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LUorld UJeauers Globalization, Scienc e Fiction , an d the Cyberneti c Revolutio n

edited by Wong Ki n Yuen, Gary Westfahl an d Amy Kit-sz e Cha n

# m *> ¥ * a f t HONG KON G UNIVERSIT Y PRES S University Pres s 14/F Hing Wai Centr e 7 Tin Wa n Pray a Roa d Aberdeen Hong Kon g

© Hong Kon g University Pres s 200 5

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"At first glance, Square Word Calligraphy appears to be nothing more unusual tha n Chines e characters , bu t i n fac t i t i s a new wa y o f rendering English words in the format o f a square so they resemble Chinese characters. Chinese viewers expect to be able to read Square Word Calligraph y bu t cannot . Wester n viewers , howeve r ar e surprised to find the y can read it. Delight erupts when meaning is unexpectedly revealed/ 7 — Britta Erickson, The Art of Xu Bing Contents

Contributors i x

Introduction From Semaphor s an d Steamship s t o Server s an d 1 Spaceships: The Sag a o f Globalization, Scienc e Fiction , and the Cyberneti c Revolutio n Gary Westfahl

Part I Globa l Perspective s 5 1. Goin g Mobile: Tradition, Technology , an d the Cultural Monad 7 George Slusser

2. Urbe et Orbe: A Prehistor y o f the Postmodern Worl d City 2 5 Howard V. Hendrix

3. 2001 , or A Cyberpalace Odyssey : Toward the Ideographi c 4 1 Imagination Takayuki Tatsumi

4. Th e Genealog y o f the Cybor g in Japanes e Popula r Cultur e 5 5 Sharalyn Orbaugh

5. Hermeneutic s an d Taiwan Scienc e Fiction 7 3 Wong Kin Yuen VI CONTENTS

6. I s Utopia Obsolete ? Implodin g Boundarie s i n Nea l 9 5 Stephenson's The Diamond Age N. Katherine Hayles

Part II: History Lesson s 11 1 7. Tale s o f Future s Passed : The Kiplin g Continuum an d Other 11 3 Lost Worlds o f Scienc e Fictio n Andy Sawyer

8. Globalizatio n i n Japanes e Scienc e Fiction , 190 0 and 1963 : 13 5 The Seabed Warship an d Its Re-Interpretatio n Thomas Schnellbacher

9. Th e Limit s o f "Humanity " i n Comparativ e Perspective : 14 3 Cordwainer Smit h an d the Soushenji Lisa Raphals

10. Th e Ide a o f the n i n Phili p K . Dick's The Man in the 15 7 High Castle Jake fakaitis

11. Godzilla' s Travels: The Evolution o f a Globalized Gargantua n 16 7 Gary Westfahl

Part III: Contemporary Cas e Studies 18 9 12. Blac k Secre t Technology : Africa n Technologica l Subject s 19 1 Gerald Gaylard

13. Th e Teet h o f the New Cockatoo : Mutation an d Trauma i n 20 5 Greg Egan's Teranesia Chris Palmer

14. Whe n Cyberfeminis m Meet s Chines e Philosophy : 21 5 Computer, Weavin g and Wome n Amy Kit-sz e Cha n

15. Hollywoo d Enter s the Drago n 23 3 Veronique Flambard-Weisbart CONTENTS VII

16. : Action an d Agency in Hollywoo d 24 5 and Hong Kon g s Susanne Rieser and Susanne Lummerding

Afterword 25 5

Wong Kin Yuen and Amy Kit-sze Chan

Notes 25 9

Bibliography o f Works Related t o Globalization , Scienc e 28 7 Fiction, an d the Cyberneti c Revolutio n Index 301 Contributors

Amy Kit-sze CHAN is Associate Director o f the Technoscience Cultur e Research an d Developmen t Centre , an d a n assistan t professo r a t th e Department o f English Language and Literature, at the Hong Kong Shue Yan College. She also teaches technoscience culture and the culture o f travel in th e M.A . Programme o f Intercultural Studie s a t th e Chines e University o f Hong Kong. Her research interests include technoscienc e culture, gende r studies , SF , Chinese minorit y studie s an d cultura l studies.

Veronique FLAMBARD-WEISBART is an associate professor o f Frenc h at Loyol a Marymoun t University , Directo r o f th e University' s Stud y Abroad Program , an d an exper t i n .

Gerald GAYLARD lectures in the English Department at the University of the Witwatersrand, Sout h Africa. At present he is working on a book on Africa n magica l realism .

N. Katherin e HAYLES , Professo r o f Englis h a t th e Universit y o f California Lo s Angeles, is the author o f How We Became Posthuman. She has been awarded a Guggenheim Fellowship , fellowships fro m th e National Endowmen t fo r th e Humanities , a Presidentia l Researc h Fellowship fro m th e Universit y o f California , th e Ren e Welle k Prize , and the Distinguished Scholar Award from the International Associatio n for th e Fantasti c in th e Arts.

Howard V. HENDRIX is the author o f the novels Lightpaths, Standing Wave, Better Angels, an d Empty Cities of the Full Moon, a s well a s a X CONTRIBUTORS scholarly book, The Ecstacy of Catastrophe, an d numerous short stories. He i s Wester n Regiona l Directo r o f th e Scienc e Fictio n an d Fantas y Writers o f Americ a an d teache s Englis h literatur e a t Californi a Stat e University, Fresno .

Jake JAKAITIS, an associat e professor o f English an d women's studie s at Indian a Stat e University , ha s publishe d article s o n Phili p K . Dic k and Don DeLillo .

Susanne LUMMERDIN G ha s taugh t a t th e Universit y o f Fin e Arts , Vienna,- the Car l von Ossietzk y University , Oldenburg , Germany ; an d the Cente r fo r Twentiet h Centur y Studie s a t th e Universit y o f Wisconsin-Milwaukee. Sh e has publishe d a book an d severa l article s on theorie s o f agenc y an d gender studies .

Sharalyn ORBAUG H i s a n associat e professo r o f Asia n studie s an d women's studie s a t th e Universit y o f Britis h Columbia . He r work o n Japanese has appeared in an d the critical antholog y Gender and Power in the Japanese Visual Field.

Chris PALMER is Professor o f English at La Trobe University. His essays on Philip K . Dick have appeared in the journals Science Fiction Studies and Extrapolation, an d he wil l soo n publish a critical stud y o f Dick .

Lisa RAPHALS is an associate professor o f comparative literature at the University o f California, Riverside . Her works include Knowing Words: Wisdom and Cunning in the Classical Traditions of China and Greece and Sharing the Light: Representations of Women and Virtue in Early China.

Susanne RIESE R teache s fil m studies , popula r cultur e an d women' s studies a t the University o f Vienna an d the University o f Graz. Sh e is now researchin g he r forthcoming boo k o n action films .

Andy SAWYE R is Librarian in charge of the Science Fiction Foundatio n Collection a t th e Universit y o f Liverpoo l Librar y an d deput y cours e director o f the M.A. in S F Studies offered by the University o f Liverpoo l Department o f Englis h Languag e an d Literature . H e i s als o Review s Editor o f Foundation: The International Review of Science Fiction. CONTRIBUTORS XI

Thomas SCHNELLBACHER, who received a doctoral degree from Berli n Free University with a dissertation o n Kob o Abe, currently works a s a freelance translator .

George SLUSSER, Professor o f Comparative Literature at the University of California , Riverside , i s th e autho r o r co-edito r o f ove r tw o doze n books abou t scienc e fictio n an d . H e ha s earne d th e Scienc e Fiction Researc h Association' s Pilgri m Awar d fo r hi s scienc e fictio n scholarship.

Takayuki TATSUM I teaches American literature and literary theory a t Keio University . Hi s recen t publication s includ e Nippon SF ransoshi [Science Fiction Controversies in Japan], and his collaboration with Larry McCaffery earne d the m th e Scienc e Fictio n Researc h Association' s Pioneer Awar d i n 199 4 fo r th e year' s bes t critica l essa y o n scienc e fiction.

Gary WESTFAHL , wh o teache s a t th e Universit y o f California , Riverside, is the author, editor, or co-editor o f many books about scienc e fiction. Hi s forthcomin g project s includ e Science Fiction Quotations: The Yale Dictionary an d th e three-volum e referenc e Encyclopedia of Themes in Science Fiction and Fantasy.

WONG Ki n Yue n i s Directo r o f th e Technoscienc e Cultur e Researc h and Development Centre , an d Professo r an d Department Hea d o f th e English Department , Hon g Kon g Shu e Ya n College . H e als o teache s cultural studie s i n the M A Programm e o f Intercultural Studie s a t th e Chinese University o f Hong Kong . Introduction From Semaphores an d Steamship s to Server s and Spaceships: The Saga of Globalization , Scienc e Fiction , and the Cyberneti c Revolutio n Gary Westfahl

In Januar y 2001 , a scholarl y conferenc e wa s hel d a t th e Chines e University o f Hong Kong. It was a genuinely global gathering, attractin g speakers an d guest s fro m fiv e continent s an d twelv e countries . A s i s usually th e cas e nowadays , virtuall y al l o f th e arrangement s fo r th e conference — including the submission o f paper proposals, acceptanc e letters, planning , scheduling , an d hote l reservation s — were handle d over th e Internet . Wha t th e speaker s generall y focuse d o n i n thei r presentations was science fiction — the science fiction o f the past an d the present, the science fiction o f literature and film, the science fictio n of America, , Africa, Asia , and Australia. B y its very nature, this conference — formall y entitle d th e Hon g Kon g 200 1 Conference : Technology, Identity , an d Futurity , Eas t an d West , i n th e Emergin g Global Villag e — embodie d th e interrelationshi p o f globalization , science fiction , an d th e cyberneti c revolutio n tha t function s a s th e foundation o f the argumen t o f thi s volume . We have all heard the story , encapsulate d i n the title o f Arthur C . Clarke's non-fictional survey , o f How the World Was One b y means o f various advances in transportation and communication throughout th e nineteenth and twentieth centuries. But those scientific breakthrough s alone di d no t forg e a globa l village . I n th e languag e o f th e polic e procedural, ne w technologie s ca n provid e th e means fo r peopl e t o establish new connection s with distan t lands, but the y d o not provid e the motive. Befor e the y mak e a n internationa l phon e cal l o r boar d a 2 GARY WESTFAHL transoceanic jet , peopl e mus t hav e som e reaso n t o d o so . There ha s always been, o f course, the desire to obtain exotic goods from foreigner s and t o profi t b y sellin g them one' s ow n goods , but suc h exchange s o f products — which dat e to ancient time s — do not necessaril y lea d t o exchanges o f ideas . Indian spice s wer e fo r centurie s par t o f Europea n life, bu t European s kne w nothin g abou t India n culture . This volume provisionall y suggests , pending furthe r researc h int o the history o f globalization, tha t ou r world has grow n more an d mor e interconnected due not simply to technological advances but to a shared interest i n thos e advances , an d t o a share d interes t i n wha t thos e advances migh t lea d t o i n th e future . Scientifi c innovation s provid e citizens o f different nation s with a unique common ground. In the earl y twentieth century , fo r example, a person from Chin a and a person fro m America migh t hav e foun d i t difficul t t o tal k abou t politic s o r philosophy, give n th e disparat e tradition s an d expectation s o f thei r cultures,- ye t the y coul d readil y tal k abou t th e telephone , a recen t innovation t o both cultures , an d they could readily join in speculatin g about possibl e improvement s i n long-distanc e communicatio n tha t might com e in the future. Then , havin g established a rapport throug h such a conversation, the y might be able to tackle subject s like politic s or philosophy . In fact , durin g th e nineteent h century , i t wa s ofte n th e emergin g literature o f science fiction that was most successful i n garnering readers from al l ove r th e worl d an d contributin g i n tha t wa y t o th e gradua l formation o f a n international community . Mor e s o than storie s abou t drawing rooms o r cit y streets , expansiv e technophili c adventure s lik e the novel s o f Jule s Vern e coul d transcen d cultura l barrier s t o becom e enormously popular and influential in places ranging from Grea t Britai n and Americ a t o Australi a an d Japan . Whil e th e xenophobi a o f Earth' s disunited pas t lingere d o n i n fearfu l storie s o f Asia n horde s invadin g nations , th e literatur e o f scienc e fictio n mor e generall y too k on a n international aura , routinely positin g the futur e emergenc e o f a world government an d implicitly celebratin g the oneness o f humanit y in saga s that too k human s t o othe r world s wher e the y coul d observ e the Eart h fro m a distanc e an d recogniz e thei r commonalitie s whil e encountering alien civilizations. Soo n after scienc e fiction assume d it s generic identif y i n th e America n pul p magazine s o f th e twentiet h century, suc h trope s penetrate d t o ever y corne r o f th e globe , an d th e subculture associate d wit h tha t literature , scienc e fictio n fandom , assumed a global character from its very beginnings. Thus, in 1939 , New York City played host not only to the celebrated New York World's Fair but als o t o the firs t o f many Worl d Scienc e Fiction Conventions . INTRODUCTION: FROM SEMAPHORES AND STEAMSHIPS TO SERVERS AND SPACESHIPS 3

Given tha t scienc e fictio n wa s fo r s o lon g bot h literall y an d metaphorically linked to the emerging global village, it is not surprisin g that scienc e fiction reader s like Clifford Stol l were among the first an d most enthusiasti c user s o f th e Internet , th e technologica l innovatio n that quickene d th e pac e o f globalizatio n t o a n unprecedente d extent . Having previousl y probe d int o facet s o f globalizatio n suc h a s urbanization, colonialism , an d militarism, scienc e fiction now took o n the tas k o f explorin g how th e cyberneti c revolutio n migh t transfor m the world , writer s alway s managin g — despit e ever-acceleratin g developments — to sta y on e ste p ahea d o f events . In sum, one might posit, scienc e fiction ha s not only served as one engine o f globalization , bu t i t ha s als o provide d a mirro r fo r huma n responses t o globalizatio n an d a means fo r contemplatin g it s possibl e future effects, - it s extravagan t dream s have helped t o weave the worl d together an d ca n hel p u s t o bette r understan d wh y th e weavin g ha s occurred an d how i t might affec t ou r lives in the comin g millennium . Without discountin g th e valu e o f othe r approache s t o th e stud y o f cyberspace an d th e globalize d worl d o f th e twenty-firs t century , th e contributors to this volume collectively demonstrate that there is much to learn from the international , the wired genre, o f science fiction . The firs t sectio n o f thi s volume , "Globa l Perspectives, " present s examinations o f these issues that ar e unusually provocative an d wide- ranging i n thei r scope : Georg e Slusse r link s America n scienc e fictio n to Hon g Kon g actio n cinem a an d Jamaica n regga e music , Howar d V . Hendrix explore s th e globa l tren d towar d urbanizatio n a s i t ha s manifested itsel f in science fiction, Takayuki Tatsumi reinterprets 2001: A Space Odyssey i n the context o f contemporary cyberculture, Sharaly n Orbaugh contrasts the cyborgs o f American and Japanese culture, Wong Kin Yuen draws upon Martin Heidegger to examine Taiwanese scienc e fiction, an d N. Katherine Hayles discerns a new form o f Utopia for ou r interconnected societ y i n th e works o f Neal Stephenson . The secon d section , "Histor y Lessons, " consider s scienc e fictio n texts fro m th e distan t pas t t o th e 1960 s tha t contribute d t o an d explicated th e tren d towar d globalization : And y Sawye r studie s th e influential pas t future s o f scienc e fiction , Thoma s Schnellbache r discovers a militaristic Japanes e science fiction nove l recast in fil m a s a fabl e o f globalization , Lis a Raphal s compare s classica l Chines e literature to the science fiction o f Cordwainer Smith, Jake Jakaitis probes Asian influences i n the novels o f Philip K. Dick, and I informally explor e the burgeoning complexity o f the international adventures o f Godzilla . 4 GARY WESTFAHL

The thir d section , "Contemporar y Cas e Studies, " explore s th e current statu s o f globalization an d cyberculture a s observed in today' s literature and film: Gerald Gaylard studies attitudes toward technolog y in African scienc e fiction, Chri s Palmer ponders the global tradition o f island literatur e a s observed i n a Greg Ega n novel, Amy Kit-sz e Cha n relates concept s i n ancien t Chines e philosoph y t o cyberfeminism , Veronique Flambard-Weisbar t celebrate s th e internationa l succes s o f Asian cinema , an d Susann e Riese r an d Susann e Lummerdin g theoriz e about America n an d Hon g Kon g action cinema . While thi s volum e wil l convincingl y sho w jus t ho w fertil e thes e grounds o f globalization, scienc e fiction, an d the cybernetic revolutio n are for scholars in all fields, more work clearly needs to be done to bring to light the full dimension s o f the past, present, an d future interfac e o f literature, culture , an d cybertechnology . Fo r that reason , th e volum e concludes firs t wit h a n afterwor d b y Wong Kin Yuen and Amy Kit-sz e Chan, which sums up the volume from another perspective and suggests that contemporary critical theory, particularly its concept o f virtuality, can provid e a stimulatin g foundatio n fo r furthe r exploration s o f th e issues thes e contributor s hav e raised . Thi s i s followe d b y a selectiv e bibliography o f resources to assist those scholars who seek to follow i n the footsteps o f the contributors assembled here. As residents o f a world that i s undeniabl y globalized , scienc e fictional , an d virtual , i t i s incumbent upo n u s t o full y understan d jus t ho w w e cam e t o liv e i n such a worl d an d jus t wher e thi s worl d ma y b e headin g next . Thi s volume represents one small but significant ste p toward achieving such knowledge. Notes

CHAPTER 1

1. Ralph Wald o Emerson , "Self-Reliance, " i n Sculle y Bradley , Richmon d Croom Beatty , an d E . Hudson Long , editors, The American Tradition in Literature, Thir d Edition, Volume 1 (New York: W. W. Norton, 1967) , 1136. 2. Ralp h Waldo Emerson, "Nature, " in Bradley, Beatty, and Long, editors, The American Tradition in Literature, 1066-7 . 3. Emerson , "Self-Reliance, " 1140 . 4. Eus i Kwayana , Prefac e t o Rasta and Resistance, b y Horac e Campbel l (Trenton, NJ : Africa Worl d Press, 1987) , xii. 5. Horac e Campbell, Rasta and Resistance (Trenton , NJ : Africa Worl d Press, 1987), 145 . 6. Te d Chiang , "Stor y o f You r Life " (Ne w York : TOR , 2002) , 327 . Late r parenthetical pag e references i n the text ar e to this edition . 7. Rober t Silverberg , Up the Line (Ne w York : Ballantine Books, 1969) , 38. 8. Rober t A. Heinlein, "Al l You Zombies —," in Heinlein, 6 x H: Six Stories by Robert A. Heinlein (origina l title The Unpleasant Profession of Jonathan Hoag) (1959 ; New York : Pyramid Books , 1961) , 136 . Story firs t publishe d in 1959 .

CHAPTER 2

1. A well-known remar k attribute d t o Ralph Waldo Emerson . 2. Josep h Campbell , "Th e Hierati c Cit y State, " Parabola: The Magazine of Myth and Tradition, volum e number (Winter , 1993) , 41. This is an excerp t from Campbell , The Flight of the Wild Gander: Explorations in the Mythological Dimension (Ne w York : HarperCollins , 1990) . Late r pag e references i n the text ar e to the magazine excerpt . 3. L e Corbusier, The City of Tomorrow and its Planning (1924 ; London: The 260 NOTES TO PAGES 29-38

Architectural Press , 1987) , 22-4. Translated fro m th e eighth French editio n of Urbanisme. Later pag e references i n th e text ar e t o the Architectura l Press edition . 4. Se e Jean Gottma n an d Rober t A . Harper, Since Megalopolis: The Urban Writings of Jean Gottman (Baltimore , MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), and the United Nations , World Urbanization Prospects: The 1994 Revision (Ne w York: United Nations, 1995) . 5. Pete r Hall , The World Cities, Thir d Editio n (London : Weidenfel d an d Nicholson, 1984) . 6. Saski a Sassen, Cities in a World Economy (Thousan d Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press, 1994) , 1 . 7. I am indebted t o intellectual historian Bradfor d Lya u for pointing out thi s characteristic o f the ancient Mediterranea n worl d t o me. 8. Sassen , 194 . 9. Her e I am soundin g lik e a biologist talkin g o f cit y plannin g — but s o I should, fo r bot h I once was . I n 1979-80 , I was biologis t manage r o f th e Newtown Fis h Hatchery i n Newtown, Ohio . In the summe r o f 1982 , a s one of my many graduate school jobs, I interned in the Planning Department of the City o f Palm Springs , writing and editing the Energy Element o f th e City Genera l Pla n a s wel l a s severa l disaste r preparednes s documents . Because Palm Spring s is in the middle o f a desert and imports nearly all its energy, food , an d water fro m outsid e cit y limits — because Palm Spring s is, i n othe r words , like ever y other city , onl y more s o — the artificialit y and unnaturalness o f the city was brought powerfull y hom e t o me. 10. Arthu r C. Clarke, The City and the Stars (1953 ; New York: Harcourt, Brace and Company, 1956) , 1 . Later page references in the text are to this edition . 11. Se e "The Sixt h Tale," Cliffor d D . Simak, City (Ne w York : Gnome Press , 1952). Later page references i n the tex t ar e to this edition . 12. Ursul a K . L e Guin, City of Illusions (1967 ; New York : Harper an d Row , 1978), 189 . Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 13. Alle n Ginsberg , Interview , 16t h Annua l Writer s Week , Universit y o f California, Riverside , Februar y 1983 . 14. Thi s "sof t landing " pat h i s not ho w th e citie s ar e emptie d i n m y nove l Empty Cities of the Full Moon, thoug h I wish it were. Forgive me if I remain pessimistic in my fiction . I do so only out o f an optimism tha t th e fact s may turn ou t better tha n I have any right t o expect . 15. Donn a J. Haraway, "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist- Feminism i n th e Lat e Twentiet h Century, " i n Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (Ne w York : Routledge, 1991) , 181. 16. M y thank s t o philosophe r Davi d Bruc e Alber t fo r sharin g wit h m e hi s responses t o Haraway's "Cybor g Manifesto. " NOTES TO PAGES 41-53 261

CHAPTER 3

1. The earlies t versio n o f the pape r wa s delivere d a t a special symposium , "Happy Birthday , HA L 9000," held a t AR K Hills in Toky o on 1 2 January 1992, the very day that this super-computer was born in the movie version of 2001. Later , I discussed my ideas with m y friends Larr y McCaffery an d Kathryn Crame r and incorporated the argument into my talk in a panel o n cinematic representations (hel d at Rikkyo University in Tokyo on June 18, 1993, wit h Fredri c Jameso n an d Pete r Fittin g a s co-panelists . Thei r invaluable comment s an d advic e encouraged me to complet e the article . The organizer s o f the conference, "Hon g Kong 2001: Technology, Identity , Futurity, Eas t an d West , i n th e Emergin g Globa l Village, " hel d a t th e Chinese University o f Hong Kong, 4-6 January 2001, especially Wong Kin Yuen, Gar y Westfahl , an d Zhon g Longxi , gav e m e a chanc e t o furthe r develop m y interpretatio n o f 2001 i n a keynote addres s delivere d o n 6 January, when I received a variety o f insightful question s an d comments , especially from Christophe r Bolton . I also feel obliged to acknowledge tw o more debts. One is to Doug Rice, who generously printed one o f the earlie r drafts in the first issu e o f the "avant-pop" magazine he edits, Nobodaddies (Spring/Summer 1994) . The other deb t is to Hiroaki Sakashita , the edito r of Heibonsha Publishers, who encouraged me to expand the idea o f the paper into m y boo k Rereading 2001: A Space Odyssey (Tokyo : Heibonsh a Publishers, 2001) . 2. Norman Kagan , The Cinema of Stanley Kubrick (1972 ; Ne w York : Continuum, 1989) , 161. 3. Shoshan a Felman, The Literary Speech Act (1980 ; Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1983 , 15. 4. Felman , 148 . 5. Raymon d Federman , "Self-Reflexiv e Fictio n o r Ho w t o Ge t Ri d o f It. " Critifiction: Postmodern Essays (Albany : State University o f New Yor k Press, 1988) : 17-34. 6. Arthu r C . Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey (Ne w York: Signet Books, 1968) , 25. 7. Arthur C . Clarke, 2010: Odyssey Two (London : Grafton, 1982) , 254. Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 8. Arthu r C . Clarke, 2061: Odyssey Three (Ne w York: Del Rey , 1987) , 263. 9. Arthu r C . Clarke, 3001: The Final Odyssey (Ne w York: Ballantine, 1997) , 189. 10. Fredri c Jameson, "Historicis m i n The Shining," i n Jameson, Signatures of the Visible (Ne w York: Routledge, 1990) , 86. 11. Matte o Ricci, cited in Jonathan Spence, The Memory Palace of Matteo Ricci

(1983; New York : Penguin, 1984) , 135 , 139. 12. Arthu r C. Clarke, Profiles of the Future: Millennium Edition (1999 ; London:

Indigo, 2000) , l } italic s added . 262 NOTES TO PAGES 54-59

13. Te d Chiang, "Seventy-Tw o Letters, " in Chiang , Stories of Your Life and Others (Ne w York : Tor, 2002), 238. Story first publishe d in 2000 .

CHAPTER 4

1. Chri s Hable s Gray , Cyborg Citizen (Ne w Yor k an d London : Routledge , 2001), 165 , 191. 2. N . Katherin e Hayles , How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Infomatics (Chicago : University o f Chicag o Press, 1999) . 3. Chri s Hable s Gray , Heid i J . Figueroa-Sarriera , an d Steve n Mentor , "Cyborgology: Constructing th e Knowledg e o f Cybernetic Organisms," i n Gray, editor , The Cyborg Handbook (London : Routledge, 1995) , 2. 4. Thi s i s a n expansio n o f the lis t o f cyborgia n feature s i n Gray , Figueroa - Sarriera, an d Mentor , "Cyborgology : Constructin g th e Knowledg e o f Cybernetic Organisms, " in Gray , editor , The Cyborg Handbook, 2 . 5. Her e an d throughou t I follow Japanes e name orde r fo r Japanes e names : family name first . 6. Frederic k Schodt, Inside the Robot Kingdom: Japan, Mechatronics, and the Coming Robotopia (Tokyo : Kodansha International, 1980) . 7. Uen o Toshiya, "Japanimatio n and Techno-Orientalism," in Bruce Grenville, editor, The Uncanny: Experiments in Cyborg Culture (catalogu e for sho w at the VAG ) (Vancouver: Arsenal Pul p Press , 2001), 228. 8. Fo r example , Frit z Lang' s fil m Metropolis, cite d in th e VA G show a s a n important moment i n the history o f the cyborg , inspired Japanese cultura l icon, artis t Tezuk a Osamu t o issue a 160-pag e comic book versio n of Metropolis betwee n 194 7 and 1949 . (Tezuka claims that he had only heard about, but neve r seen , the film.) This popular manga stor y helped cemen t Tezuka's reputation i n Japan . He went o n to write dozen s o f enormousl y popular work s featurin g robots , androids , an d cyborgs . Tezuka Osamu's Metropolis ha s been mad e into a n movi e by directo r Rintaro , an d released widel y acros s Nort h America . Anothe r exampl e i s the Futurist Manifesto an d its influence o n Japanese Futurism, discusse d late r in thi s essay. 9. Miche l Foucault, "Nietzsche , Genealogy , History," in Foucault, Language, Counter-Memory, Practice: Selected Essays and Interviews, edite d b y Donald Bouchar d (Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1977) , 148 . 10. I am indebted to Komatsu Sakyo's study o f early S F for the analogy between the submarine' s hul l an d th e contemporar y -suit ; se e Komatsu , Komatsu Sakyo no SF Seminaa (Komats u Sakyo' s S F Seminar) (Tokyo : Shueisha, 1982) , 95. Much o f the information abou t the adventure novel s and storie s her e come s fro m Komats u (93-101) , who unfortunatel y doe s not give exact publication date s for many o f the literary works he discusses. NOTES TO PAGES 60-62 263

11. Th e dates I list here mark th e beginning o f publication o f a serial manga or the beginning o f an anime T V series. Most o f these narratives have been remade an d expande d upo n severa l times , i n severa l media : manga, T V , direct-t o video animation (ver y popular and widely accessed in Japan), and animated movies release d to theaters. The basic narrative an d characters o f Gundam, fo r example, have been made into fourteen TV series and at leas t tw o full-length featur e films . 12. Amon g th e man y instance s o f cross-fertilizatio n I cannot pursu e her e i s the large-scal e Japanes e production an d expor t o f ti n toy s o f robots an d spacemen i n the 1940 s and 1950 s and American pulp fiction abou t spac e exploration an d alien invasions that both drew inspiration from thes e toy s and i n tur n influence d thei r design . Se e Teruhis a Kitahara , Kitahara Teruhisa no hakoezukan (Kitahar a Teruhisa's To y and Toybox Collection ) (Tokyo: Jitsugyo no nihonsha, 1999) , 72-109. 13. Ann o Hideki and Komatsu Sakyo, "Conversation: 'Sedai o koete kyoyu su m SF seishin'" ( A Share d Spiri t o f Scienc e Fictio n Tha t Transcend s th e Generations), in Ono Shuichi, editor, Roman: Album: SF Japan: Millenium: 00 (Tokyo : Tokkan shoten , 2000) , 25. 14. Donna Haraway , " A Manifest o fo r Cyborgs : Science , Technology , an d Socialist-Feminism i n the , " in Lind a Nicholson, editor , Feminism/ Postmodernism (Ne w York: Routledge, 1990) , 192 . 15. Mar y Shelley , Frankenstein, or, The Modern Prometheus (1818 ; Poole , Dorset: New Orchard , 1986) , 121-4 . 16. Beside s the examples from Gra y in the epigraph, see Bruce Grenville, "Th e Uncanny: Experiment s i n Cybor g Culture, " i n Grenville , editor , The Uncanny: Experiments in Cyborg Culture (Catalogu e for show at the VAG) (Vancouver: Arsenal Pulp Press , 2001, 38-48, and Ueno Toshiya, 22 3 ff . 17. See , for example , Gray , Figueroa-Sarriera , an d Mentor, "Cyborgology, " 5 - 6; Hugh Gusterson , "Shor t Circuit : Watching Television with a Nuclear - Weapons Scientist," in Gray, editor, The Cyborg Handbook, 109 ; Haraway, in th e epigrap h t o thi s section ; an d Nin a Lykke , "Betwee n Monsters , Goddesses an d Cyborgs : Feminist Confrontation s wit h Science, " i n Gil l Kirkup, Lind a Janes , Kat h Woodward , an d Fion a Hovenden, editors , The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader (Londo n and New York: Routledge, 2000), 75- 6). Noda Masahiro , Zusetsu robotto: Noda SF korekushon ( A Pictoria l History o f America n S F Magazines) (Tokyo : Kawade shobo , 2000) , 8-10 , makes a similar argument about the monster's connection with our feeling s toward artificia l lif e forms, both Japanes e an d Western . 18. Re y Chow , "Violenc e i n th e Othe r Country : Chin a a s Crisis , Spectacle , and Woman," in Chandra Mohanty, Ann Russo and Lourdes Torres, editors, Third World Women and the Politics of Feminism (Bloomington : Indian a University Press , 1991) , 84. 19. Cho w is taking her model from the 193 3 film King Kong, but my reference s to Frankenstein ar e to Mary Shelley's 181 8 book rather than to any o f th e filmed version s o f the narrative . 264 NOTES TO PAGES 62-68

20. Joh n W . Dower, War Without Mercy: Race and Power in the Pacific War (New York : Pantheon, 1986) , 204. 21. Se e Sharalyn Orbaugh, "Se x and the Single Cyborg: Japanese Popular Culture Experiments i n Subjectivity, " Science Fiction Studies (November , 2002) , 436-52. 22. Th e term "scienc e fiction," usuall y expresse d in Japanese with the letter s "sf," cam e into th e languag e onl y in the 1950s . Until that time , most o f what we would now classify a s science fiction fel l into the kagaku shosetsu category. 23. Fuji o Ishihara, SF Robottogaku nyumon (A n Introduction to S F Robotology) (Tokyo: Hayakawa, 1981) , 34-5. 24. Fo r a fulle r descriptio n o f som e o f thes e stories , se e Rober t Matthew , Japanese Science Fiction: A View of a Changing Society (London : Routledge, 1989), 13-38 . 25. Susa n Napier, Anime: From Akira to Princess Mononoke (London : Palgrave, 2001), 197 . 26. Sometime s femal e cyborg s appeared in movie o r television sequel s to th e original narrative corpus, such as Seven o f Nine in Star Trek: Voyager. Most often the y see m t o b e afterthoughts . Th e replicant s Pri s an d Rachae l i n Blade Runner ar e the unusual exception s to this rule . 27. Th e vast majorit y o f science fiction pul p magazine cover s from th e 1920 s through 1940 s in the US featured robot s or extraterrestrial machine-being s hurting o r threatening humans . I t is not unti l th e 1950 s that humans i n space suits an d othe r "benevolent " cyborg s begin t o appea r in cove r art . (The magazines examined include Amazing Stories, Wonder Stories, Weird Tales, Science Fiction, Fantastic Adventures, an d The Magazine of Fantasy and Science Fiction.) Se e Noda Masahiro, passim. 28. Se e Samantha Holland , "Descarte s Goe s t o : Mind , Bod y an d Gender in Contemporary Cybor g Cinema," in Mike Featherstone and Roger Burrows, editors , Cyberspace, Cyberbodies, : Cultures of Technological Embodiment (London : Sag e Publications, 1995) , 157-74 . 29. Orbaugh , "Se x and the Singl e Cyborg. " 30. I n "Se x an d th e Singl e Cyborg " I explore a t greate r lengt h Evangelion'% representation o f "intercorporation " an d its implication s fo r sex/gende r theory. 31. Femal e bodie s ar e perceive d a s permeable als o throug h th e "leakage " o f menstruation an d th e violen t breachin g o f bod y boundarie s durin g childbirth. 32. But , as theorists such as Judith Butler have made clear, that doe s not mea n that on e is free to reject the gender roles o f one's time and place and creat e a new gender identity. Eac h o f us is born into a society already structure d by thes e roles , an d ou r onl y choic e i s t o tak e u p on e o f th e availabl e positions. NOTES TO PAGES 69-76 265

33. No t all of these narratives can be seen as "progressive," by any means. Ofte n they are heteronormative o r misogynist. Fo r the people drawing the manga or creatin g the anime, th e decisio n t o featur e a voluptuous femal e bod y even fo r a warrior protagonis t ma y simpl y be a matter o f providing eye - candy for the audience. Nonetheless, these depictions raise interesting an d important questions , even when not explicitl y meant t o be progressive. 34. Severa l critics — from Sandr a M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, Madwoman in the Attic: the Woman Writer and the Nineteenth-Century Literary Imagination (Ne w Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1979) , especially 213- 47, t o Pete r Brooks , Body Work: Objects of Desire in Modern Narrative (Cambridge: Harvard University Press , 1993) , 199-22 0 — have conclude d that the monster i s gendered feminine becaus e he i s not acknowledge d a s a legitimate so n by his creator-father , h e has no female counterpar t wit h whom t o form the heterosexual dyad , and he has difficulty i n entering into language an d the symbolic, among other reasons . 35. MacArthu r wa s heir to a long tradition o f viewing the Japanese (an d othe r "Orientals") a s children . Dowe r discusse s th e analysi s b y wartim e psychoanalysts o f the Japanese "collectively blocked at the anal o r phallic stage" (302-3) ; see also 118-46 . 36. Th e word "" is an acronym meaning "no highs, no lows, no meaning, " suggesting the undramatic and repetitive nature o f these boy-boy romances. Nonetheless, som e are far from undramatic , including graphic rape scenes, murder, an d the like . Se e Sharalyn Orbaugh , "Bust y Battlin ' Babes : Th e Evolution o f th e Shoj o i n 1990 s Visua l Culture, " i n Joshu a S . Mostow , Norman Bryso n and Maribeth Graybill , editors, Gender and Power in the Japanese Visual Field (Honolulu : Hawaii University Press , 2003).

CHAPTER 5

1. Won g Kin Yuen, "Urbanity, Cyberpunk and the Posthuman: Taiwa n Science Fiction from th e 60 s to 90s," Tamkang Review, Vol . XXXI, No. 3 (Winte r 2000), 71-102 . 2. Harding , Sandra. The Science Question in Feminism. (Milto n Keynes: Open University Press , 1986) . 3. Joh n D. Caputo, More Radical Hermeneutics: On Not Knowing Who We Are (Bloomingto n an d Indianapolis: Indiana University Press , 2000), 42. 4. Chan g Hsi-kuo, "Th e Ultimate Son g o f Translation," i n Chang , The Star Cloud Suite (Taipei : Hung fan , 1980) , 111 ; my translation . Late r pag e references i n the text ar e to this edition . 5. Steve n Mailloux , Rhetorical Power (Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1989), 134 . 6. I quote fro m Sua n Handelman's "Parodi c Pla y an d Propheti c Reason " i n Paul Hernadi, editor , The Rhetoric of Interpretation and the Interpretation of Rhetoric. (Durham , NC: Duke Universit y Press , 1989 , 143-71) , wher e 266 NOTES TO PAGES 76-82

the autho r present s Levinas' s hermeneutics, whic h take s languag e t o b e the single major ke y for the subjec t t o answer the "cal l o f the other." I t is "a gift , a n offerin g an d welcome o f the other" (155) . 7. Calvi n O . Schrag , Communicative Praxis and the Space of Subjectivity (Bloomington an d Indianapolis: Indiana University Press , 1986) , 136 . Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 8. Han-Geor g Gadamer, Truth and Method (London : Sheed and Ward, 1975) , 432. Late r page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 9. Davi d Couzen s Hoy , The Critical Circle: Literature and History in Contemporary Hermeneutics (Berkeley : Universit y o f Californi a Press , 1978), 98. Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 10. Ha y den White, "Th e Rhetori c o f Interpretation," i n Pau l Hernadi, editor , The Rhetoric of Interpretation and the Interpretation of Rhetoric (Durham , NC: Duke University Press , 1989) , 2. 11. Jiirge n Habermas, " A Review o f Gadamer' s Truth and Method," i n Bric e R. Wachtehauser, editor , Hermeneutics and Modern Philosophy (Albany : New Yor k State University Press , 1986) , 243. 12. Jame s Risser , Hermeneutics and the Voice of the Other: Re-reading Gadamer's Philosophical Hermeneutic (Albany : Stat e University o f Ne w York, 1997) , 132 . Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 13. G B . Madison, The Hermeneutics of Postmodernity (Bloomington : Indiana University Press , 1988) , 96. 14. Pau l Ricoeur , "Metapho r an d the Central Problem s o f Hermeneutics," i n Ricouer, Paul Ricoeur: Hermeneutics and the Human Sciences, translate d and edite d b y Joh n B . Thompson (London : Cambridg e Universit y Press , 1981), 94. 15. Se e Mary Snell-Hornby , "Linguisti c Transcodin g o f Cultura l Transfer ? A Critique o f Translation Theor y in Bermany," in Susa n Bassnett an d Andr e Lefere, editors , Translation, History and Culture (London : Pinter, 1990) . 16. I n discussing the younger generation o f Taiwan SF , I primarily dra w upo n stories appearin g in the March 199 4 issue o f Youth Literary, No . 483. All stories appearin g in thi s issue had been given awards by the magazine . 17. Ti m Jordan , Cyberpower: The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet (Londo n and New York : Routledge, 1999) , 17 9 (Jordan 1999 , 20). 18. Ch i Tawei, "A Rose Grows Out o f His Eye and Your Palm," Youth Literary, No. 40 3 (March , 1994) , 104 ; my translation . Late r pag e references i n th e text ar e to this edition . 19. Jeffre y Jerom e Cohen , Monster Theory: Reading Culture. (Minneapolis : University o f Minnesota Press , 1996) . 20. Judit h Halberstam' s Skin Shows, Gothic Horror and the Technology of Monsters (Durham , NC: Duke University Press , 1995 ) theorizes that wha t monsters ar e to "normal" people i s parallel to what Gothi c novels ar e t o mainstream novels . 21. Se e Donna Haraway , Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of NOTES TO PAGES 82-84 267

Nature (Ne w York: Routledge, 1991) . Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 22. Keit h Ansell Pearson, "Viroi d Life : On Machines, Technics and Evolution, " in Pearson , editor , Delueze and Philosophy: The Difference Engineer (London: Routledge, 1997) , 181. Later page references i n the text are to thi s edition. 23. Gille s Deleuze and Felix Guattari, A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, translate d b y Brian Massumi (London : The Athlone Press , 1988), 69 . All late r pag e reference s t o Deleuze an d Guattar i i n th e text , except i n one paragraph noted below, ar e to this work and to this edition . 24. Miche l Foucault, "Th e Subjec t an d Power," in Foucault, Michel Foucault: Beyond Structuralism and Hermeneutics, edite d by Hubert Dryfus an d Paul Rabinow, 2n d Edition (Chicago : University o f Chicago Press, 1983) , 213. 25. B y expanded, I am followin g Do n Ihde' s boo k Expanding Hermeneutics: Visualism in Science (Evanston , IL : Northwestern Universit y Press, 1998) . Together with hi s Technology and the Lifeworld: From Garden to Earth (Bloomington an d Indianapolis: Indiana Universit y Press , 1990) , Idhe ha s done much t o promulgate a hermeneutics o f scienc e an d technology , a s later discussed . 26. Pau l Patton, Deleuze and the Political (London : Routledge. 2000), 78. 27. Th e relationshi p betwee n feminism s an d th e Deleuzia n projec t i s wel l established nowadays , a s demonstrate d b y works lik e Tasmin Lorraine' s Irigaray and Deleuze: Experiments in Visceral Philosophy (Ne w York : Cornell University Press, 1999 ) and Elizabeth Grosz's anthology Becomings: Explorations in Time, Memory, and Futures (Ithac a an d London : Cornel l University Press , 1999) . 28. Gille s Deleuz e an d Feli x Guattari , Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, translate d by Robert Harley, Mark Seem, and Helen R. Lane (Minneapolis: University o f Minnesota Press, 1983) , 2, 8. All page references in this paragraph ar e to this text an d to this edition . 29. Dorothe a Olkowski, "Flows o f Desire and the Body-Becoming," in Elizabeth Grosz, editor , Becomings: Explorations in Time, Memory, and Futures (Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1999) , 107 . See also Deleuze and Guattari, Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia, 70 , 82. 30. Lynett e Hunter , Critique of Knowing: Situated Textualities in Science, Computing and the Arts (London : Routledge , 1999) , 103 . Later pag e references i n the tex t ar e to this edition . 31. Tasmi n Lorraine, Irigaray and Deleuze: Experiments in Visceral Philosophy, 126. 32. Fo r a delineatio n o f Chines e hermeneutics , se e m y "Metaphoricit y i n Classical Chines e Criticism : Towar d a Chinese Hermeneutics," i n Han - liang Chang , editor , Concepts of Literary Theory East and West (Taipei : Bookman, 1993) , 245-63. 33. Henr i Bergson , Matter and Memory, translate d b y N. M. Pau l an d W . S . Palmer (Ne w York : Zone Books , 1988) , 38. 268 NOTES TO PAGES 85-89

34. N . Katherin e Hayles , How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago : University o f Chicag o Press, 1999) , 29, 2. Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 35. Ti m Jordan , Cyberpower, 20 . 36. Margare t Morse , Virtualities: Television, Media Art and Cyberculture (Bloomington: Indiana University Press , 1998) , 180 . 37. We i Ke-fung, "Inane, " Youth Literary, No . 403 (March, 1994) , 65. Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 38. Lynett e Hunter, Critique of Knowing, 188 . 39. Veronic a Hollinger has noted a relationship between studies on science and technology an d SF , in her discussion o f new friends i n S F criticism: "S F is increasingly feature d i n th e expandin g area s o f cybercultur e studie s (se e Dery's Escape Velocity, fo r example ) an d cultura l studie s o f scienc e an d technology (suc h a s Balsamo' s Technologies of the Gendered Body)." "Contemporary Trends in Science Fiction Criticism, 1980-1999, " Science- Fiction Studies, 2 6 (July , 1999) , 261. 40. Chan g Kuo-li, "The Man on the Bicycle," Youth Literary, No . 403 (March, 1994), 48, my translation. Later page references in the text are to this edition. 41. J . MacGregor Wise , Exploring Technology and Social Space (London : Sage, 1997), 59. 42. Marti n Heidegger , Being and Time, translate d b y Joh n MacQuarrie an d Edward Robinso n (Ne w York : Harpe r an d Row) , 1962 , 408 . Late r pag e references i n the text ar e to this edition . 43. Car l Freedman , Critical Theory and Science Fiction (Middletown , CT : Wesleyan University Press , 2000), 110 . 44. I can anticipate a possible objection by readers that the later Heidegger, i n The Question Concerning Technology and Other Essays, translate d b y William Lovit t (Ne w York : Harpe r an d Row , 1977) , turn s aroun d an d condemns technolog y a s concealin g wha t coul d b e reveale d b y a n obliteration o f distance between humans and objects. However, I agree with Caputo tha t Heidegge r succumbe d t o a "massiv e essentialism " abou t science and technology after Being and Time an d seemingly forgot his earlier account o f a "hermeneutic version o f science" which was "refreshingly non - essentialist, projection " (Caput o 169-70) . 45. Do n Ihde, Technology and the Lifeworld, 44 , 48. 46. Do n Ihde , Expanding Hermeneutics, 161 , 162. 47. Wherea s I cannot d o justice t o the concep t o f the Chinese sublim e here , both poet s an d landscap e painter s i n th e Classica l Chines e traditio n informed b y Taoist aesthetic s uphel d th e kin d o f virtuality Bergso n an d Deleuze talk about. What Elizabeth Gros z is interested in about "duratio n or temporal flow" and how this duration brings "to the world the possibility of an unfolding, a narrative, a hesitation" (i n her essay in Becomings, 215 , 225) certainly finds a counterpart in the hermeneutic praxis o f the Chines e landscape painting and poetry. There, spatial experience is "temporalized, " NOTES TO PAGES 90-92 269

turned into multipHcities o f viewpoints, broken streams being "narrativized, " gaps and openings thematized. Deleuze and Guattari themselves have paid tribute to the Chinese poets by noting the latter's not pursuing resemblance: "They retain , extrac t onl y th e essentia l line s an d movement s o f nature ; they proceed only by continued o r superposed traits, or strokes. It is in this sense that becoming-everybody/everything, makin g the world a becoming" (Deleuze and Guattari, 280). Needless to say, the line o f blank or emptiness so characteristic of classical Chinese landscape painting (which usually takes up a middle position in the painting as a line o f mist o r cloud) is a "line of becoming which has only a middle" (Deleuze and Guattari, 293) . Bergson's concept o f perception i s relevant here , since a s Pearson explains in "Pur e Reserve: Deleuze, Philosophy an d Immanence," i n Deleuze and Religion, edited b y Mary Bryde n (London : Routledge , 2001) , it "concern s th e vita l adaptive interests o f the body , an d these interests ar e what guid e actio n and instruct it s relatio n wit h th e virtual" (144) . The whol e issu e o f th e openendedness o f virtuality will eventually be traced to Deleuze's concep t of movement-image an d his adoptin g Bergson' s "sensory-moto r schema " in his two books on cinema. Describing how Deleuze understands sensatio n and ho w i t move s thought , Gregor y Flaxma n i n hi s "Introduction " t o Flaxman, editor , The Brain Is the Screen: Deleuze and The Philosophy of Cinema (Minneapolis : Universit y o f Minnesota , 2000) , likens i t t o th e Kantian sublime, which i s a "confrontation wit h chaos " and a "vibration " between imaginatio n an d thought (13) . I would, however , argu e that th e Bergsonian an d Deleuzian idea s o f montage, th e percep t an d affec t o f a n acentered an d non-human ey e which i s beyond the human condition , ar e better compare d to the Chinese sublim e than to the Kantian one. But thi s is beyond the scop e o f this chapter . 48. Margare t C . Jacob , "Scienc e Studie s afte r Socia l Construction: The Tur n toward the Comparative an d the Global," in Victoria E . Bonnell and Lyn n Hunt, editors , Beyond The Cultural Turn: New Direction in the Study of Society and Culture (Berkeley : University o f Californi a Press , 1999) , 97. 49. Andre w Feenberg , Questioning Technology (London : Routledge, 1999) , 83, 85. Later pag e references i n the tex t ar e to this edition . 50. Trevo r Pinc h an d Wieb e Bijker , "Th e Socia l Constructio n o f Fact s an d Artefacts," in Bijker, T . Huges, and Pinch, editors, The Social Construction of Technological Systems (Cambridge : MIT Press, 1987) , 42. 51. Thoma s C. Shevory , Body/Politics: Studies in Reproductions, Productions, and (Re)Construction (London : Praeger, 2000) , 43. 52. Stuar t Moulthrop, "Rhizome and Resistance: Hypertext and the Dreams o f a Ne w Culture, " i n Georg e P . Landow , editor , Hypertext /Text /Theory (London: Johns Hopkins Universit y Press . 1994) , 304. 53. Jef f Malpas, "Uncovering the Space of Disclosedness: Heidegger, Technology, and the Proble m o f Spatialit y in Being and Time," i n Mark Wrathall an d Malpas, editors, Heidegger, Authenticity, and Modernity: Essays in Honor of Hubert L. Dreyfus, Volum e 1 , Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000), 220. 270 NOTES TO PAGES 92-113

54. Ari e Rip and R. Kemp, "Towards a Theory o f Social-Technical Change," in S. Rayner and E. L. Malone, editors, Human Choice and CHmate Change, Volume H (Columbus, OH : Battelle Press , 1998) , 340. 55. Stelarc , "Fro m Psycho-Bod y t o Cyber-Systems : Image s a s Post-huma n Entities," i n Joa n Broadhurs t Diso n an d Eri c J . Cassidy, editors , Virtual Futures: Cyberotics, Technology and Post-human Pragmatism (London : Routledge, 1998 , 116) . 56. Manue l De Landa , "Deleuze , Diagrams, and the Open-Ended Becomin g o f the World, " i n Grosz , editor , Becomings: Explorations in Time, Memory, and Future, 41 .

CHAPTER 6

1. A shorte r versio n o f thi s essa y appeare d withou t scholarl y apparatu s i n Peace Review, 14: 2 (2002), 133-9 . 2. Richar d Rorty , Achieving Our Country: Leftist Thought in Twentieth- Century America (Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press , 1999) . 3. Nea l Stephenson, The Diamond Age: or, A Young Lady's Illustrated Primer (New York: Bantam Books, 1996) . Later parenthetical page references in th e text ar e to this edition . 4. Istva n Csicsery-Ronay , Jr . "Notes o n Mutopia," Postmodern Culture, 8: 1 (September, 1997) . Text available at http://jefferson.village.virginia.edu/pmc / contents.all.html. 5. Loui s Marin , Utopics: A Spatial Play, translate d b y Rober t A . Vollrat h (Atlantic Highlands , NJ : Humanities Press , 1984) ; Marin, "Frontier s o f Utopia: Past an d Present," Critical Inquiry, 1 9 (Winter, 1993) : 403-11. 6. Marin , "Frontiers, " 403-4. 7. Thi s point is made by Shawn Rosenheim in The Cryptographic Imagination: Secret Writing from Edgar Poe to the Internet (Baltimore , MD: Parallax , 1997). 8. Certeau , "Scriptura l Economy, " i n Certeau , The Certeau Reader, edite d by Graham War d (London : Blackwell, 1999) . 9. O n th e erosio n o f Utopia n though t i n postmoder n culture , se e Fredri c Jameson, "Secondar y Elaboration s (Conclusion), " i n Jameson , Postmodernism, or the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism (Ithaca , NY : Cornell University Press , 1991) , 297-408, especially 334-40 an d 401-6.

CHAPTER 7

1. A version o f this chapter was first presente d a s a paper a t the Hong Kon g 2001 Conference; I gratefully acknowledg e the support o f the conference , the Facult y o f Arts an d Department o f Englis h Languag e an d Literature , the Universit y o f Liverpool , an d th e Britis h Academ y fo r a n Oversea s Conference grant . NOTES TO PAGES 114-117 271

2. Room 101 was a series on British TV where celebrities consign to oblivio n things that irritate o r annoy them. Big Brother wa s an immensely popula r American progra m i n which a group o f young people living together in a house were filmed an d subject t o regular audience votes that decide d wh o would remain . 3. Willia m Wordsworth , "Preface, " i n Wordswort h an d Samue l Taylo r Coleridge, Lyrical Ballads: The Text of the 1798 Edition with the Additional 1800 Poems and the Prefaces, edited by R. L. Brett and A. R. Jones (London: Methuen, 1963) , 254. 4. Alfre d Lor d Tennyson , "Locksle y Hall, " i n Tennyson , The Poems of Tennyson, edite d by Christopher Rick s (London : Longman, 1969) , 695. 5. Willia m Wilson, A Little Earnest Book upon a Great Old Subject, cite d in Foundation: The Review of Science Fiction, No. 1 0 (June 1976), 6-12. Wilson speaks o f "Th e Poetr y o f Science, " an d Stablefor d quote s further : "th e Natural an d mechanical Science s are alike loaded with rich and wonderfu l Poetry." 6. Hug o Gernsback , " A New Sor t o f Magazine," Amazing Stories, 1 (April, 1926), 3. For more o n Gernsbac k an d his importance t o the definitio n o f science fiction, se e Gary Westfahl, The Mechanics of Wonder: The Creation of the Idea of Science Fiction (Liverpool : Liverpool University Press, 1998) . 7. Fo r acknowledgments o f Kipling, Fred Lerner summarizes some S F writers' comments on Kipling in "A Master o f Our Art: Rudyard Kipling and Modern Science Fiction" (posted at the Kipling Society website, http://www.kipling . org.uk/kip_fra.htm). Se e also John R. Pfeiffer, "Brunner' s Novels: A Posterity for Kipling, " i n Josep h d e Bolt , editor , The Happening Worlds of John Brunner (Por t Washington, NY : Kennikat Press , 1975) , and Brunner's ow n comments i n th e Kiplin g antholog y h e edited , Kipling's Science Fiction (New York : To r Books , 1982) . For exceptiona l examination s o f Kipling' s science fiction , se e Donald S . Lopez's articl e o n "Wit h th e Night Mail, " "The Dominion o f the Unstable Air," in The Kiphng Journal, No. 22 (March, 1982), 10-8 , and Stephe n R . L . Clark, "Alie n Dreams : Kipling," in Davi d Seed, editor , Anticipations: Essays on Early Science Fiction and its Precursors (Ne w York: Syracuse University Press , 1995) . 8. The stor y actuall y appeare d i n 1905 , i n th e U S an d Grea t Britai n respectively, i n McClure's Magazine (November ) an d Windsor Magazine (December). A separate version illustrate d b y Frank X . Leyendecker an d H. Reuterdah l (wh o illustrate d th e McClure's version ) wa s issue d b y Doubleday in 1909 . 9. Fo r examples o f illustrations by Robida and his contemporaries, see Andres Watt, with Yasuo Nagayama, Karere ga Yume-Mita 2000-Nen (The Year 2000 They Dreamed of) (Tokyo: Shinchosha, 1999) . 10. I n Futuredays, tex t by Isaac Asimov (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 1986) . 11. Jean-Claud e Viche , o f th e Associatio n de s Amis d'Alber t Robida , i n a personal letter to me (27 September 1999 ) is careful to distinguish the French 272 NOTES TO PAGES 117-122

"anticipation" fro m SF : "it mean s extrapolatio n t o a [near] future, 5 0 t o 100 years, which i s differen t fro m 'scienc e fiction,' whic h has no o r littl e connection with present reality. " 12. Rudyar d Kipling , "Wit h th e Nigh t Mail, " i n Actions and Reactions, (London: Macmillan, 1951 ) 135 . Later page references in the text are to thi s edition. The phras e "o f bot h sexes " is absen t fro m th e slightl y differen t version o f this passage that appeare d in "A s Easy as A.B.C." 13. Charle s Carrington , Rudyard Kipling: His Life and Work (London : MacMillan, 1955) , 374. 14. The earlie r magazine versions o f the story ar e slightly different . Firs t an d foremost, the y d o not appea r t o be followe d b y the twenty-fou r page s o f "apparatus" which ar e included in the book versions. The book version s are subtitled " A Story o f 2000 A.D." In each magazine version the story is noted as appearing from a future version o f the magazine: McClure's i s dated June 202 5 A.D . The Windsor i s date d Octobe r 2147 . Comparison o f th e two versions show s minor varianc e in the first sentence : McClure's: A t 21 o'clock o f a gusty winter night I stood on the lowe r stages o f the G P . O. Outward mai l tower . Windsor: A t 9.3 0 p.m. o f a windy winter's nigh t I stood on the lowe r stages o f the G . P . O. Outward Mail Tower . Actions and Reactions: A t nine o'clock o f a gusty winter night I stood on the lower stage s o f one o f the G P . O. outward mai l towers . There are also frequent i f minor changes to punctuation. I assume that mos t if not al l o f these change s ar e editorial amendments an d take the Actions and Reactions tex t a s the preferred text . 15. Brunne r doe s not use it (fo r reasons o f space ) in Kipling's Science Fiction. 16. Se e http://www.cccfsc.org/annualreport/annualdinner.asp . 17. Cite d i n Roge r Lancely n Green , editor , Kipling, the Critical Heritage (London: Routledge & . Kegan Paul, 1971 ) 189 . 18. Brunner , Kipling's Science Fiction, 66. The word "colloid " is often use d t o refer to jelly-like substances: the O.E.D. give s as one definition "colourles s or yellowish transparent jelly-like substance," and cites as a quotation "jelly - like though ston y substance. " 19. A "drogher" is a vessel from the Indian Ocean, characterized by a triangular sail. 20. Alle n Steele, "Hard Again," The New York Review of Science Fiction (June , 1992), 4. 21. Gar y Westfahl , Cosmic Engineers: A Study of Hard Science Fiction (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press , 1996) , 113 . Interestingly, an d very muc h in the spirit o f this "game," Brunner points out that Kipling probably meant "Parallel" when h e describe d th e Trans-Asiati c Direc t airship s "soberl y ringing th e worl d round th e Fiftiet h Meridien " (140) . Kipling is thus, i n Brunner's eyes, writing a kind o f "hard S F of history more usually found i n alternate history o r time-travel stories. " NOTES TO PAGES 122-136 273

22. Se e C. S . Lewis, "On Scienc e Fiction." in Lewis, Of Other Worlds: Essays and Stories, edite d by Walter Hooper (London , Geoffre y Bles , 1966) , 59-73. 23. Arthu r C. Clarke, 2001: A Space Odyssey (London : Arrow, 1968) , 50-1. Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 24. Actually , Clarke's ending is profoundly ambiguou s and made even more so by the way he rewrites i t fo r the beginning o f the sequel , 2010: Odyssey Two-, but tha t i s another story . 25. Se e Olaf Stapledon's Last and First Men an d Robert A. Heinlein's time chart (in The Past Through Tomorrow bu t originall y published in the May 194 1 issue o f Astounding Science-Fiction) designe d to bring together his linke d short storie s into a "future history. " 26. K . W. Jeter, Letter, Locus, 2 0 (April, 1987) , page number t o be supplied b y author. 27. Willia m Gibson, "The Gernsback Continuum," in Gibson, Burning Chrome (London: Gollancz, 1986) , 46-7. 28. Joh n Clute , Look at the Evidence (Liverpool : Liverpoo l University Press , 1995), 235. 29. Steffe n Hantke , "Differenc e Engine s an d Other Inferna l Devices : Histor y According to ," Extrapolation, 4 0 (Fall , 1999) , 244-54. 30. Brya n Talbot, personal communication, 2000 . 31. Elain e Showalter , "Saturda y Review : Books : Eterna l Triangles, " The Guardian ( 2 September 2000) , 9.

CHAPTER 8

1. All Japanese names ar e cited in the Japanes e order, the family nam e first . 2. Kaito boken kitan: Kaitei gunkan [The Seabed Warship: An Island Adventure Romance (Tokyo : Bunbudo , Novembe r 1900) , n o prio r serialization, cite d in Shonen shosetsu taikei (Oshikawa Shunio shu), Vol . 2 (Tokyo : San'ichi Shobo , 1987) , 11-96 . Page references i n the text ar e t o the 198 7 edition . 3. Accordin g to the biographical tabl e in Oshikawa Shunro shu, thes e were: Eiyu shosetsu: Bukyo no Nippon [Chivalrous Japan: A Heroic Novel) (Tokyo: Bunbudo, December 1902) ; Kaikoku boken kitan: Shinzo gunkan [The New Warship: A Romance of a Marine Nation) (Tokyo : Bunbudo , January, 1904) ; Senji eiyu shosetsu: Bukyo kantai (The Chivalrous Fleet: A Novel of Wartime Heroism) (Tokyo : Bunbudo, September , 1904) ; Eiyu shosetsu: Shin Nippon-to [New Japan: A Heroic Novel) (Tokyo : Bunbudo, June, 1906); and Eiyu shosetsu: Toyo bukyodan (The Orient Chivalry Force: A Heroic novel) (Tokyo : Bunbudo, December, 1909) . 4. Premier e Decembe r 23 , 1963 ; director, Hond a Ishiro ; producer , Tanak a Tomoyuki; screenplay, Sekizawa Shin'ichi; camera, Koizumi Hajime; music, Ifukube Akira ; specia l effects , Tsuburay a Eiji ; actor s includ e Fujik i Yu , Uehara Ken, and Fujiyama Yoko . Overseas premiere: Festival Internazionale 274 NOTES TO PAGES 139-144

del Fil m d i Fantascienza , Trieste , Jul y 1964 . U S premiere: Lo s Angeles , March 1965 . 5. Th e term translated a s "Orient" is the Japanese word Tokyo, whic h is still in use today . It i s written with th e Chinese character s meanin g "Easter n Sea," associating it with the Pacific. In Chinese, the term originally referre d to Japan . 6. Thi s continen t wa s postulate d b y th e America n amateu r archaeologis t Colonel James Churchward (1852-1936) in The Lost Continent of Mu (1926) . Churchward's clai m was partly based on the theory o f a lost continent o r land bridge called Lemuria, put forwar d t o explain the existence o f lemur s (the small primates, not the spirits o f the dead) on both sides o f the Pacific , which had at least some currency in the scientific communit y until it wa s discredited by the theory o f continental drift . The theory o f Mu was take n even less seriously by scientists but stil l has many enthusiastic adherent s worldwide (mainly fantasy fans , New Age adherents, ufologists, o r amateur archaeologists). Mu is generally associated with Lemuria , sometimes eve n identified wit h it . I n Japan , M u becam e popula r a s a topo s o f fantas y literature, performin g a similar functio n t o tha t o f Atlantis i n Wester n (transatlantic) fantasy . Ther e i s a n intriguin g paralle l t o thi s Japanes e imaginary i n on e develope d b y Tami l intellectuals , symbolizin g a "geography o f loss," in which th e scientifi c theor y o f the los t continen t mingles wit h Tami l legends . Thi s traditio n i s describe d i n Sumath i Ramaswamy: "Histor y a t Land's End: Lemuria in Tamil Spatia l Fables," in The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol . 59 (Augus t 2000) , 575-602. As thes e examples illustrate, Lemuria and Mu have also been used to set up the idea of an anti-Atlantis, a n Eastern Los t Continent t o rival the Western one . 7. M y analysis is based o n the German versio n o f the film , entitle d U 2000: Tauchfahrt des Schreckens, release d in 1965 . All quotations ar e therefor e translated fro m th e Germa n translatio n o f the origina l Japanese .

CHAPTER 9

1. He also wrote under the name Feli x C. Forrest, a pseudonym derive d fro m his Chines e nam e Li n Bah-loh . The cas e o f Jame s Tiptree , a.k.a . Alic e Sheldon, anothe r U S governmen t employe e wh o wrot e unde r an d maintained, a male identity, present s a n intriguing counterpoint . 2. Smit h di d not leav e notebooks , bu t th e collection' s editor , J . J . Pierce , compiled th e timeline fro m th e publication orde r o f the storie s an d fro m internal evidence . 3. Thi s theme is a staple o f much Chines e literature, both poetry and prose. See Eric Henry, "The Motif o f Recognition in Early China," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 47 , No. 1 (1987): 1-30, an d Lisa Raphals, Knowing Words: Wisdom and Cunning in the Classical Traditions of China and Greece (Ithaca, NY : Cornell University Press , 1992) , passim. NOTES TO PAGES 148-159 275

4. "Alph a Ralph a Boulevard" (1961) , 287. 5. Joha n Heje , "O n th e Genesi s o f Norstrilia, " Extrapolation 3 0 (Summe r 1989):152. 6. Norstrilia , 23 7 7. This account o f zhiguai i s based on Robert Ford Campany, Strange Writing: Anomaly Accounts in Early Medieval China (Albany : SUNY Press, 1996) : 21-7. For genre see M. M. Bakhtin, Speech and Other Late Essays, ed. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist, trans. Vern W. McGee, University of Texas Press Slavic Series, 8 (Austin: University o f Texas Press, 1986 ) and Pierre Bourdieu , Outline of a Theory of Practice, trans . Richar d Nic e (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press , 1977) . 8. Campany , 52-79 , especially 52 , 58-9 an d 79. 9. Ga n Ba o T* (335-49) . Soushenji ftttfB (henceforwar d SSJ , Congshu jicheng, vols . 2692-4), excerpts translated in Kenneth J . DeWoskin and J . I. Crump, Jr. , In Search of the Supernatural: The Written Record (Stanford , CA: Stanfor d Universit y Press , 1996) . 10. Othe r example s o f th e genr e include : th e Bowuzhi W$}*z [Treatis e o n Curiosities] o f Zhan g Hu a 36^ (232-300) , 3 9 sections , fou r o n anima l anomalies (Marvelou s Beast s HlPt , Bird s JlJft , Insect s Silt an d Fis h JI&, the Soushen houji fttt^SE [Furthe r Record s o f an Inquest into the Spiri t Realm], problematically attributed to Tao Qian Rj$ f (Ta o Yuanming PI$PJI , 365-427 CE , Congshu jicheng ed. , vol. 2695) and the Yiyuan Jt| £ [Garde n of Marvels ] o f Li u Jingsh u WI&M. (fl . earl y 5c) , a "garden " o f anomalie s whose title alludes to Liu Xiang's f i\p\Shuoyuan H!$ B or Garden of Sayings. 11. Campany , 247-53. 12. Elm s (1990) 170-2, Weird Tales, reprinted in The Best ofEdmond Hamilton, ed. Leig h Brackett, 1977 .

CHAPTER 1 0

1. Accordin g to Greg g Rickman's To the High Castle: Philip K Dick: A Life, 1928-1962 (Lon g Beach, CA: Fragments West, 1989) , The Cosmic Puppets was written i n 195 3 before bein g published i n 195 6 in magazine for m a s "A Glas s o f Darkness" an d in book form i n 1957 . 2. "Rememberin g Phili p K . Dick's The Cosmi c Puppets " was presente d o n 24 March 200 0 a t th e 21s t Internationa l Conferenc e o n the Fantasti c i n the Arts i n For t Lauderdale , Florida . "Tw o Case s o f Conscience : Loyalt y and Race in The Crac k i n Spac e (1966 ) and Counter-Cloc k Worl d (1967) " appears i n Philip K. Dick: Contemporary Critical Interpretations, ed . Samuel J . Umland (Westport , CT : Greenwoo d Press , 1995) , 169-95 . Jameson's discussio n o f symboli c resolutio n throug h strategie s o f containment appear s i n hi s The Political Unconscious (Ithaca : Cornel l University Press , 1981) , 74-102 . 276 NOTES TO PAGES 158-184

3. Jianjion g Zhu, "Reality , Fiction, and Wu i n The Man in the High Castle," in Nicholas Ruddick , editor , State of the Fantastic: Studies in the Theory and Practice of Fantastic Literature and Film: Selected Essays from the Eleventh International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts, 1990 (Westport, CT : Greenwood Press , 1992) , 107 . 4. Phili p K. Dick, The Man in the High Castle (1962 ; New York: Vintage Books, 1992), Chapter 11 : 176. Later chapter and page references ar e to this edition. 5. Patrici a Warrick, "The Encounter o f Taoism and Fascism in Philip K. Dick's The Man in the High Castle," Science-Fiction Studies, 7 (July, 1980) , 174- 90. 6. Se e Rickman, To the High Castle, Lawrenc e Sutin , Divine Invasions: A Life of Philip K. Dick (Ne w York: Harmony Books, 1989), and Paul Williams, Only Apparently Real (Ne w York: Arbor House, 1986) . 7. Se e Anne J. Dick, The Search for Philip K Dick, 1928-1982 (Lewiston , NY: Edwin Mellen Press , 1995) . 8. Car l Freedman , Critical Theory and Science Fiction (Hanover , NH : Wesley an University Press , 2000) , 170 . Later pag e reference s ar e t o thi s edition. 9. Phili p K . Dick, "Schizophreni a an d the Boo k o f Changes," Philip K. Dick Society (PKDS) Newsletter, ed . Paul Williams, 1 4 (June 1987) : 6. Later page references ar e to this edition . 10. Dwigh t Brown, "Afterword," i n Philip K . Dick, Gather Yourselves Together (Herndon, VA: WCS Books, 1994) , 290-91. Later page references to the Dick novel ar e to this edition . 11. N . Katherin e Hayles , How We Became Posthuman: Virtual Bodies in Cybernetics, Literature, and Informatics (Chicago , IL: Chicago Universit y Press, 1999) .

CHAPTER 1 1

1. H . Bruce Franklin, Robert A. Heinlein: America as Science Fiction (Oxford : Oxford Universit y Press , 1980) , 76. 2. Joh n Baxter, Science Fiction in the Cinema (Ne w York: Paperback Library , 1950), 102 ; Phil Hardy, The Encyclopedia of Science Fiction Movies (1984 ; Minneapolis, MN : Woodbury Press , 1986) , 125. 3. The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms (Warne r Brothers, 1953) . 4. Godzilla, King of the Monsters (Toh o Studios , 1954) ; English-languag e version with adde d scenes released in the US by Embassy Pictures in 1956 . 5. J . D. Lee s an d Mar c Cerasini , The Official Godzilla Compendium (Ne w York: Random House , 1998) , 12. 6. Alien (Twentieth-Centur y Fox , 1979) . 7. Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah (Toh o Studios, 1991) . 8. Godzilla (Centropoli s Films , 1998) . NOTES TO PAGES 191-198 277

CHAPTER 1 2

1. Title taken fro m A Guy Called Gerald, Black Secret Technology (London : Juice Box: 1996 ) (soundtrack) . 2. Salma n Rushdie, The Moor's Last Sigh (London : Vintage, 1994) , 145. 3. Walte r Benjamin, "Th e Work o f Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction, " in Benjamin , Illuminations, translate d b y Harry Zohn (London : Fontana , 1973), 235.

4. Gabrie l Garci a Marquez , Love in the Time of Cholera (1985 ; London : Penguin, 1998) , 292-3. 5. Se e various commentarie s poste d a t Ron Eglash's homepage, http://www . rpi.edu/~eglash/eglash.htm. 6. Ay i Kwe i Armah, The Beautyful Ones Are Not Yet Born (1968 ; London : Heinemann, 1969) , 12 . 7. Ishmael Reed, "Future Christmas," in Sheree Thomas, editor, Dark Matter: A Century of Speculative Fiction from the African Diaspora (Ne w York : Warner, 2000) , 287. 8. Davi d Hech t an d Maliqali m Simone , Invisible Governance: The Art of African Micropolitics (Ne w York : Autonomedia, 1994) , 47. Sapeur come s from "SAPE, " the "Societ e des Ambienceurs e t de s Personnes Eligantes. " Later pag e references i n the text ar e to this edition . 9. Dambudz o Marechera, The Black Insider (Harare : Baobab Books, 1990) , 52. Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 10. Gayatr i Chakravorty Spiva k says that "thos e 'collectivities' or 'individuals' who were made t o cathect th e spac e o f an 'other' that would consolidat e the hegemoni c self , relat e t o th e [Western/postmodern ] critiqu e o f th e sovereign subjec t obliquely." Cite d in Angela McRobbie, Postmodernism and Popular Culture (London : Routledge, 1994) , 25. 11. Salma n Rushdie, Shame (London : Picador, 1983) , 29. 12. Phili p K . Dick, Do Androids Dream of Electric Sheep! (1968 ; London : Millennium, 1999) , 130 . 13. Koj o Laing , Major Gentl and the Achimota Wars (London : Heinemann , 1992). Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 14. Pau l Virilio, The Art of the Motor, translate d by Julie Rose (Minneapolis : University o f Minnesota Press , 1995) , 9. 15. Dere k Wright, "Postmodernis m a s Realism: Magic History in Recent Wes t African Fiction," in Wright, editor, Contemporary African Fiction (Bayreuth : Bayreuth Africa n Studies , 1997) , 203. 16. Thi s analysis is not as generalized as it may seem. Torro is an analogue fo r the Ghanaian leade r Rawlings , an d the constant reference s t o fruit i n th e novel are evocative o f Ghana's uniquely non-pastoralist fructarian economy . Laing therefore allegorize s specifi c Ghanaia n socio-economi c histories . 17. Jama l Mahjoub , Navigation of a Rainmaker (London : Heinemann, 1989) , 69. 278 NOTES TO PAGES 198-209

18. Jama l Mahjoub, Wings of Dust (London : Heinemann, 1994) , 121. Later page references i n the text ar e to this edition . 19. Abdulraza k Gurnah, Admiring Silence (London : Hamish Hamilton, 1996) , 192. 20. Calixth e Beyala , The Sun Hath Looked Upon Me, translate d by Marjolij n de Jager (Oxford : Heinemann , 1996) , 94. Later page references i n the tex t are to this edition . 21. Fredri c Jameson, "Postmodernism, or , the Cultural Logic of Late Capitalism," New Left Review, 14 6 (1984) , 53-93. 22. Jacque s Derrida, "Structure , Sig n and Play in the Discourse o f the Huma n Sciences," in David Lodge , editor, Modern Criticism and Theory: A Reader (London: Longman, 1988) , 115. 23. Hech t an d Simone, 35. 24. M . Keit h Booker , "Africa n Literatur e an d th e Worl d System : Dystopia n Fiction, Collectiv e Experience , and the Postcolonial Condition, " Research in African Literature, 2 6 (Winter 1995) , 58, 59. 25. Scot t Bukatman , Terminal Identity: The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction (Durham , NC: Duke University Press , 1993) , 18. 26. Pau l Virilio, Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology, translate d by Mark Polizzoti (Ne w York : Semiotext(e), 1986) , 139 .

CHAPTER 13

1. Gre g Egan, Teranesia (London : Gollancz, 1999) , 223. Later page reference s in the text ar e to this edition . 2. Ros s Farnell' s excellen t articl e o n Permutation City —"Attemptin g Immortality: AI , A-Lif e an d th e Posthuma n i n Gre g Egan' s Permutation City," Science Fiction Studies, 2 7 (Marc h 2000) , 69-91 — reads i t a s a n exploration o f th e "posthuman" ; thi s migh t see m a very lon g way fro m the Cartesian, but in fac t the two positions ar e paradoxically compatible . 3. I n her Island Dystopia (Thesis , L a Trobe University, 2000) , Tania Donal d identifies a fictional genr e in which olde r men mould, make , an d initiat e others, often boys , in pursuit o f an extreme and violent "masculinity. " Sh e discusses Danie l Defoe' s Robinson Crusoe, Rober t Loui s Stevenson' s Treasure Island, Wells' s The Island of Dr Moreau, Willia m Golding' s Lord of the Flies, Conrad' s Victory, Iai n Banks' s The Wasp Factory, Collodi' s Pinocchio, an d Alex Garland's The Beach a s exemplifying o r critiquing th e assumptions o f the genre. Teranesia coul d be read in connection with thi s genre, in it s treatment o f the naming an d renaming o f the islan d an d it s subdivision an d the scarring o f the main character , an d read in contrast t o it, i n it s treatmen t o f th e viru s (i f thi s represent s nature) , women , an d Prabir's conflicte d masculinity . 4. I n Patrick O'Brian' s The Thirteen-Gun Salute (Ne w York: Norton, 1989) , the island actually figure s a s an episode (217-31 ) o f peaceful innocenc e i n NOTES TO PAGES 210-211 279

nature in an adventure novel. It is worth mentioning because its setting is Indonesian and , like Egan , O'Brian, i s inspired by the tales o f nineteenth - century naturalists and their encounters with orangutans, birds o f paradise, giant orchid s an d s o on. 5. Fo r examples along these lines, consider the film Outbreak (1995) , Richard Preston's The Hot Zone (1994) , Patrick Lynch's Carriers (1996), and Richard Rhodes's Deadly Feasts (revise d edition , 1998) . The threa t come s ou t o f Africa i n the first tw o cases, Sumatra an d New Guine a i n Lynch's thrille r and Rhodes's journalistic account, though this contemporary narrative for m is not simpl y Orientalis t — there's usually both a n exotic, tropical origi n and skullduggery resulting from Western overrationalism or unnaturalness. The blurb fo r Carriers, abou t a virus in Sumatr a an d the American arm y medical tea m investigatin g it , says , "I n the dar k heart o f th e rainfores t something deadl y is stirring. Older than life , it feeds o n the living, a blind primal force. " In the revision s o f th e islan d nove l tha t hav e proliferated sinc e th e 1950s, we observe, among other things, a tendency to bring the island home (in The Wasp Factory the island is a muddy patch near the coast o f Scotland; in J . G Ballard' s Concrete Island [1974 ] it is an enclave among dangerous , traffic-choked freeways) ; to make the condition o f being castaway something willed b y the castawa y (Concrete Island again ; Ballard' s "Th e Termina l Beach" [1966] ) o r delusor y (Golding' s Pincher Martin, I960). I n virtuall y all these stories , i f there is any violence it i s in the "civilized " characte r (vivid i n th e relation s o f Maitland an d Procto r i n Concrete Island sinc e the latter is a revision o f Caliban and the former a revision o f Crusoe). There are also recent versions o f the island narrative that ar e successful work s o f art and are not revisions : the opening episode in Gregor y Benford's In The Ocean of Night an d the film Cast Away. 6. Compar e chapter 2 0 o f Ballard's Concrete Island (Ne w York: Farrar, Strau s and Giroux, 1974) , and Golding's Pincher Martin (London : Faber, 1960) , 86 (both cited by Donald, 75) . 7. Examples : Orpheu s rescuin g Eurydice , Isi s recoverin g th e dismembere d Osiris, Alcesti s sacrificin g hersel f fo r Admetu s wit h som e hel p fro m Heracles, Demeter rescuin g Persephone ; and , i n Jef f Noon' s Vurt (1993 ) a recent S F version, Scribbl e exchangin g himsel f fo r hi s siste r an d love r Desdemona. We may also mention Odysseus's return to Penelope and rescue of he r fro m th e suitors , th e culminatio n o f anothe r tal e o f island s an d monsters. Her e the secre t plac e a t th e hear t o f th e islan d i s the marita l bed, made from a living tree. 8. I n Janine Chasseguet-Smirgel, "Th e Archaic Matrix o f the Oedipus Comple x in Utopia," in her Sexuality and Mind (London : Maresfield Library , 1986) , 92-108, th e autho r associate s islands , Utopias , an d the desir e fo r a pure, simple union with the mother. With Prabir and his sister, Egan does suggest how rational, scientifi c explanatio n ca n itsel f expres s a similar desir e fo r 280 NOTES TO PAGES 215-223

the pure , controlled , an d transparen t a s Chasseguet-Smirge l detect s i n Utopias. At firs t reading , one might feel that the childre n ar e too rationa l and intelligen t t o b e plausibl e a s children , bu t Egan , wh o sometime s dramatizes a kind o f autism i n his intelligent mai n characters, is pursuing a subtler insight, and Chasseguet-Smirgel's essa y helps to define this insight. Donald als o discusse s th e relation s o f islan d protagonist s (fo r instance , Crusoe) with thei r father s an d "sons, " and with a detached, dominatin g rationality seen as part o f Western science (fo r instance, Moreau, and Angus Cauldhame in Banks's The Wasp Factory).

CHAPTER 1 4

1. I n 1842 , an Italian military enginee r Loui s Menabrea wrote the Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage an d deposite d i t i n the Library o f the Geneva University. Shortly after, Lovelac e translated th e book int o Englis h an d being encourage d b y Babbage , sh e adde d her ow n notes to the translation which are three times as long as Menabrea's original work. 2. Sadi e Plant, "Th e futur e looms : weaving women an d cybernetics." Body and Society 1 (3-4), 45-64. 63. 3. Timoth y Kaufman-Osborn . Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology. (Lanha m & New York : Rowma n & Littlefiel d Publishers, 1997) . 101. 4. Sadi e Plant . Zeros + Ones: Digital Women + The New Technolocultuxc. (London: Fourth State , 1997) , 24. 5. Deleuze , Gille s & . Guattari, Felix . A Thousand Plateaus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia. Trans . Brian Massumi. (Minneapoli s & London: Universit y of Minnesota Press , 1987) , 32. 6. Loui s F . Menabrea, Sketch of the Analytical Engine Invented by Charles Babbage: With Notes upon the Memoir by the Ada Augusta, Countess of Lovelace, . 7. Bo b Metcalfe, "D o Computational Fabric s Hold the Ke y to the Future o f the Internet's Web?" , . 8. Ibid . 9. Plant , Zeroes + Ones, 54 . 10. Plant , Zeroes + Ones, 55 . 11. Sadi e Plant, "On : Cyberfeminist Simulations, " in The Gendered Cyborg: A Reader, edite d b y Gil l Kirku p e t al . (Londo n an d New York : Routledge, 1999) , 265-75, 272. 12. Al l translations ar e the author' s unless state d otherwise . 13. Th e translatio n i s quote d fro m Alla n Watts , Tao: The Watercourse Way (New York : Pantheon Books , 1975) , 40-1. NOTES TO PAGES 223-231 281

14. Leow , Weiger, Chinese Characters: Their Origin, History, Classification, and Signification, translate d b y L . Davrout, 2n d edn . (Ne w York : Dove r Publications, 1965) , 326. 15. Donn a Haraway, "A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Soeialist - Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century," in Haraway, Simians, Cyborgs, and Women: The Reinvention of Nature (Ne w York: Routledge, 1991) , 177. 16. Cite d in Tamsin Lorraine , Irigaray and Deleuze: Experiments in Visceral Philosophy (Ithac a and London: Cornell University Press , 1999) , 22. 17. Cite d i n Lorraine, 21. 18. Luc e Irigaray, To Be Two, translate d by Monique M . Rhodes (Londo n an d New York : Routledge, 2001) , 57. 19. Luc e Irigaray, "Thi s Se x Which I s Not One, " in Irigaray, This Sex Which Is Not One, translate d by Catherine Porter (Ithac a and New York : Cornell University Press , 1985) , 26. 20. Luc e Irigaray, "When Our Lips Speak Together," in Irigaray, This Sex which Is Not One, 207 . 21. Chel a Sandoval , ""New Sciences : Cyborg Feminism an d the Methodolog y of the Oppresser/'" i n Gray , editor, The Cyborg Handbook, 416 . 22. Sandoval , "Ne w Sciences, " 418-9. 23. Gille s Deleuze, Difference and Repetition, translate d by Paul Patton (Ne w York: Columbia Universit y Press , 1994 ) ,222. 24. Translate d b y Edwar d L . Shaughnessy, J Ching: The Classic of Changes (New York : Ballantine Books , 1996) , 189. 25. Translate d by Shaughnessy , 193 . 26. Shaughnessy' s translate s grea t extrem e a s "grea t constancy " becaus e th e Chinese version he uses read s da heng instea d o f da ji. Bu t he puts i n a note stating that both readings are possible. I prefer da ji, "grea t extreme, " here. 27. Translate d b y Shaughnessy, 199 . 28. Plant , "O n the Matrix," 265. 29. Plant . 30. Ros i Braidotti, Nomadic Subjects: Embodiment and Sexual Difference in Contemporary Feminist Theory (Ne w York : Columbia Universit y Press , 1994), 110 . 31. Braidotti , 4 . 32. Braidotti , 5 . 33. Ros i Braidotti, Metamorphoses: Towards a Materialist Theory of Becoming (Cambridge: Polity Press , 2002), 69. 34. B y saying that has something to contribute to the study o f technoscience, I am no t creatin g anothe r binar y syste m here , Western / Chinese cultures. Even the Chinese texts I have selected for discussion here do not represen t "Chines e culture" a s such; they ar e only representative s of one school o f thought in Chinese philosophy. Moreover, there are othe r 282 NOTES TO PAGES 232-243

modes o f thought i n other civilization s that coincid e with ou r discussio n of zero . The mos t importan t i s India n mathematics . A famou s India n mathematician, Bhaskar a I I (1114-85) , describe s th e rule s dealin g wit h calculations o f zero in his book Siddhanta Siromani. Th e Indian word , sunya, stand s fo r zero , bu t i t isn' t vacanc y o r emptiness, - rather , i t i s receptivity and swelling. (For details, see Robert Kaplan's The Nothing that Is.) I t i s obviou s tha t th e digi t zer o i n India n mathematic s wa s muc h informed b y the concept o f emptiness in Buddhism. I am certain that thi s mode o f thinking in Indian culture also has a lot to contribute to the stud y of technoscience, but thi s i s beyond our scope o f discussion in this paper . 35. Timoth y Kaufman-Osborn , Creatures of Prometheus: Gender and the Politics of Technology

CHAPTER 1 5

1. Ji m Hillier, ed. , Cahiers du Cinema. The 1950s: Neo-Realism, Hollywood, New Wave (Cambridge , MA: Harvard University Press , 1985) , 6. 2. Mauric e Blanchot , Le Livre a Venir (Paris : Gallimard, 1959) . 3. Se e Daniel Bermond , "L a Litterature es t Menacee" (intervie w with Pau l Virlio), Lire (March , 1999) , 46-7. 4. Se e Michel Foucault , Surveiller etpunir (Paris : Gallimard, 1975) . 5. Se e Gilles Deleuze and Felix Guattari, Capitahsme et Schizophrenic 2. Mille Plateaux (Paris : Editions d e Minuit, 1972) . 6. Josep h Sartelle, "Dream s and Nightmares in the Hollywood Blockbuster, " in The Oxford History of (London : Oxford University Press, 1997), 523. A later page reference i n the text i s to this edition . 7. Sartelle , 524 . 8. Se e Roland Barthes , Le degre zero de l'ecriture (Paris : Points, 1972) . 9. Patric k Goldstein, "The Is Hidden No Longer," , 16 October 2001 , Fl, F4-F5. 10. Henr y Chu. " 'Crouching Tiger' Can't Hid e from Ba d Reviews in China, " Los Angeles Times, Januar y 2001, Al & A10. 11. Lorenz a Munoz, "Crouching Tiger Burning Bright a t the Bo x Office," Los Angeles Times, Thursday , 2 1 December 2000 , Al, A26 . 12. Sorin a Diaconescu, "Ridin g the 'tiger,'" Los Angeles Times, Saturday , 9 June 2001, Fl &F18 . 13. Jame s Shamus , cite d i n Kennet h Turan , "Wha t Wome n Fli p Over, " Los Angeles Times, 1 5 December 2000 , Fl, F16 . 14. Christoph e Gans , cite d i n Richar d Natale , "Springin g t o Action," Los Angeles Times, 8 January 2002, Fl, F7-F8. 15. Walte r Mignolo , Local History/Global Designs. Coloniality, Subaltern Knowledges, and Border Thinking, Princeton , NJ : Princeton Universit y Press, 2000. NOTES TO PAGES 245-250 283

CHAPTER 1 6

1. David Bordwell , Jane t Staiger , an d Kristi n Thompson , The Classical Hollywood Cinema: Film Style and Mode of Production to 1960 (New York: Columbia Universit y Press , 1985) , 111. 2. Se e Wheeler Winston Dixon, Disaster and Memory: Celebrity Culture and the Crisis of Hollywood Cinema (Ne w York: Columbia University Press , 1999). 3. Se e Rick Altman, Film/Genre (London : BF I Publishing, 1999) . 4. Se e Susanne Rieser, "Absolu t Action," Film und Kritik, 4 (October, 1999) , 5-20. 5. Se e Yvonne Tasker, Spectacular Bodies: Gender, Genre and the Action Film (London and New York : Routledge, 1993) . 6. Se e Kaj a Silverma n (1988 ) "Masochis m an d Mal e Subjectivity, " Camera Obscura. A Journal of Feminism and Film Theory, 1 7 (1988), 31-6. 7. Se e Mar k Gallagher , "Masculinit y i n Translation : Jacki e Chan' s Transcultural Sta r Text," The Velvet Light Trap, 39 (Spring , 1997) , 23-42. 8. Se e Sam Ho , "License d t o Kic k Men : The Jan e Bond Films," in Stephe n Teo, The Restless Breed: Stars of the Sixties, Th e 20t h Hon g Kong International Film Festival Guide (Hong Kong: Urban Council Press, 1996), 40-53. 9. Richar d Dyer, "Action! " Sight and Sound, 4 (October, 1994) , 8 . 10. Se e Jennifer DeVer e Brody , "The Returns o f Cleopatra Jones," Signs: The Journal of Women in Culture and Society, 2 5 (1999) , 91-122. 11. Michae l P . Rogin, " 'Mak e M y Day!' : Spectacl e a s Amnesia i n Imperia l Politics," in Amy Kapla n an d Donald Pease , editors , Cultures of Imperialism (Durha m an d London : Duke Universit y Press , 1993) , 505. 12. See Susanne Rieser , "Lo s Angeles, Epicenter o f the Cinematic Spectacle, " in Willia m Boelhowe r an d Joh n R . Leo , editors , Working Sites: Texts, Territories, and Cultural Capital in American Cultures (Amsterdam : University o f Amsterdam Press , forthcoming) . 13. Rogin , 507. 14. Se e Christin e Buci-Glucksmann , Baroque Reason: The Aesthetics of Modernity (London : Sage , 1994) . 15. Jea n Baudrillard, Symbolic Exchange and Death (1976 ; London: Sage, 1993), 18. 16. Cite d in Josh Cohen, Spectacular Allegories: Postmodern American Writing and the Politics of Seeing (London : Pluto Press , 1998) , 152 . 17. Se e Ernest o Laclau , New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time (London: Verso, 1990) , and author/interviewer, "Theory , Democracy , an d the Left : A n Intervie w wit h Ernest o Laclau , Carlo s Pessoa , Mart a Hernandez, Seoungwo n Lee , Lasse Thomassen," Umbra: A Journal of the Unconscious, volum e number (2001) , 7-28. 284 NOTES TO PAGES 250-257

18. Se e Jacques Lacan, "Les Quatre Concepts Fondamentaux de la Psychanalyse, in Lacan, Le Seminair: Livre XI (1964 ; Paris: Seuil, 1973) , and Jacques Lacan, "Encore," in Lacan , Le Seminair: Livre XX (1972-73 ; Paris: Seuil, 1975) . 19. Se e Susann e Lummerding , "Weibliche" Asthetik? Moglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Subversion von Codes (Vienna : Passagen Verlag, 1994) , and Susanne Lummerding, Agency!: Cyberspace, Subjektkonstituierung und die Funktion des Politischen (Vienna , Cologne , an d Ne w York : Bohlau , forthcoming). 20. Se e Susanne Lummerding, "Cyberspac e — Konvergenz von Phantasma un d Symptom," in Peter Mortenbock an d Helge Mooshammer, editors , Visuelle Kultur: Korper-Raume-Medien (Vienna , Cologne , and New York : Bohlau , forthcoming); an d Lummerding, Agency! 21. Se e Judith Butler, Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity (London and New York : Routledge, 1990) , and Judith Butler , Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of "Sex" (Ne w York, London: Routledge, 1993). 22. Se e Teres a d e Lauretis , Alice Doesn't: Feminism, Semiotics, Cinema (Bloomington: Indiana Universit y Press , 1984) . 23. Se e Laura Mulvey , "Visua l Pleasur e an d Narrativ e Cinema, " Screen, 1 6 (1975); republished i n Bria n Wallis an d Marci a Tucker , editors , Art after Modernism. Rethinking Representation (Bosto n and New York : The Ne w Museum o f Contemporary Art/Godine, 1986) , 361-74. 24. O n thi s premise th e notion o f "sovereign " spectatorshi p a s such came t o be challenged . Whil e i n fil m theor y debate s aroun d th e issu e o f th e cinematic production o f reality and identity (o r meaning) were long centered around the assumption o f a congruency between the ey e o f the spectato r and th e camer a a s well a s th e attendan t privilege d positio n o f visua l perception and thus an ideal spectator, film theorists like Teresa de Lauretis and Kaj a Silverma n — referring t o Lacan' s distinctio n betwee n th e gaze (the camera ) an d th e ey e (o f th e spectato r — radically questione d th e assumption o f an "exemplary" viewer enjoying an authoritarian, sovereig n position.

AFTERWORD 1. Bukatman , Scott . Terminal Identity: The Virtual Subject in Postmodern Science Fiction. Durham , N.C. : Duke University Press , 1993 . 2. Curry , Michae l R . Digital Places: Living with Geographic Information Technologies. Londo n and New York : Routledge, 1998 . 3. Morse , Margaret . Virtualities: Television, Media Art and Cyberculture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press , 1998 . 4. Jordan , Tim. Cyberpower: The Culture and Politics of Cyberspace and the Internet. Londo n and New York : Routledge, 1999 . NOTES TO PAGES 257-258 285

5. Feenberg , Andrew. Questioning Technology. London : Routledge, 1999 . 6. Mitchell , William J . City of Bits. Cambridge : MIT Press, 1996 . 7. Graham , Stephe n an d Marvin, Simm . Telecommunications and the City: Electronic Space, Urban Spaces. London : Routledge, 1996 . 8. Massumi , Brian . Parables For the Virtual: Movement, Affect, Sensation. Durham an d London : Duke University Press , 2002. Index

2001: Space Odyssey (th e movie) 3 , Baudrillard, Jea n 203 , 249 25, 41, 42-48, 50-5 4 Baxter, Stephe n 127 , 129 , 132 , 13 3 Achebe, Chinua 19 4 The Time Ship 12 9 actor-network 88-89 , 25 7 Bear, Gre g 5 0 African Americans 192-193 , 196, 248 Blood Music 21 4 Akira 6 6 becomings 74 , 79, 82-84, 90, 93, 221, Alien 79, 177-179 , 18 3 225 Amazing Stories 116,12 5 biogenetics 20 9 android 56 , 63, 65, 66, 68, 69, 19 6 bisexuality 24 7 anime 56 , 58, 60, 63, 66, 69, 70 , 133, Blade Runner 31 , 79, 157 , 164 , 240 134 Blanchot, Mauric e 23 5 Armah, Ay i Kwei 19 4 Blaylock, Jame s 12 8 The Healers 19 2 Bowen, Keit h artificial intelligenc e 43-44 , 80, 122, Pontifex 20 0 146-147, 154 , 197 , 217, 240-24 1 Bradbury, Ra y Asian philosophy 157-160 , 16 6 "The Foghorn" 168,170,176,18 2 Asimov, Issa c 20 , 14 3 Braidotti, Ros i 229-23 0 Astounding Science Fiction 120 , 122 Metamorphosis 23 0 Astro Boy 60 , 66 bricoleur 105 , 201-202 Brunner, Joh n 120-121 , 19 7 Babbage, Charles 130 , 215-21 7 Bukatman, Scot t 203-20 4 the Differenc e Engin e 130 , 215- Byatt, A.S. 216 Possession 12 9 Ballantyne, R . M . The Coral Island 209-21 0 Cadigan, Pa t 79, 12 8 Banks, Iain 127 , 210 Campbell, Josep h 26 , 33 The Wasp Factory 21 0 Campbell, Josep h W . 3 4 Barthes, Roland 24 1 Campbell, Josep h W . Jr . 4 7 302 INDEX

Capek, Kare l cyborgist 3 8 R.U.R. 65 cyborgization 55 , 63, 64 War With the Newts 15 2 cyborgologist 5 6 capitalism 130 , 237-23 8 late 29 , 195 , 201, 203-204 Daoism (Taoism ) 157-159 , 166 , 21 1 Carroll, Lewi s 11 5 Darwinism, socia l Darwinis m o f Chan, Jacki e 24 7 craniology an d phrenology 19 1 chaos 84 , 86-87, 108 , 222 De Landa , Manue l 25 8 Chow, Re y 6 1 de Lauretis, Teres a 25 2 "King Kon g Syndrome" 6 1 Delany, Samue l R . 8 , 79 Chungking Express 24 5 Nova 2 0 Clarke, Arthur C . 1 , 31-35, 37, 41, Deleuze, Gille s 82-84 , 93, 218, 223, 43, 44-54 , 122-127 , 129 , 13 2 226-227, 229-230 , 23 8 2001: The Space Odyssey 43 , 12 2 Destination Moon 168 - 170, 174, 186 How the World Was One 1 deterritorialize 22 1 The City and the Stars 31-32 , 34- diaspora 8 , 11 , 51, 80 37, 51, 12 7 Dick, Phili p K . 3 , 127 , 157-166 , 19 6 collective memory 235 , 240 Counter-Clock World 15 7 colonialism Do Androids Dream of Electric neocolonialism 195 , 19 8 Sheep! 19 6 Conrad, Josep h Gather Yourself Together 15 7 Victory 20 8 The Cosmic Puppets 15 7 cosmopolitanism 137 , 19 9 The Crack in Space 15 7 Crash 79, 95 The Man in the High Castle 15 7 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon 10 , Difference and Repetition 22 6 239, 242-243 , 24 7 dislocation 16 , 113 , 125-126 , 250 - Csiscery-Ronay, Istva n Jr . 95 , 96 251, 25 3 cultural studie s 37 , 250, 25 8 dislocation (o f identity) 245 , 249 cyber cracy 19 8 Disneyland 5 7 cyberfeminism 4 , 215-216, 225, 228- Dixon, Wheele r Winsto n 229, 231-232, 25 6 Disaster and Memory 24 6 cybernetic 1 , 3-4, 48 , 55, 73, 85, 90, Doyle, Arthur Cona n 16 8 92, 94 , 217, 25 6 The Lost World 16 8 cyberontology 25 7 Duchamp, Marce l 5 7 cyberpunk 9 , 79, 80, 86, 93, 128, 129, 133 ecologies 11 6 cyberspace 3 , 9, 17 , 39, 47-53, 80, 81, Egan, Gre g 4 , 50 , 127 , 205-21 4 85, 86 , 93, 204, 217, 226, 229, 233, Diaspora 20 8 257 Distress 21 0 cyborg 3 , 38, 39 , 55-71 , 73 , 80, 81, Premutation City 50 , 20 8 82, 88 , 96, 182 , 198 , 204, 216, 224, Teranesia 205-21 1 225, 228-23 0 embodied 58 , 87, 116 , 215, 220, 22 7 cyborgian 38 , 56, 57, 61 disembodied 85 , 86, 87 , 93, 208 cyborgism 3 8 embodiment 58 , 64 , 65 , 66, 71 , 73, 89, 92, 183 , 18 5 INDEX 303

disembodiment 85 , 93, 208 Godzilla vs. Destroy ah 18 3 Emerson, Ralp h Waldo 7 , 25, 21, 25, Godzilla vs. King Ghidorah 180 - 31,39 183, 185-18 6 Emersonian 8 , 9 , 19 , 20, 21, 24, 36 Godzilla vs. Mechagodzilla 17 6 Eurocentric 19 4 Godzilla vs. Monster Zero 174 - 176, 178 , 180 , 18 6 feedback loo p 73 , 85, 88, 90, 96, 97, Godzilla vs. the Smog Monster 99, 100 , 103 , 105 , 106 , 107 , 256 176 feminist fil m theor y 25 2 Godzilla vs. the Thing 17 3 Forster, E . M. Godzilla, King of the Monsters "The Machine Stops " 12 7 170-173, 175 , 178 , 180 , 18 5 Foucault, Miche l 58 , 236 King Kong vs. Godzilla 17 3 Frankenstein 61-6 2 Golding, Willia m Frankenstein Syndrom e 61-62 , 6 9 Lord of the Flies 21 0 Freud, Sigmun d 218 , 220 Gray, Chri s Hable s 55-57 , 6 1 Cyborg Citizen 5 6 Galaxy Science Fiction 144 , 14 6 Greenland, Coli n 12 7 Gee, Maggi e Guattari, Feli x 82-84 , 218, 223, 238 The Ice People 12 8 Gundam 6 0 Gernsback, Hug o 26 , 28 , 31 , 116 , Gunnm 68 125-129, 131-13 4 Guyver 6 3 Ghost in the Shell 6 7 Gibson, William 9 , 17, 31, 39, 50, 52, Haggard, Ride r 80, 85 , 125 , 126 , 128 , 129 , 132 , King Solomon's Mines 19 4 203 Hantke, Stephe n 129 , 13 0 Count Zero 9, 1 7 Haraway, Donn a 38 , 61, 82, 88, 92, "Johnny Mnemonic" 5 2 215, 224 , 225, 228-23 0 "The Gernsback Continuum" 12 5 "A Cyborg Manifesto" 38 , 216, Neuromancer 31 , 85, 203 224 Gladiator 24 5 hard science fiction 47 , 122, 127, 144 global village 1 , 3, 52, 198 , 233, 238- Hayles, N. Katherine 3 , 55, 73, 74, 239 85-90, 92-94, 95, 16 4 globalism 80 , 255 How We Became Posthuman 16 4 globalization 1-4 , 135 , 167, 194, 198, hegemony 13 , 52, 62, 139 , 142 , 233- 200, 233-236 , 238 , 239, 255, 256 234, 236, 23 8 Godzilla 3 , 31, 65, 141, 167-168, 171- Heinlein, Rober t A. 8 , 9, 20-23, 120 , 188, 25 5 168, 169 , 18 3 Godzilla (movie ) 136 , 168, 170-176, "By His Bootstraps" 20 , 21 178-188 "The Man Who Sold the Moon" 8 Gigantis the Fire Monster 17 3 "The Moon is a Hard Mistress" 2 0 Godzilla (1998 ) 168 , 18 4 Rocket Ship Galileo 16 8 Godzilla Millennium 187-18 8 hermaphroditism 71 , 247 Godzilla Raids Again 17 3 hermeneutical circl e 25 5 Godzilla vs. BioUante 179-180 , Heroic Trio IAS, 247 182-183 304 INDEX

Hollywood 66 , 167 , 168 , 233, 234- Jung, Carl 159-16 1 240, 242-243 , 245 , 247 , 248 , 250 , Jurassic Park 171 , 183, 18 5 252, 25 6 Hong Kong 1 , 3, 4, 8, 10 , 14 , 15 , 17, Kaufman-Osborn, Timoth y 23 2 113, 114 , 133 , 134 , 237 , 240 , 242, King Kong 16 8 243, 245 , 247-250, 252 , 255-257, Kipling, Rudyar d 113 , 117-13 4 humanism 81 , 82, 85, 86, 98 Kubrick, Stanle y 41 , 43-48, 51-52 , liberal 9 8 122-124 humanity 2 , 18, 21,22, 31-33, 35-37, kung f u 10 , 11 , 12 , 13 , 18 , 19 , 237, 54, 63, 66, 104 , 140-141, 143 , 145, 241, 242 , 243, 256 147, 149 , 151-156 , 173 , 176 , 186 , 194, 201, 243, 256 La Femme Nikita 1 1 Huxley, Aldou s Laing, Koj o 197-198 , 200-201, 20 3 Island 20 9 Major Gentl and the Achimota hybridism 19 9 Wars 197 , 201 hybridity 58 , 63-64, 71 , 73, 77, 80- Lang, Frit z 81, 198-19 9 Metropohs 28 , 29, 31, 57, 113, 152, 170, 179 , 19 8 idios kosmos 161 , 163-16 4 Latour, Brun o 88-89 , 94 , 256-25 7 imperialism 14 1 Le Corbusier 27-28 , 30, 38 French 18 4 The City of Tomorrow 17 techno- 5 0 Le Guin, Ursula K . 31-35 , 37, 39, 14 3 technocratic 19 1 City of Illusions 31 , 33, 37, 39 informatics 8 5 Lee, Ang 10 , 239, 242-24 3 information 9 , 10 , 13, 20, 29, 30, 57, Lee, Bruce 8 , 10-16 , 23 7 67, 85 , 86 , 87 , 90 , 104 , 106 , 107 , Fists of Fury 11 , 14, 1 5 109, 110 , 119 , 122 , 123 , 124 , 129 , 14-15 , 23, 237 147, 182 , 219 , 233 , 236, 241 , 250, Return of the Dragon 1 2 257 The Chinese Connection 12-14 , highway 7 15, 1 6 Revolution 30 , 13 0 The 1 1 superhighway 8 5 Levi-Strauss, Claud e 201-20 2 intercultural studie s 25 8 lines o f flight 223-225 , 23 0 Internet 1 , 3, 7 , 39, 42, 53, 104, 107, Lovelace, Ada 215-217 , 21 9 192, 193 , 207, 219, 229, 242, 25 7 Lucas, George 132 , 239 Irigaray, Luc e 220 , 224-225, 24 9 The 132 , 180 , 186 , 239 Iyayi, Festus 19 4 Luddism 195 , 200 Luddite 39 , 19 4 Jacquard, Joseph-Mari e 217 , 21 9 Jameson, Fredric 29 , 51, 80, 157 , 204, Macross 6 0 257 manga 56 , 60, 66 , 68-70, 13 3 Jeter, K . W. Marechera, Dambudzo 195-197 , 202- Morlock Nigh t 12 6 203 INDEX 305

The Black Insider 196 , 203 O'Brian, Patric k Marley, Bo b 8 , 10 , 17 , 1 9 The Thirteen-Gun Salute 209-21 0 Marlowe, Christophe r occidentalism 19 9 Dr. Faustus 1 0 Okri, Be n Marquez, Gabrie l Garci a Astonishing the Gods 20 4 Love in the Time of Cholera 19 2 Orphanogenesis 20 8 Massumi, Bria n 25 8 Orwell, Georg e Metcalfe, Bo b 21 9 Nineteen Eighty Four 114 , 238 Mission Impossible 1 0 otherness 73 , 75-77, 79, 81, 84, 89, Mission Impossible 2 1 0 235 modernity 62 , 64, 135 , 192, 194-19 6 counter- 13 6 Patlabor 6 0 modernization 58 , 61, 69, 71 , 135- Picasso, Pablo 5 7 136, 192-19 3 Plant, Sadi e 215-217 , 219-221, 224- monad 7-11 , 14-15 , 17 , 19-21 , 23- 225, 228-22 9 24,26 popular cultur e 8 , 55-56 , 71 , 125 , Moorcock, Michae l 126 , 12 9 188, 237, 24 5 The Warlord of the Air 12 6 postcolonial 173 , 19 5 Moore, Ala n posthuman 54 , 56, 57, 63, 71, 74, 85- "The Leagu e o f Extraordinar y 87, 93-94, 95-96, 196 , 214, 229, Gentlemen" 13 0 posthumanism 79, 82, More, Thoma s posthumanity 219 , 25 6 Utopia 20 9 postmodern 8 , 25, 49, 51, 55, 95, 205, multiplicity 77, 197 , 220-222, 224 - 209, 211,230,24 9 226, 22 8 postmodernism 79 , 203 mutation 82 , 96, 100 , 106 , 205, 206, postmodernity 20 3 208, 210-213, 25 6 Powers, Tim 128 , 12 9 Priest, Christophe r 12 7 Naked Lunch 51 , 79 The Space Machine 12 9 nanocomputing 99 nanoengineering 97, 10 1 Ralph 124C 41+ 125 , 127 , 13 1 nanomachines 10 4 recursive loo p 96, 98 , 99, 103-105 , nanoscale 9 8 109, 11 0 nanosites 98-100 , 105 , 108 , 10 9 rhizome 92 , 223-225, 229-23 0 nanospatiality 10 9 Robinson, Ki m Stanle y 12 7 nanotechnology 95 , 98 Robocop 57, 63, 66 Needham, Josep h robot 35 , 55- 58, 60, 65 , 66, 71 , 85, Science and Civilization in China 87, 125 , 146 , 176 , 177 , 18 3 231 robotopia 5 6 Neon Genesis Evangelion 58 , 60, 63, Rorty, Richar d 9 5 64, 67, 68 , 7 1 Achieving Our Country 95 network 7 , 9 , 38, 39, 45, 88, 89, 91, Rushdie, Salma n 92, 94, 101, 107, 108, 110, 113, 118, Shame 19 6 203, 219 , 226 , 229, 237, 256, 25 7 The Moor's Last Sigh 19 1 Nintendo 57 306 INDEX

Saigyo 6 5 203, 204 , 224 , 225 , 229 , 230 , 231, Sandoval, Chel a 225 , 228 247, 25 2 satellite 7 , 8 , 10 , 14 , 16 , 20, 44, 53, cyborg 55 , 56, 63, 64, 7 1 122, 16 9 human 56 , 5 8 schizophrenia 158 , 160-161 , 16 5 posthuman 7 1 Schuyler, Georg e intersubjectivity 77 Black-No-More 19 2 Surrealism 19 5 Schwarzenegger, Arnol d 24 7 symbiosis 47 , 204, 25 6 Shakespeare, Willia m 9 , 16 , 202 The Tempest 9 Tagomi, Nobosuk e 159 , 161-162 , Noon 245 , 247 165-166 Shelley, Mar y 6 9 Talbot, Brya n 126 , 13 0 Frankenstein, or, The Modern "Heart o f Empire" 13 0 Prometheus 61-62 , 82 , 115 , "Luther Arkwright" 13 0 255 Tao 27 , 159 , 216, 220-223, 227 Silko, Lesli e Marmo n Taoism (Daoism ) 157-159 , 166 , 21 1 Almanac of the Dead 9 5 Taoist 158 , 159 , 160 , 225, 239 Silverberg, Rober t 2 2 technological sublim e 87 , 93 , 193 , Simak, Cliffor d D . 31-35 , 37 204 City 31 , 33, 34 terminal identit y 20 3 simulation 80 , 99, 103 , 104, 106 , 213, territorialize 223-22 4 217 Tetsuwan Atumo [Astr o Boy] 57 , 60, Spielberg, Steve n 183 , 18 5 66, 7 0 Close Encounters of the Third The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms 168 - Kind 18 3 172, 175 , 178 , 18 4 E.T 18 3 The Difference Engine 126 , 12 9 Spivak, Gayatr i Chakravort y 19 6 the Differenc e Engin e 130 , 215, 216 Stableford, Bria n 115 , 12 9 The Fifth Element 3 1 Stapledon, Ola f The Green Snake 24 5 Last and First Men 11 4 The Kiss of the Dragon 1 1 Sirius 15 2 The Matrix 51 , 63, 240-241 Star Trek 60 , 63, 121 , 13 2 The Net 79, 229 steampunk 126 , 128-13 0 The Six Million Dollar Man 18 3 post- 12 9 The Terminator 51 , 68, 79, 183 , 245 proto- 12 9 Thiong'o, Ngug i W a 19 4 Stelarc 5 7 Third Worl d 8 , 61, 196-197, 20 4 Stephenson, Nea l 3 , 95, 103 , 11 0 Third Worl d Feminism 22 8 Diamond Age 95 time travele r 2 2 Snow Crash 95 transvestism 24 7 Sterling, Bruce 8 , 9, 16 , 80, 126 , 128, Turing 103-10 4 129 Twister 245 , 249 Islands in the Net 8 subjectivity 55 , 56, 58, 63, 64, 67, 69, Underpeople 144 , 146-148 , 151-15 6 71, 82 , 86 , 93, 195 , 196 , 197 , 199 , urbanism 26 , 29, 37 INDEX 307

Early 26 , 29, 30 wabi 16 0 Middle 29 , 30 Warrick, Patrici a 157-16 0 disurbanism 3 7 web 7 , 53, 107 , 132 , 200, 219, 23 3 Late 29 , 30, 3 1 Wells, H. G 22 , 114 , 116 , 117 , 120 , post- 3 7 128, 129 , 143 , 153 , 208, 25 5 urbanscape 25 7 Invisible Man 1 0 Utopia 3 , 30 , 95 , 96-107, 109-110 , The Time Machine 22 , 128 , 15 2 127, 155 , 204, 20 9 The War of the Worlds 1 0 distopian 15 5 The Island of Dr. Moreau 152 , mutopia 95-98 , 102 , 106-107 , 208, 21 0 109-100 The Scientific Romances of mutopian 96, 11 0 H. G. Wells 11 4 Utopian 8 , 56 , 95, 96-107, 109 - Whitman, Wal t 3 9 110, 114 , 131 , 194 , 204 Woo, John 10 , 247 utopianism 20 4 Woolf, Virginia 23 0 Wordsworth, Willia m 114 , 116 , 12 0 Vader, Darth 66 Lyrical Ballads 11 4 Verne, Jules 2 , 58-59, 116 , 14 3 Around the World in Eighty Days Yellow Emperor's Classic of 58 Internal Medicine (Huangdi Twenty Thousand Leagues Nei Jing) 23 1 Under the Sea 58-5 9 Yiching ( I Ching o r Book of Virilio, Pau l 204 , 235-236, 241-24 3 Change) 158-162 , 165 , 215, 227- virtual reality 34 , 51,80, 82 , 84, 86, 228 127, 198 , 235, 236, 24 1 synchronicity 160-16 1 virtuality 4 , 84, 86, 89, 93, 193, 196- yin yang 22 8 197, 199 , 203 , 222 , 224-226 , 228 , 256-257 Zen Buddhis m 95 , 158-15 9 Volcano 245 , 249 Zhu, Jianjion g 157-16 0 Zoroastrianism 15 7