of 3.2 (±7.1) flies per gram. Florida Department of Agriculture and Con- week, the three component lure-baited IPM traps sumer Services and United States Department of captured 9.7 (±17.3) flies per week, and the two Agriculture. HEATH, R. R., N. D. EPSKY, P. J. LANDOLT, AND J. SIVIN- component lure-baited IPM traps captured 18.2 SKI. 1993. Development of attractants for monitor- (±36.0) flies per week (F = 9.2, df [total] = 269, P ing Caribbean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). = 0.0001). There was no difference between the Florida Entomol. 76: 233-244. number of flies captured by the three component HEATH, R. R., N. D. EPSKY, A. GUZMAN, B. D. DUEBEN, lure-baited traps and yeast hydrolysate-baited A. MANUKIAN, AND W. L. MEYER. 1995. Development traps. However, the two component lure-baited of a dry plastic insect trap with food-based synthetic IPM traps captured significantly more flies than attractant for the Mediterranean and the Mexican either of the other two treatments. fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. Recent comparisons of food-based Anastrepha 88: 1307-1315. HEATH, R. R., N. D. EPSKY, B. D. DUEBEN, J. RIZZO, AND attractants have employed different arrays of F. JERONIMO. 1997. Adding methyl- substituted am- chemicals/baits exposed to different species of fly. monia derivatives to a food-based synthetic attrac- Heath et al. (2004) used the same traps and at- tant on capture of Mediterranean and Mexican fruit tractants as the present study but investigated flies (Diptera: Tephritidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 90: 1- the response of A. ludens. Thomas et al. (2001) 6. studied A. suspensa in Florida but did not com- MCPHAIL, M. 1939. Protein lures for fruit flies. J. Econ. pare three to two component lures. The later also Entomol. 32: 758-761. encountered considerable differences in relative NORRBAM, A. L., AND K. C. KIM. 1988. A list of the re- capture rates in different locales. Given the vari- ported host plants of the species of Anastrepha (Diptera: Tephritidae). USDA-APHIA-PPQ, APHIS ety of methods and variance in results we suggest 81-52. that further comparisons of attractants be per- SIMPSON, S. E. 1993. Caribbean fruit fly-free zone certi- formed under different environmental conditions fication protocol in Florida (Diptera: Tephritidae). in hopes of revealing patterns that will further Florida Entomol. 76: 228-233. trap development and deployment tactics. SIVINSKI, J. M., AND C. O. CALKINS. 1986. Pheromones and parapheromones in the control of Tephritids. Florida Entomol. 69: 157-168. Summary STATISTIX FOR WINDOWS. 1998. Statistix For Windows, We demonstrated that a synthetic lure consist- Ver. 2.2. Analytical Software, Tallahassee, FL. ing of putrescine and ammonium acetate (two- THOMAS, D. B., T. C. HOLLER, R. R. HEATH, E. J. SALI- component Biolure) was more efficacious in the NAS, AND A. L. MOSES. 2001. Trap lure combinations capture of Caribbean fruit flies, Anastrepha sus- for surveillance of Anastrepha fruit flies (Diptera: pensa (Loew), than either the same synthetic with Tephritidae). Florida Entomol. 84: 344-351..
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