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Ocean Venture '92: an Assessment of a Maritime Prepositioning Force/Joint Logistics Over the Shore Instream Offload Exercise

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Ocean Venture '92: an Assessment of a Maritime Prepositioning Force/Joint Logistics Over the Shore Instream Offload Exercise Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1993-06 Ocean venture '92: an assessment of a maritime prepositioning force/joint logistics over the shore instream offload exercise Barrett, Sharon Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/24207 2S?F ^TESCHOOt out MO Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information u estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden to Washington Headquarters Services. Directorate for information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway. Suite 1204. Arlington. VA 22202-4302 and to the Office of Management and Budget. Paperwork Reduction Project (0704-0188). Washington. DC 20503 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT QATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES CQVEfiED. Juneune 1993 Master s Tniesis 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 4. T'^dCg^tyMTURE '92: AN ASSESSMENT OF A MARITIME PREPOSITIONING FORCE/JOINT LOGISTICS OVER THE SHORE INSTREAM OFFLOAD EXERCISE 6. A Barrett, Sharon and Wiley, Janet 7. PEJRfORMiNG ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) PERFORMING ORGANIZATION Naval Postgraduate School REPORT NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING /MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER " ihe views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the official policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION /AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE Approved for public release, distribution is unlimited. 13. ABSTRACT (Maximum 200 words) The movement of supplies from ship to shore to support military forces in or near combat areas has historically been difficult and time consuming. The Marine Corps and the Army have developed their own systems for satisfying their logistical needs. The Marine Corps has embraced the prepositioning concept, while the Army has relied on moving forces and utilizing logistics over the shore capabilities. Regardless of the offload method used, the efficient delivery of containerized cargo and equipment is critical to the establishment of forces ashore. During May 1992, a Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) and Joint Logistics Over the Shore (JLOTS) exercise was conducted at Onslow Beach, North Carolina, to test these delivery systems. Ocean Venture '92 provided a low- to mid-intensity platform for examining MPF and JLOTS capabilities. This thesis presents the organizations and equipment requirements for MPF and JLOTS operations and assesses the effectiveness of Ocean Venture '92 with respect to accomplishing key objectives, problem identification, lessons learned and recommendations for improving future MPF and JLOTS operations. 15. NUMBER OF PAGES Maritime "Prepositioning Force, Joint Logistics Over the Shore, Logistics, JLOTS _L25. 16. PRICE CODE 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev 2-89) Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. OCEAN VENTURE '92: AN ASSESSMENT OF A MARITIME PREPOSITIONING FORCE/JOINT LOGISTICS OVER THE SHORE INSTREAM OFFLOAD EXERCISE by Sharon Barrett Lieutenant, United States Navy B.F.A., University of Cincinnati, 1982 and Janet Wiley Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., Winona State University, 1980 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN MANAGEMENT from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL June 1993 ABSTRACT The movement of supplies from ship to shore to support military forces in or near combat areas has historically been difficult and time consuming. The Marine Corps and the Army have developed their own systems for satisfying their logistical needs. The Marine Corps has embraced the prepositioning concept, while the Army has relied on moving forces and utilizing logistics over the shore capabilities. Regardless of the offload method used, the efficient delivery of containerized cargo and equipment is critical to the establishment of forces ashore. During May 1992, a Maritime Prepositioning Force (MPF) and Joint Logistics Over the Shore (JLOTS) exercise was conducted at Onslow Beach, North Carolina, to test these delivery systems. Ocean Venture '92 provided a low- to mid-intensity platform for examining MPF and JLOTS capabilities. This thesis presents the organizations and equipment requirements for MPF and JLOTS operations and assesses the effectiveness of Ocean Venture '92 with respect to accomplishing key objectives, problem identification, lessons learned and recommendations for improving future MPF and JLOTS operations. in . TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. BACKGROUND 1 B. OCEAN VENTURE '92 SCENARIO 4 C. THESIS OBJECTIVE 9 II. BACKGROUND 10 A. MARITIME PREPOSITIONING FORCE BACKGROUND ... 10 1. MPF Development 10 2. Mission Capabilities 11 3 Concept of Operations and Responsi- bilities 14 B. JOINT LOGISTICS OVER THE SHORE 18 1. Background 18 2. Concept of Operations 19 III. CRISIS FORCE MODULE CONCEPT TESTING 22 A. BACKGROUND OF MPF LOAD CONFIGURATION 22 B. OCEAN VENTURE '92 26 C. EXECUTION 28 D. LESSONS LEARNED 29 IV. MPF OFFLOAD 32 A. GENERAL ORGANIZATION AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 32 B. OFFLOAD OPERATIONS 37 1. Causeway Section, Powered (CSP) 41 2. Causeway Section, Non-powered (CSNP) ... 42 iv . DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOI MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 3. Causeway Ferry 42 4. Side Loadable Warping Tug (SLWT) 43 5. Landing Craft, mechanized (LCM-8) 44 C. OCEAN VENTURE '92 MARITIME PREPOSITIONING FORCE OFFLOAD 45 V. JLOTS OFFLOAD 52 A. GENERAL ORGANIZATION AND CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS 52 1. Command and Control 52 2. JLOTS Ship Characteristics 59 3 Lighterage Assets 65 B. OCEAN VENTURE '92 JLOTS OFFLOAD 69 1. Mission 69 2. Offload Operations 72 VI. LESSONS LEARNED 78 A. ISSUE 1: TRAINING DEFICIENCIES NEGATIVELY IMPACTED OFFLOAD OPERATIONS 78 B. ISSUE 2: ARMY/NAVY INTEROPERABILITY 80 C. ISSUE 3: JLOTS COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS WERE INADEQUATE 82 D. ISSUE 4: MPF OFFLOAD COMMUNICATION EQUIPMENT WAS INADEQUATE 83 E. ISSUE 5: OFFLOAD CHAIN OF COMMAND AND LIGHTERAGE CONTROL NEEDS REEVALUATING 84 F. ISSUE 6: JOINT LIGHTERAGE CONTROL CENTER WAS UNDERMANNED AND UNDEREQUIPPED 85 G. ISSUE 7: COMMUNICATION PLAN NOT DISSEMINATED PROPERLY 87 H. ISSUE 8: INABILITY TO CONDUCT SHIFT CHANGES HAMPERED THE OFFLOAD AND IMPACTED MORALE ... 88 I. ISSUE 9: MPF SHIPS ARE VULNERABLE TO SMALL BOAT TERRORIST THREAT 90 J. ISSUE 10: EXCESS PERSONNEL ON SHIPS CAUSED COAST GUARD VIOLATIONS AND BERTHING PROBLEMS 91 K. ISSUE 11: IMPACT OF LOCAL ENVIRONMENT ON OPERATIONS 93 L. ISSUE 12: SAFETY 94 M. ISSUE 13: NAVY AND ARMY UNITS HAVE REDUNDANT CAPABILITIES 96 VII. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 97 A. SUMMARY 97 B. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 101 1. Conclusions 101 2. Recommendations 102 APPENDIX A LIST OF ACRONYMS 103 APPENDIX B OCEAN VENTURE TASK FORCE LIST 106 APPENDIX C BEACH LAYOUT 108 APPENDIX D OPERATIONAL SUMMARY OF THE MEB AND MPSRONS 109 APPENDIX E OCEAN VENTURE/JLOTS RISK ASSESSMENT .... 112 LIST OF REFERENCES - 116 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 118 vi . I . INTRODUCTION A. BACKGROUND Seal ift has been, and continues to be, the primary means of transportation to support deployment of U.S. forces overseas. In peacetime, these supplies are distributed through host-nation port facilities. However, during times of conflict or humanitarian need where port facilities access is denied or unavailable, cargo must be moved from ships anchored offshore to inland distribution points. This type of operation is known as Logistics over the shore (LOTS) LOTS operations are conducted over unimproved shorelines, through fixed ports partially destroyed by combat action, through shallow draft ports not accessible to deep draft vessels, and through fixed ports that are inadequate without utilizing supplemental LOTS capabilities. A typical LOTS operation may include loading and unloading of breakbulk materials, roll-on/roll-off vehicles, containers, and bulk fuel and water from ships in the theater of operations. Also included are shoreside operations, stevedoring, water and fuel hoseline operations, and the operation of ships, watercraft, and lighterage in the loading and unloading area. (Somers, 1984) The two primary missions for LOTS equipment are assault and logistics. During an amphibious assault, the U.S. Navy coordinates supply requirements. After the initial assault phase, each service is responsible for establishing its own logistics system. The environment for an assault is tactical and hostile, compared to logistics operations which take place in a benign environment. Cargo for an assault landing force provides minimum essential equipment. However, logistics resupply or buildup of forces consists of large volumes of equipment which require a heavy lifting capability. (Vargo, 1977) The movement of supplies from ship to shore to support military forces has historically been difficult and time consuming. The arrival of the container ship in the 1950 's brought speed, efficiency, and fundamental changes to the U.S. merchant marine fleet. This new capability
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