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Court Ordered Schools to Desegregate “With All Deliberate Speed.” Brown II, 349 U.S Case 2:20-cv-02291-DOC-KES Document 277 Filed 04/20/21 Page 1 of 110 Page ID #:7237 UNITED STATES DISTRICT COURT CENTRAL DISTRICT OF CALIFORNIA CIVIL MINUTES – GENERAL Case No. LA CV 20-02291-DOC-(KESx) Date: April 20, 2021 Title: LA ALLIANCE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS, et al. v. CITY OF LOS ANGELES, et al. PRESENT: THE HONORABLE DAVID O. CARTER, JUDGE Kelly Davis Not Present Courtroom Clerk Court Reporter ATTORNEYS PRESENT FOR ATTORNEYS PRESENT FOR PLAINTIFF: DEFENDANT: None Present None Present PROCEEDINGS: (IN CHAMBERS ORDER) See attachment for complete details. MINUTES FORM 11 Initials of Deputy Clerk: kd Case 2:20-cv-02291-DOC-KES Document 277 Filed 04/20/21 Page 2 of 110 Page ID #:7238 TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................................................. 2 A. RACE ............................................................................................................................................................... 3 i. Historical Context ........................................................................................................................................ 4 ii. Organized Abandonment in Housing ......................................................................................................... 20 B. PUBLIC STATEMENTS ON HOMELESSNESS ......................................................................................... 32 C. EMERGENCY POWERS FOR AN EMERGENCY SITUATION ................................................................ 37 D. GOVERNMENT INACTION ........................................................................................................................ 40 E. HEALTH AND SAFETY IMPACTS ............................................................................................................. 51 F. GENDER ........................................................................................................................................................ 62 II. DISCUSSION .................................................................................................................................................... 66 A. THE LIKELIHOOD OF SUCCESS ON THE MERITS SUPPORTS PRELIMINARY RELIEF .................. 67 i. Constitutional grounds ............................................................................................................................... 67 ii. State law grounds ....................................................................................................................................... 86 iii. Americans With Disabilities Act ................................................................................................................ 90 B. IRREPARABLE INJURY .............................................................................................................................. 92 C. BALANCE OF EQUITIES ............................................................................................................................. 92 D. PUBLIC INTEREST ...................................................................................................................................... 92 E. HEARING ...................................................................................................................................................... 94 III. AVAILABILITY OF EQUITABLE REMEDIES ......................................................................................... 95 A. FACTUAL BASIS FOR IMMEDIATE RELIEF ........................................................................................... 95 B. EQUITABLE POWER TO ISSUE RELIEF ................................................................................................... 96 i. Constitutional Violations Provide Grounds for Equitable Relief ............................................................... 98 ii. Statutory Violations Provide Grounds for the Court to Issue Equitable Relief........................................ 100 iii. The Plata Case Guides This Court’s Exercise of its Broad Equitable Authority ..................................... 101 iv. Courts’ Equitable Authority in the Face of Government Budgetary Concerns ........................................ 104 IV. CONCLUSION: A WAY FORWARD ..................................................................................................... 105 V. PROVISIONS OF THE PRELIMINARY INJUNCTION .......................................................................... 105 Case 2:20-cv-02291-DOC-KES Document 277 Filed 04/20/21 Page 3 of 110 Page ID #:7239 I. INTRODUCTION In the ebb of afternoon sunlight, young Americans looked at their former compatriots as adversaries as they advanced towards them. Young teenagers carried battle flags to rally upon in the chaos that would soon ensue. There is nothing free about freedom. It is borne from immense pain, suffering, and sacrifice. Our country has struggled since the Emancipation Proclamation to right the evil of slavery. One hundred and fifty-eight years ago, at the site of the bloodiest battle of the Civil War, Abraham Lincoln made a short and profound speech, exemplifying an unshakable moral commitment to end the abomination of slavery despite the terrible sacrifice of life. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battlefield of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be dedicated to the great task remaining before us— that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government, of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. The Civil War brought a formal end to the institution of slavery, but a century and a half after the Gettysburg Address, the “unfinished work” of which President Lincoln spoke remains woefully unfinished. Here in Los Angeles, how did racism become embedded in the policies and structures of our new city? What if there was a conscious effort, a deliberate intent, a cowardice of inaction? Through redlining, containment, eminent domain, exclusionary zoning, and gentrification—designed to segregate and disenfranchise 2 Case 2:20-cv-02291-DOC-KES Document 277 Filed 04/20/21 Page 4 of 110 Page ID #:7240 communities of color—the City and County of Los Angeles created a legacy of entrenched structural racism. As shown most clearly in the present crisis of homelessness, the effects of structural racism continue to threaten the lives of people of color in Los Angeles. Today, people of color, and Black people in particular, are vastly overrepresented in Los Angeles’s homeless population. While Black people comprise only eight percent of Los Angeles’s population, they make up 42% of its homeless population.1 As of January 2020, the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority reported that 21,509 Black people were without permanent housing in Los Angeles (LAHSA).2 The current inaction on the part of the City and County of Los Angeles has allowed the harms of their racist legacy to continue unabated, leaving Black people—and especially Black women—effectively abandoned on the streets. Such governmental inertia has affected not only Black Angelenos, not only homeless Angelenos, but all Angelenos—of every race, gender identity, and social class. Virtually every citizen of Los Angeles has borne the impacts of the City and County’s continued failure to meaningfully confront the crisis of homelessness. The time has come to redress these wrongs and finish another measure of our nation’s unfinished work. A. RACE “I want to be very clear,” said Heidi Marston, Director of the Los Angeles Homeless Services Authority, “homelessness is a byproduct of racism. We continue to see that Black people are overrepresented in our homeless population, and that Black African Americans are four times more likely to become homeless than their white counterparts.”3 A LAHSA report published in December of 2018 confirmed the Director’s opinion, stating: “The impact of institutional and structural racism in education, criminal justice, housing, employment health care, 1 Jugal K. Patel et al., Black, Homeless and Burdened by L.A.’s Legacy of Racism, N.Y. TIMES (Dec. 22, 2019), https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/12/22/us/los-angeles-homeless-black-residents.html. 2 Gale Holland, Racism is the Reason Black People are Disproportionately Homeless in L.A., Report Shows, L.A. TIMES (June 12, 2020), https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-06-12/racism-making-more-black-people-la- homeless. 3 Gina Pollack, Garcetti: LA Has Made Progress On Homelessness Issue, Despite Increasing Numbers, LAIST (June 12, 2020), https://laist.com/latest/post/20200612/garcetti-gives-updates-on-coronavirus-and-protests-in-losangeles. 3 Case 2:20-cv-02291-DOC-KES Document 277 Filed 04/20/21 Page 5 of 110 Page ID #:7241 and access to opportunities cannot be denied: homelessness is a by-product of racism in America.”4 The numbers squarely support LAHSA’s findings. As mentioned previously,
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