DOCSLIB.ORG

Researching the Efficiency of Buck Converter Synchronous Rectifier

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Researching the Efficiency of Buck Converter Synchronous Rectifier INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: ISSN 2664-9969 REPORTS ON RESEARCH PROJECTS UDC 621.314 DOI: 10.15587/2706-5448.2020.207893 Zheliazkov Y. RESEARCHING THE EFFICIENCY OF BUCK CONVERTER SYNCHRONOUS RECTIFIER The object of study is synchronous buck-voltage converter with digital control system. One of the most prob- lematic things is energy changing and transmission in converters to reach certain numerical range with minimal losses in the components of the electrical circuit. An enormous calculated parameters of electrical scheme. There was advised and described both structure and electrical scheme of synchronous converter, which, thanks to digi- tal system, provides dates with more accuracy connected with an impact on working scheme. There was shown detailed analysis example with a numerical value for the certain elements of electrical scheme. It’s a fundament in order to choose certain parts of electrical scheme according to the certain categories. During research there was used selection of hardware and software tools: elements for buck-converter – key, diode and capacitor; certain voltage and frequency range for microcontroller; control of the power keys of the circuit with the corresponding operating parameters for driver. There was analyzed and calculated all over the possible losses during the process bucking of the voltage to the certain level, an enormous losses in the components of the converter electrical scheme – induction coil, keys and capacitors. It’s an important part of synchronous buck-converter. There was calculated power losses and efficiency through the received graphics of keys com- mutation in electrical scheme. There were received graphic dependence of converter efficiency on output power; time characteristics of the control signal pulse-width modulation (PWM) and output voltage; dependence on the commutation losses. This is because advised synchronous converter has a set of features. Particularly analog to digital converter in the capacity of feedback, digital regulation system with a discrete step and rectification by replacing diodes with actively controlled switches. There are keys of low-side and high-side levels accord- ing to the passing voltage and current values. Therewith provides possibility for receiving more accuracy value. In comparison with analogic buck-converters, this converter has voltage parameter with fractional error. Keywords: buck converter, digital control, buck converter losses, buck-converter efficiency, synchronous rectifier. Received date: 15.03.2020 Copyright © 2020, Zheliazkov Y. Accepted date: 17.05.2020 This is an open access article under the CC BY license Published date: 31.08.2020 (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0) 1. Introduction When there is electric power supply in order to use different voltage steps, it is important to use special con- Nowadays energy efficient projects are becoming more verters (regulators). The problem for receiving different popular. An enormous converter, which can be used in voltage supply values is in portable equipment. photovoltaic power generation systems, renewable energy There is in mains-powered devices can be build an electric systems and a number of other systems. For example, modern power supply with the required voltage. By the way portable aircraft use a lot of radio equipment for communication devices operate from stand-alone power sources and certain systems, navigation, landing, meteorological, avoiding the voltage stages can be received by using DC/ DC (DC means collision of aircrafts. For obvious reasons, the weight and direct current) converters. volume of this equipment must be reduced. The tradi- Requirement in order to receive huge coefficient of tional construction scheme uses one powerful transmitter efficiency is important for devices with a stand-alone po- and a number of switched antennas or antenna array. In wer sources. addition, there is a constant integration of equipment in It is relevant to study the existing schemes of energy the direction of combining several systems within a single converter and carry out a comparative analysis, because the functional unit [1]. At the same time, of course, the weight buck converters use the active modes for switching [3]. and dimensions are reduced, but additional requirements Thus, the object of research is synchronous buck converter are imposed on the element base. with digital control system. The aim of the article is the Modern equipment is characterized by a high complexity. researching of the scheme and developing the foundations Device requires different voltages in order to supply its for construction in order to reach high efficiency level own component parts [2]. of buck converter. 44 TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES — № 4/1(54), 2020 ISSN 2664-9969 INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: REPORTS ON RESEARCH PROJECTS 2. Methods of research Peak current of the inductance coil I peak solves as: DIind 2.1. Engineering analysis of buck converter. There is in IIpeak =+out.max , Fig. 1 an electrical principle scheme of the buck voltage 2 converter. Power circuit of converter has transistor VT1. 0.3⋅0.522 If the key switched on, output current, which flows through I peak = 05. 22 A+ = 06. A, 2 the inductance coil ()L , rises. Inductance coil is coupling magnetic field energy. If the key switched off, coupled where DILindo=⋅IR I ut.max – variable inductance value. electrical energy in the inductance coil will be send to Output capacitor with a maximum available ampli- the capacitor ()C and load ()RL . Bypass diode ()VD1 lets tude swing of ripples of the output voltage DU (accept the pass for the current to flow. DU = 100 mV): L DIind . C I , out = 22 out.max + ()DUU+−outoU ut 2 2 2.87 mH 0.1566 Cout = 0.522 + = 0.8 mF. (100 mV+6)22− 6 2 Capacitance of the input capacitor, including of the load current IL and swing of ripples of the output voltage Uoutr. ipple : IL Cout = , 2πfUsw outr. ipple Fig. 1. Scheme of the buck converter 0.522 A C = = 207.8 uF. in 23⋅⋅.14104 Hz⋅40 mV In order to realize the scheme it is important to calcu- late nominals of the elements in the buck converter [4, 5]. Duty cycle of the open state power key relative period Calculation would be finished with a certain parameters: of the pulse width modulation: maximal output current Iout.max = 05. 22 A, frequency switch- ing f 10 kHz, inductive current ripple factor LIR 03., Uout 6 V sw = = D == ==05.%50 . range of input voltage U in =−724 V and output voltage U in 12 V Uout = 6 V [6]. Inductance calculation is an important moment during 2.2. Synchronous rectifier. Pulse regulators are known as converter projecting, insofar as there is dependence on values highly efficient power supplies. In order to increase their of maximal input U in.max and output Uout voltage: efficiency, it is important to understand the basic mechanism of power loss. This instruction for use explains the coefficients Uout 11 of electricity losses and methods of their calculation. This also LU=−()in.max Uout , Ufin.max sw LIRI⋅ out.max explains how the relative importance of power loss factors depends on the switching power supply specifications [2]. 6 V 1 1 Fig. 2 shows a block diagram of a synchronous rectifier L =−()24 6 V =2.87 mH, 24 V 104 Hz 0.30⋅ .522 type of DC / DC (DC means «direct current») converter. Fig. 3 shows the waveform of the voltage node of the switch where fsw – frequency switching transistor; LIR – inductive and the current waveform of the inductor. Striped lines are current ripple factor; Iout.max – maximal value of output current. areas where losses can be explained. Fig. 2. Electrical scheme of the synchronous rectification type of DC/DC converter (DC means «direct current») TECHNOLOGY AUDIT AND PRODUCTION RESERVES — № 4/1(54), 2020 45 INDUSTRIAL AND TECHNOLOGY SYSTEMS: ISSN 2664-9969 REPORTS ON RESEARCH PROJECTS The following nine factors are the main causes of power loss: current is higher), the effective current is obtained by 1) conduction losses caused by the on-resistance of integrating the square of the differential between the peak the MOSFET PON −H , PON −L ; and bottom values of the current. These losses can be 2) switching-loss in the MOSFET PSW −H , PSW −L ; calculated in more detail. 3) reverse recovery losses in the body diode Pdiode ; The conduction losses PON −H and PON −L are calculated with 4) output capacitance losses in the MOSFET PCOSS ; the following equations: 5) dead time loss PD ; 2 6) gate charge losses in the MOSFET P ; ()IIpV− Uout G PI2 R W , 7) operation losses caused by the integrated circuit (IC) ON −−Ho=+ ut ⋅⋅ON H [] 12 U in control circuit PIC ; 8) conduction losses in the inductor PLD()CR ; 2 ()IIpV− Uout 9) losses in the capacitor PCi()n , PCo()ut . 2 PION −−Lo=+ ut ⋅⋅RON L 1− []W , 12 U in 2.3. Buck converter losses 2.3.1. Conduction loss in the MOSFET. The conduction where loss in the MOSFET is calculated in the A and B sections of the waveform in Fig. 3. As the high-side MOSFET is ()UUin − out Uout IL = ON and the low-side MOSFET is OFF in the A section, fLsw U in the conduction loss of the high-side MOSFET can be esti- mated from the output current, on-resistance, and on-duty is a ripple current of inductor: cycle. As the high-side MOSFET is OFF and the low-side MOSFET is ON in the B section, the conduction loss of IL II=+ or II= the low-side MOSFET can be estimated from the output pout 2 pout current, on-resistance, and off-duty cycle. – current peak of the induction coil; IV – minimal value of the induction current; fsw – transistor switching fre- quency; L – inductance value. 2.3.2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Buck-Boost Transformerless DC–DC Converter Based on IGBT Modules for Fast Charge of Electric Vehicles
    electronics Article A Buck-Boost Transformerless DC–DC Converter Based on IGBT Modules for Fast Charge of Electric Vehicles Borislav Dimitrov 1,* , Khaled Hayatleh 1, Steve Barker 1, Gordana Collier 1, Suleiman Sharkh 2 and Andrew Cruden 2 1 School of Engineering, Computing and Mathematics, Oxford Brookes University, Wheatley campus, Oxford OX33 1HX, UK; [email protected] (K.H.); [email protected] (S.B.); [email protected] (G.C.) 2 Faculty of Engineering and the Environment, University of Southampton, University Road, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK; [email protected] (S.S.); [email protected] (A.C.) * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +44-(0)1865-482962 Received: 9 January 2020; Accepted: 25 February 2020; Published: 28 February 2020 Abstract: A transformer-less Buck-Boost direct current–direct current (DC–DC) converter in use for the fast charge of electric vehicles, based on powerful high-voltage isolated gate bipolar transistor (IGBT) modules is analyzed, designed and experimentally verified. The main advantages of this topology are: simple structure on the converter’s power stage; a wide range of the output voltage, capable of supporting contemporary vehicles’ on-board battery packs; efficiency; and power density accepted to be high enough for such a class of hard-switched converters. A precise estimation of the loss, dissipated in the converter’s basic modes of operation Buck, Boost, and Buck-Boost is presented. The analysis shows an approach of loss minimization, based on switching frequency reduction during the Buck-Boost operation mode. Such a technique guarantees stable thermal characteristics during the entire operation, i.e., battery charge cycle.
    [Show full text]
  • VIDE. TEHNOLOĢIJA. RESURSI IX Starptautiskās Zinātniski Praktiskās Konferences Materiāli 2013.Gada 20.-22.Jūnijs
    RĒZEKNES AUGSTSKOLA INŽENIERU FAKULTĀTE RĒZEKNES AUGSTSKOLAS REĢIONĀLISTIKAS ZINĀTNISKAIS INSTITŪTS REZEKNE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTION FACULTY OF ENGINEERING SCIENTIFIC INSTITUTE FOR REGIONAL STUDIES VIDE. TEHNOLOĢIJA. RESURSI IX starptautiskās zinātniski praktiskās konferences materiāli 2013.gada 20.-22.jūnijs 2. SĒJUMS ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGY. RESOURCES Proceedings of the 9th International Scientific and Practical Conference June 20-22, 2013 VOLUME II Rēzekne 2013 VIDE. TEHNOLOĢIJA. RESURSI: 9. starptautiskās zinātniski praktiskās konferences materiāli 2013. gada 20.-22. jūnijs. 2. sējums. Rēzekne, 2013. 148 lpp. ENVIRONMENT. TECHNOLOGY. RESOURCES: Proceedings of the 9th International Scientific and Practical Conference June 20-22, 2013. Volume II. Rezekne, 2013. p. 148. Zinātnisko rakstu krājumā iekļauti IX starptautiskās zinātniski praktiskās konferences “Vide. Tehnoloģija. Resursi” raksti. Rakstu tematika saistīta ar vides kvalitāti un monitoringu, piesārņojuma novēršanas tehnoloģijām, tīrāku ražošanu, ilgtspējīgo lauksaimniecību, vides izglītību un ekonomiku. Rakstu krājumā pārstāvēti referāti, kas ir saistīti ar datorzinātnes, matemātikas, mehānikas, elektrotehnikas, elektronikas un mehatronikas pielietošanu vides zinātnē, metālapstrādē un citu nozaru problēmu risināšanā. Proceedings include papers presented at the 9th International Conference “Environment. Technology. Resources.” The themes of the papers are – the environmental quality and monitoring, pollution prevention technologies, cleaner production, sustainable agriculture,
    [Show full text]
  • Control and Analysis of Synchronous Rectifier Buck Converter for ZVS in Light Load Condition Nimmy Joseph Assistant Professor, Dept
    ISSN (Print) : 2320 – 3765 ISSN (Online): 2278 – 8875 International Journal of Advanced Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 2, Issue 6, June 2013 Control and Analysis of Synchronous Rectifier Buck Converter for ZVS in Light Load Condition Nimmy Joseph Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Dayananda Sagar Academy of Technology and Management, Bangalore, India Abstract- This paper aims to improve the efficiency of a dc-dc buck converter. It enables a synchronous rectifier buck converter to realize zero voltage switching in light load condition. The replacement of output rectifier diode by MOSFET can minimize conduction losses and increase the efficiency of the circuit. The control technique introduced in this paper enables a SR buck converter to carry out ZVS in light load condition to increase efficiency. No extra auxiliary switches or RLC passive components are required. It is of low cost and easy to control. Keywords: Buck converter, synchronous rectifier, ZVS, light load condition. I. INTRODUCTION Buck converters have already been applied to portable products which are powered by batteries. The efficiency of a buck converter should be increased to prolong the operation of portable products and minimize battery drain. The efficiency of a buck converter is affected by conduction losses. Switching loss of a buck converter must be decreased in light load condition. In order to reduce the conduction losses and raise the efficiency the SR technique is used. Fig.1 Synchronous rectifier buck converter In fig.1the basic circuit diagram of synchronous rectifier buck converter to have ZVS in light load condition is shown.
    [Show full text]
  • Lecture 20 Bi-Directional Switching Problem Solutions and Overview of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Switches A
    1 Lecture 20 Bi-directional Switching Problem Solutions and Overview of Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor Switches A. Illustrative Bi-directional Current Problem Solution : Erickson’s Problem. 4.1 1. Erickson’s problem4.1: Current bi-directional switching 2. Limited quadrants of operation for real solid state switches a. Two quadrant illustrative problem 1. Voltage bi-directional switch example 3. Four quadrant switch and example B. Introduction to the IGBT Switch Device Structure and I-V Characteristics 1. Overview of the IGBT Device Goals 2. IGBT Device Cross-sections 3. SOA regions and long tail turn-off time of IGBT devices 4. Illustrative IGBT Energy loss during switching. 2 A. Illustrative Problem Solution : Problem. 4.1 (1) Erickson’s problem 4.1: Current bi-directional switching For Chapter 2 of Erickson in problems #4 & #5 you solved for VOFF and ION of switches leading to the transistor circuit. Follow the same procedure as your old homework. C 1 L 2 Vg + v - i 2 L 1 R L I1 I1 I2 + - - vL I IC - C - V L v C R v Vg C R v g L + + + SW1 on/SW2 off SW1 off/SW2 on Time DT Time D’T s 2 1 s VL = Vg - V VL = - Vg V V V I = I - g I = - c 1 R c R 1 2 Volt-sec balance on L: <VL> = 0, D’ = 1 - D D(Vg - V) - D¢ V = 0 ® DVg - Dg + DVg = 0 3 DV = 2 Dvg - Vg Vg(2D- 1) V = output voltage in steady state D Charge balance on the capacitor: <ic> = 0 V V V V V D (I - ) - D¢ = 0 ® DI - D - + D = 0 1 R R 1 R R R V Vg(2D- 1) D > ½ Þ Gives bipolar current I1 = = D < ½ Þ when on DR D2R a b + - + IL + - IC + VL L V d C R V g c - + - + - - SW a ® Va = Vg - V SW b ® Vb = V - Vg Ia = IL Ib = IL SW c ® VC = - Vg SW d ® Vd = Vg Ic = IL Id = IL (a) (b) (c) (d) I I L IL L IL Vg-V V V-V -V g g g -I -IL -IL L -IL KEY: Show why Vtr(OFF) is unipolar IL = IR is bipolar 4 A bipolar implementation of the bi-directional current switch is shown below: a b + C R V V - g c d - For HW#4 you do Erickson Problem 4.5 another two quadrant example with bipolar current.
    [Show full text]
  • Impact of Power MOSFET VGS on Buck Converter Performance
    AN3267 Application note Impact of power MOSFET VGS on buck converter performance Introduction DC-DC buck converters are widely used in the computer and peripherals industry due to their high efficiency and simple electrical topology. In synchronous buck converter design and semiconductor device choice, converter efficiency maximization and switching behavior immunity to voltage stresses and fast transients are mandatory. This document presents the simulation and experimental test results on a single-phase synchronous buck converter, highlighting the power MOSFET gate driving voltage impact on converter power management and switching behavior. In the latest generation of microprocessors for desktops and mobile equipment, ever increasing switching frequency and output current delivered to the CPU have become necessary. These features push converter and system designers to critical choices for overall performance optimization. In fact, fast transients, together with high load currents, may degrade the converter thermal and power management. Therefore, a deep and accurate fine tuning of the main electrical parameters is mandatory. In this document, based on the single-phase synchronous buck converter topology, the impact of different power MOSFET gate-source voltages on converter efficiency and waveforms of main circuit nodes is thoroughly analyzed through OrCAD® simulations and bench test results, highlighting a perfect match between these two experiments. August 2011 Doc ID 17890 Rev 1 1/19 www.st.com Contents AN3267 Contents 1 Synchronous buck converter basic principles . 4 2 Power MOSFET gate driving voltage requirements in real applications . 6 3 Synchronous buck converter testing demonstration board . 7 3.1 HS/LS switching behavior evaluation and phase node spike measurements .
    [Show full text]
  • Synchronous Buck Converter with XMC™ Digital Power Explorer Kit
    AP32319 Synchronous buck converter with XMC™ Digital Power Explorer Kit XMC1300, XMC4200 About this document Scope and purpose This application note provides information on how a synchronous buck converter can be implemented with either the XMC4000 or XMC1000 devices. The XMC™ Digital Power Explorer Kit is used as an example to illustrate the implementation of the buck converter in both voltage mode control and peak current mode control. Applicable products XMC1000 and/or XMC4000 microcontroller family XMC™ Digital Power Explorer Kit References Infineon: DAVE™ - http://www.infineon.com/DAVE Infineon: XMC™ family - http://www.infineon.com/XMC Introduction to digital power conversion application guide - http://www.infineon.com/xmc_dp_exp The example codes supplied can be downloaded from - http://www.infineon.com/xmc_dp_exp Application Note Please read the Important Notice and Warnings at the end of this document Revision 1.0 www.infineon.com 2016-06-20 Synchronous buck converter with XMC™ Digital Power Explorer Kit XMC1300, XMC4200 Overview Table of contents 1 Overview ............................................................................................................................................3 1.1 Types of modulation in a buck converter...............................................................................................4 1.2 Voltage versus current mode control in a buck converter.....................................................................5 2 XMC™ key features .............................................................................................................................7
    [Show full text]
  • Practical Design of Buck Converter
    Practical Design of Buck Converter Dr. Taufik Associate Professor Electrical Engineering Department California Polytechnic State University, USA [email protected] http://www.ee.calpoly.edu/faculty/taufik Tutorial Outline • Brief Review of DC-DC Converter • Design Equations • Loss Considerations • Layout Considerations • Efficiency Improvement • Synchronous Buck • Resonant Buck • PWM Controller • Multiphase PECON 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Practical Design of Buck Converter Taufik | Page 2 Review: DC-DC Converter Basics • A circuit employing switching network that converts a DC voltage at one level to another DC voltage • Two basic topologies: – Non-Isolated • Buck, Boost, Buck-Boost, Cuk, SEPIC – Isolated • Push-pull, Forward, Flyback, Half-Bridge, Full-Bridge PECON 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Practical Design of Buck Converter Taufik | Page 3 Review: DC-DC Converter Basics • When ON: The output voltage is the same as the input voltage and the voltage across the switch is 0. • When OFF: The output voltage is zero and there is no current through the switch. • Ideally, the Power Loss is zero since output power = input power • Periodic opening and closing of the switch results in pulse output PECON 2008, Johor Bahru, Malaysia Practical Design of Buck Converter Taufik | Page 4 Review: DC-DC Converter Basics TDT 11 ton VvtdtVdtVD0 ===Dutycycle== D t f = ∫∫oii() on s TT00 T • Duty Cycle range: 0 < D < 1 • Two ways to vary the average output voltage: – Pulse Width Modulation (PWM), where ton is varied while the overall switching period T is
    [Show full text]
  • DC/DC Converter Output Capacitor Benchmark
    DC/DC Converter Output Capacitor Benchmark R. Šponar, R. Faltus, M. Jáně, Z. Flegr, T. Zedníček AVX Czech Republic s.r.o., Dvorakova 328, 563 01 Lanskroun, Czech Republic email: [email protected] Abstract Switched-mode power supplies (SMPS) are commonly found in many electronic systems. Important SMPS requirements are a stable output voltage with load current, good temperature stability, low ripple voltage and high overall efficiency. If the electronic system in question is to be portable, small size and light weight are also important considerations. A key component in switching power systems is the output capacitor – used to store the charge and for smoothing - therefore its careful selection plays a vital role in determining the overall parameters of the power supply. Different capacitor technologies – tantalum, ceramic MLCC, niobium oxide (NbO) and aluminium - are suitable to meet different electrical requirements. This paper presents the results of an output capacitor benchmark study used in a step-down DC/DC converter design, based on a well-used control IC (Maxim’s MAX 1537 – Ref.1) with a 6-24V input voltage range and two separate voltage outputs of 3.3 and 5V. The behaviour of different output capacitor technologies was evaluated by measuring the output ripple voltage. Defined fixed load and fixed switching frequency settings were used for all measurements. Introduction The selection of a suitable output capacitor plays an important part in the design of switching voltage converters. “Some 99 percent of so-called ‘design’ problems associated with linear and switching regulators can be traced directly to the improper use of capacitors”, states the National Semiconductor IC Power Handbook (Ref.2).
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Low Voltage Regulator Efficiency Based
    ANALYSIS OF LOW VOLTAGE REGULATOR EFFICIENCY BASED ON FERRITE INDUCTOR by MRIDULA KOTHAKONDA A THESIS Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering in the Graduate School of The University of Alabama TUSCALOOSA, ALABAMA 2010 Copyright Mridula Kothakonda 2010 ALL RIGHTS RESERVED ABSTRACT Low voltage regulator based on ferrite inductor, using single- and two-phase topologies, were designed and simulated in MATLAB. Simulated values of output voltage and current were used to evaluate the buck converter (i.e., low voltage regulator) for power efficiency and percentage ripple reduction at frequencies between 1 and 10 MHz with variable loads from 0.024 to 4 Ω. The parameters, such as inductance of 20 nH, quality factor of 15 of fabricated ferrite inductor and DC resistance (DCR) of 8.3 mΩ, were used for efficiency analysis of the converter. High current around 40 A was achieved by the converter at low load values. Low output voltage in the range of 0.8-1.2 V was achieved. The simulated results for the single- and two- phase converter were compared for maximum efficiency and lowest ripple in output voltage and current. The maximum efficiency of 97 % with load of 0.33 Ω and the lowest ripple current of about 2.3 mA were estimated for the two-phase converter at 10 MHz. In summary, the two- phase converter showed higher efficiency and lower ripple voltage and current than those of the single-phase converter. In addition, the efficiency of single- and two-phase converters based on ferrite inductor was compared to single- and two-phase converters based on air-core inductor.
    [Show full text]
  • 106 Chapter 5 Steady State Analysis and Simulation Of
    106 CHAPTER 5 STEADY STATE ANALYSIS AND SIMULATION OF THE IPM GENERATOR FEEDING A RECTIFIER-BUCK-RESISTIVE LOAD 5.1 Introduction In this chapter, the steady state analysis and simulation of the IPM generator feeding a rectifier-buck resistive load will be presented. The first part of the chapter concerns itself with developing mathematical equations which describe the switching functions of the buck converter for steady state. An equivalent resistance which is dependent upon the actual load resistance and the duty cycle of the converter will be obtained. In addition, various plots showing how an ideal voltage source system feeding a buck system behaves will be generated. The graphs are useful in conceptualizing how the buck converter works. Next, using the mathematical model developed, the steady state experimental results will be compared with the predicted results. The method used to model the transistor and the control signal to turn it on and off will be presented and a comparison between the measured and simulated waveforms will be given. The normal goal of dc-dc converters is to maintain a desired output voltage at a desired level, even though the input voltage and the output load may vary. Figure 5.1 shows a simple example of a dc-dc converter where the average output voltage is controlled by the switch on and off times (DT and (1-D) T). D is the duty ratio (cycle) and is defined as the ratio of the on- duration to the total switching time period T. 107 (1-D)T V1 + DT V1 <V2> - - t Figure 5.1.
    [Show full text]
  • Wide-Input Isolated IGBT Gate-Drive Fly-Buck™ Power Supply for Three-Phase Inverters
    TI Designs Wide-Input Isolated IGBT Gate-Drive Fly-Buck™ Power Supply for Three-Phase Inverters TI Designs Design Features TI Designs provide the foundation that you need • Isolated Power Supply for Insulated-Gate Bipolar including methodology, testing, and design files to Transistor (IGBT) Gate Drive quickly evaluate and customize the system. TI Designs • Supports Six IGBT Gate Drivers for 3-Phase help you accelerate your time to market. Inverter (Each Arm in Half-Bridge Configuration) Design Resources • Positive and Negative, Low-Ripple ( < 200 mV) Bias Outputs for Each IGBT of Three-Phase TIDA-00199 Design Page Inverter: 15 V and –8 V LM5160 Product Folder • Operates With 24-V ±20% Input Range ISO5500EVM Tool Folder • Fly-Buck Topology Provides Easy-to-Design Multi- C2000 Piccolo Tool Folder Output Isolated Power Supply Solution With LaunchPAD™ Primary Side Regulation • Output Power: 2.3 W Per IGBT ASK Our E2E Experts • Peak Efficiency of 82% at Balanced Full-Load WEBENCH® Calculator Tools • Output Capacitors Rated to Support Up to 6-A Peak Gate Drive Currents • Design Validated With TI’s Isolated Gate-Driver ISO5500 Driving IGBTs Featured Applications • Variable Speed AC and DC Drives • Industrial Inverters and Solar Inverters • UPS Systems • Servo Drives • IGBT Based High-Voltage DC (HVDC) Systems x3 for Top IGBTs +15 V, 100 mA Top 24 V in LM5160 IGBT Fly-Buck Driver -8 V, 100 mA M +15 V, 300 mA U V W Bot BotBot IGBTIGBT IGBTDrivers DriversDrivers -8 V, 300 mA An IMPORTANT NOTICE at the end of this TI reference design addresses authorized use, intellectual property matters and other important disclaimers and information.
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis and Design of Common-Diode Tapped-Inductor Pwm Buck Converter in Ccm
    ANALYSIS AND DESIGN OF COMMON-DIODE TAPPED-INDUCTOR PWM BUCK CONVERTER IN CCM Nisha Kondrath and Marian K. Kazimierczuk Wright State University Abstract: The analysis of common-diode tapped- inductor (diode-to-tap) PWM buck converter operating in CCM is presented. Considering the circuit operations in two different time intervals, the idealized voltage and current waveforms of the circuit components are obtained. Expressions for dc voltage transfer function and component stresses are derived. A design example is presented and is validated using Saber simulations. Figure 1. Circuit of common-diode tapped-inductor Key Words: PWM buck converter, common-diode PWM buck converter. tapped-inductor, diode-to-tap converter, dc voltage transfer function, switching component stresses. CCM mode is derived and the stresses associated with each switching component are obtained in Sections III I. INTRODUCTION and IV, respectively. The design of the converter is presented in Section V. In Sections VI and VII, the Different tapped-inductor configurations of dc-dc PWM validation using Saber simulations as well as the converters are presented in [1]-[9]. Compared to conclusions are presented. conventional PWM converters, the converters with tapped-inductor configurations permit the duty cycle to II. CIRCUIT OPERATION be adjusted to values which are neither close to 0 nor close to 1. Furthermore, a better utilization of switching The common-diode tapped-inductor buck converter and passive components can be achieved. Also, multiple circuit is shown in Figure 1. The circuit components outputs are possible [8]. include a MOSFET S , a diode D , a tapped-inductor L 1 1 with a primary inductance of L and a secondary The purpose of this paper is to provide an extension to p inductance of L , a filter capacitor C, and a load the previous work published in [2]-[4] by presenting the s resistance R .
    [Show full text]