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O.T. Qosimov Ning

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O.T. Qosimov Ning «O‗ZBEKISTON TEMIR YO‗LLARI» AKSIYADORLIK JAMIYATI TOSHKENT TEMIR YO‗L MUHANDISLARI INSTITUTI ― ―LOKOMOTIVLAR VA LOKOMOTIV XO‘JALIGI‖ KAFEDRASI « LOKOMOTIVLARGA TEXNIK XIZMAT KO‗RSATISH ASOSLAR » FANIDAN O.T. Qosimov ning MA‘RUZA MATNI TOSHKENT – 2019 Ma‘ruza 1 ―Lokomotivlarga texnik xizmat ko`rsatish asoslari‖ faniga kirish Ma‘ruza rejasi: 1.1.Lokomotivlarga texnik xizmat ko`rsatish asosi mazmuni 2.1.Lokomotivlarga texnik xizmat ko`rsatish turlari Kalit so‗zlar: Lokomotiv, texnik xizmat ko‗rsatish, a‘mirlash, foydalanish. 1.1.Lokomotivlarga texnik xizmat ko`rsatish asosi mazmuni Temir yo'llarning joylashuvi va namunalari temir yo'l tarmoqlarini tasniflash va tasniflash usullarini o'rganadi va temir yo'llarni tanlash va loyihalashning nazariy va uslublarini ifoda etadi. Temir yo'l tarmoqlari modal ko'chirishni ifodalaydi, bu esa yo'l-transport hodisasi va ifloslanish darajasini sezilarli darajada qisqartiradi. Mavjud temir yo'llar va mavjud bo'lgan yo'lovchi tashish temir yo'llarini takomillashtirish, yangi tezyurar temir yo'llarni qurish va og'ir temir yo'llarni ishlab chiqish uchun mavjud bo'lgan temir yo'llarni va texnik sharoitlarni kuchaytirish usullarini tanishtiradi. Poezdlar saqlash va texnik xizmat ko'rsatish uchun maxsus jihozlarni talab qiladi. Ushbu ob'ektlarning asosiy dizayni oxirgi 100 yil ichida juda kam o'zgargan va ko'p holatlarda asl joylar va binolar kundalik foydalanishda. Ba'zan, bu eski tizimlar zamonaviy texnik tizimlarga juda moslashib ketgan. Ta'minot ob'ekti yoki depo rejasi saqlash omborxonasidan, avtoulovlarni tozalash zonasidan, inspektsiya va yorug'lik xizmatlarini, og'ir texnik parvarishlash va, ehtimol, alohida lokomotiv do'konidan yoki EMUs bo'lsa, lokomotivlar uchun kamida bitta maydondan iborat bo'ladi. asosiy xizmat ko'rsatuvchi provayderlar. Ko'p zamonaviy jihozlar g'ildirak tornamasi deb nomlanuvchi g'ildirak profilini yaratish vositasi bilan jihozlangan. Odatda, g'ildiraklar poezdda takrorlanmasligi uchun mo'ljallangan. G'ildiraklarni olib tashlash poezdni ko'tarishni talab qiladi va bu qimmat ish va ko'p vaqt sarflaydi. Buning oldini olish uchun, er osti g'ildirak torna yoki "tuproq" g'ildirak tornası shakl 5'de ko'rsatilganidek, ishlab chiqildi.1 1. 1 McGuirk, Marty. The Model Railroader's Guide to Locomotive Servicing Terminals: Modeling Servicing Facilities & Operations on Any Layout. Kalmbach Publishing Co ,U.S. 2003.р 10-11 2 1.1.rasm. Buyuk Britaniyaning Aylesbury shaxridagi ustaxona Buyuk Britaniyaning Aylesbury shaxridagi ustaxona usti taglik torna misoli. E'tibor talab qiladigan vosita torna ustiga suriladi va aylanadigan g'ildiraklar haydovchi mexanizmiga mos keladi. Kesish vaqtida zarur profil va chuqurlikni ta'minlash uchun mashinani sozlash kerak. Bu operator uchun chiqindilarni yig'ish va himoya qilish tizimi taqdim etildi. Tasvir: McNaughton. 1.2.rasm. Buyuk Britaniyaning Aylesbury shaxridagi ustaxona Derby'deki Bombardier haddehane zavodida bir vagon tanasi ko'tarib, bir er-xotin kranlar. Ikkala kranni sinxronlikda yer ustidagi boshqaruvchidan boshqariladi. Ushbu yondashuv, bitta do'konda ishlab chiqarilgan uskunalarni boshqa do'konga o'tkazish yoki sinovdan o'tkazish uchun ko'chirish kerak bo'lgan zavod muhitida foydalidir. Foto: Street Crane Company. Yuqorida aytib o'tilganidek, muvaffaqiyatli temir yo'lning harakatlanishi ishonchliligi. Agar uskunalar, xususan, harakatlanadigan tarkib ishonchli bo'lmasa, temir yo'l ishlamaydi. Yaxshi 3 temir yo'l boshqaruvi uning ishlashi va uning muvaffaqiyatsizligini kuzatib boradi va shuning uchun endemik bo'lishdan oldin muammolarni bartaraf etishni ta'minlaydi. 2.Lokomotivlarga texnik xizmat ko`rsatish turlari Muvaffaqiyatning muntazam tekshiruvi, murabbiylar va vagonlar temir yo'l madaniyatining bir qismi bo'lib kelgan. Vizual tekshiruvlarga bo'lgan ehtiyoj, murabbiylar va vagonlardagi yog'och jismlarning tuzilishi va g'ildiraklarning, akslar va tormoz tizimlarining yaxlitligini ta'minlashga asoslangan. Poezdlarni ta'mirlash qanday rivojlanayotganiga misol sifatida g'ildirak va akslar qarashimiz mumkin. Jant va o`qlar singanlikka chidamli edi, ayniqsa, ishlab chiqarish texnikasi hozirgi kabi murakkab bo'lmaganida, temir yo'llarning dastlabki rivojlanishida va ular ingl. Zararni aniqlash uchun har kuni tekshirildi. Ko'plab temir yo'llarda buzilib ketgan g'ildirak va shoxchalar bo'ylab oq nishonga bo'yalgan, shunda haydovchining ustidagi har qanday harakati darhol sezilarli edi. Jantlar ham "tapped" bo'ldi - hech qanday yoriqlar yo'qligini tasdiqlash uchun "ring" eshitilganligini ta'minlash uchun bolg'a bilan urishdi. Ushbu tekshiruvlarga qaramasdan, poezdlarda xizmat ko'rsatishda g'ildirak yoki aks shikastlanishlari sababli tasodifiy va ba'zida ajoyib voqea sodir bo'lgan. 1930-yillarning boshida elektrotexnik vositalar yordamida aksning yaxlitligini sinash uchun texnikalar ishlab chiqilgan. Magnit zarralar sinovi bir tizim bo'lib, u erda yoriqlarning joylashishini aniqlash uchun po'lat energiyasining zarralari akslar uchun qo'llanilgan. 1950- yillarda ultratovush tekshiruvining dastlabki shakli ishlatilgan. Bugungi kunda bunday tizimlar standartdir. Ushbu turdagi rivojlanish jarayoni barcha lokomotivlar, antrenörler va vagonlar uchun mo'ljallangan. An'anaviy ingl. Tekshiruvlar va o'lchash moslamalarini qo'lda tekshirish o'rniga kompyuterlar bazasidagi ma'lumot rejimlari bilan inspeksiya binosidan o'tgan transport vositalarining g'ildirak rejimlarini taqqoslaydigan avtomatlashtirilgan nazorat tizimlari almashtirildi. Trackside tizimlari ham g'ildirak harakatlarini kuzatib borish uchun ishlatiladi. Shu kabi tizimlar hozirgi yig'ish uchun pishiriqlar, disklar va pantograflar uchun ishlatiladi. Bortli tizimlar poezdlar tizimining ishlashini tekshiradi va muntazam ravishda vizual yuklab olish orqali parvarishlash markaziga hisobot beradi. Asosiy lokomotiv deposi. Lokomotivlar ekspluatatsiyasi bo‗yicha boshqarma. Ta‘mirlash. Modernizatsiyalashtirish. Ilm−fan taraqqiyoti va ilg‗or texnologiyalar yutuqlarini joriy qilinishi asosida temir yo‗ldagi qayta qurishlar tashish jarayonini ta‘daqlash borasida etakchi o‗rinlardan birini egallagan lokomotiv xo‗jaligini rivojlanishi bilan bog‗liq. Lokomotiv xo‗jaligi xarajatlari 4 temir yo‗lning ekspluatatsiya sarf−xarajatlarining 40% tashkil etadi. Poezdlar harakatini tashkil etish va ta‘daqlanishi bilan bog‗liq temir yo‗l transporti ishchi−xizmatchilarining umumiy sonini deyarli 22% lokomotiv xo‗jaligida ishlamoqda. Lokomotiv xo‗jaligini rivojlanishi va takomillashtirilishi lokomotivlar ishini samaradorligi va tejamliligini oshirish bilan chambar−chas bog‗liq va bunga ekspluatatsiyani jadallashtirish, texnik xizmat ko‗rsatish, ta‘mirlashni yaxshilash, ishonchliligini oshirish bilan erishish mumkin. MDH temir yo‗llarini 150 yillik tarixi davomida lokomotivlarni ekspluatatsiya qilish, ularga texnik xizmat ko‗rsatish va lokomotiv brigadalari mehnatini tashkillashtirish usullariga jiddiy o‗zgartirishlar kiritilgan, moddiy−texnik bazasi takomillashtirilgan, lokomotivlardan ham vaqt, ham quvvati bo‗yicha foydalanish sharoitlari yaxshilandi, ekspluatatsiya sarf−xarajatlari kamaydi. Lokomotiv xo‗jaligini boshqarish strukturasi ma‘lum darajada o‗zgartirildi. Inqilobdan oldingi Rossiyaning temir yo‗l transporti va uning lokomotiv xo‗jaligini rivojlanish tarixiga ko‗plab qiziqarli sahifalar kiritilgan. O‗tgan asrning o‗rtalarida ilg‗or rus olimlari va injenerlari temir yo‗llarni ekspluatatsiyasiga tegishli me‘yoriy hujjatlarni, xususan, ―Harakat to‗g‗risida nizom‖, ―Lokomotiv mashinisti uchun yo‗riqnomalar‖ ni ishlab chiqdilar. O‗sha davrlarda lokomotiv (parovoz) parkida turlarining soni juda katta bo‗lgan, bu ularni saqlash va ulardan foydalanish bo‗yicha ishlarni murakkablashtirar, ammo, shu bilan birga, lokomotivlar konstruksiyasini va ularni ekspluatatsiyasini takomillashtirishning turli xil sharoitlarida eng munosib konstruksiya va ekspluatatsiya uslublarini aniqlashga imkon yaratar edi. YAngi elektrovoz va teplovozlar nafaqat katta quvvatga ega, balki yaxshi va qulay boshqarilishi, lokomotiv brigadalarning ishlash sharoitlarini qulayligi, yuqori tejamliligi bilan ajralib turadi. Ammo, yangi texnika va texnologiyalardan kerakli darajada foyda bo‗lmadi. Lokomotiv brigadalari ishi hamda lokomotivlarni ekspluatatsiyasini tashkillashtirishda, ayniqsa og‗ir ob−havo sharoitlarida, qish faslida, juda ham seziladigan ancha katta kamchiliklar bartaraf etilmagan. Poezdlar harakati xavfsizligi ta‘daqlanishi qoniqarli darajada emas. Avariyaviy holatlarni oldini olishning texnik vositalari ayrim hollarda ishlamay qoladi, bu esa goho falokatli vaziyatlarga olib keladi, mashinistlarni tayyorlashda va kundalik o‗qishlarni tashkil etishdagi kamchiliklar ta‘sir qiladi. Natijada lokomotivchilar aybi bilan sodir bo‗ladigan poezd va manevr ishlaridagi nuqsonlar kamaymoqda, bir qator yo‗llarda esa ortib bormoqda. Poezdlar harakati xavfsizligi holatini tahlili shundan dalolat beradiki, xavfsizlik sohasidagi ko‗pchilik qoida buzarliklar texnik sabablarga ko‗ra emas, balki tashkiliy sabablarga, Texnik ekspluatatsiya qoidalari va Lavozim yo‗riqnomalariga rioya qilmaslik natijasida vujudga kelar ekan. 5 Lokomotiv xo‗jaligini rivojlantirish istiqbollari lokomotivlarni ekspluatatsiyasi va texnik xizmat ko‗rsatish tizidaqi yanada takomillashtirish, lokomotiv brigadalari ish rejidaqi to‗g‗rilash, lokomotiv xo‗jaligining barcha sohalarida xavfsiz va ishonchli ravishda faoliyat yuritilishi bilan bog‗liq. SMET qurilmasi yordamida bitta lokomotiv kabinasidan turib bitta lokomotiv brigadasi boshqaradigan va bir nechta lokomotiv
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