DOCSLIB.ORG

Women's Autonomy in Changing Economic Scenarios

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Women's Autonomy in Changing Economic Scenarios Women’s autonomy in changing economic scenarios XIV Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean Santiago, 27—31 January 2020 Thank you for your interest in this ECLAC publication ECLAC Publications Please register if you would like to receive information on our editorial products and activities. When you register, you may specify your particular areas of interest and you will gain access to our products in other formats. www.cepal.org/en/publications ublicaciones www.cepal.org/apps Foreword Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Alicia Bárcena Executive Secretary Mario Cimoli Deputy Executive Secretary Raúl García-Buchaca Deputy Executive Secretary for Management and Programme Analysis Mario Castillo Officer in Charge, Division for Gender Affairs Ricardo Pérez Chief, Publications and Web Services Division This document was prepared by the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) for the fourteenth session of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, 27–31 January 2020). This document was prepared under the supervision of Mario Castillo, Officer in Charge of the Division for Gender Affairs of ECLAC, and María Lucía Scuro, Social Affairs Officer of the same Division. Iliana Vaca Trigo of that Division was responsible for the overall coordination of the document. The drafting work was carried out by Nicole Bidegain, Diana Rodríguez, María Lucía Scuro and Iliana Vaca Trigo of the Division for Gender Affairs. The following staff members, consultants and interns of the Division provided substantive inputs, statistical processing or valuable comments: Paula Aghon, Francesca Bagala, Amparo Bravo, Lucía Cirmi, Marta Dell’Aquila, Nicolás Grimblatt, Shreya Kumra, Hayley Leulorec, Carolina Miranda, Consuelo Mucientes, Carolina Muñoz, Francisca Orellana, Valentina Pineda, Vivian Souza, Alejandra Valdés, Ana Catalina Valencia, María Elena Valenzuela, Belén Villegas and Tina Vrh. The authors are grateful for the comments and contributions to the different chapters provided by Laís Abramo, Alberto Arenas, Itza Castañeda, Raquel Coello, Carlos de Miguel, Alma Espino, Alicia Frohmann, Lydia Rosa Gény, Vivian Milosavljevic, Esteban Pérez Caldentey, and Corina Rodríguez Enríquez. Special thanks are extended to the specialists and staff members of the Americas and the Caribbean Regional Office of the United Nations Entity for Gender Equality and the Empowerment of Women (UN-Women) for their contributions. The document includes valuable contributions from ministers and senior officials in charge of the mechanisms for the advancement of women in Latin America and the Caribbean, made during the fifty-eighth meeting of the Presiding Officers of the Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean (Santiago, January 2019), and the preparatory meetings for the fourteenth Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean held with the Caribbean countries (18 June 2019), the Central American countries and Mexico United Nations publication (26 June 2019) and the South American countries (27 June 2019), as well as in the discussions and exchanges within the framework of the LC/CRM.14/3 experts dialogue on economic challenges from a gender perspective, organized by ECLAC and the United Nations Development Programme Distribution: G (UNDP) (Santiago, 10 and 11 June 2019). Copyright © United Nations, 2019 The document was also prepared on the basis of information presented in the national reports submitted by the countries for the comprehensive review process 25 years after the adoption of the Beijing Declaration and Platform for Action, and the national progress All rights reserved reports on the application of the Montevideo Strategy for Implementation of the Regional Gender Agenda within the Sustainable Printed at United Nations, Santiago Development Framework by 2030. S.19-00722 This publication should be cited as: Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Women’s autonomy in changing economic scenarios (LC/CRM.14/3), Santiago, 2019. Applications for authorization to reproduce this work in whole or in part should be sent to the Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC), Publications and Web Services Division, [email protected]. Member States and their governmental institutions may reproduce this work without prior authorization, but are requested to mention the source and to inform ECLAC of such reproduction. 2 Women’s autonomy in changing economic scenarios Foreword Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................................................................... 9 Part 1 Gender (in) equality in Latin America and the Caribbean ................................................................................. 13 Chapter I Advances in gender equality and women’s autonomy in Latin America and the Caribbean ...........................15 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 17 A. More than four decades advancing towards gender equality and women’s autonomy ..................................... 18 1. Regional Conference on Women in Latin America and the Caribbean: building the Regional Gender Agenda ................................................................................................................... 18 2. Montevideo Strategy: from a commitment to gender equality to transformative public action ............................................................................................................................................. 19 B. Implementation of the Regional Gender Agenda................................................................................................. 20 1. Institutional advances to achieve gender equality .................................................................................. 20 2. Advances in economic autonomy ............................................................................................................ 21 3. Advances in physical autonomy............................................................................................................... 22 4. Advances in autonomy in decision-making ............................................................................................. 24 C. Challenges for gender equality and women’s autonomy in the region ............................................................... 26 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 27 Chapter II Regional heterogeneity: intersectionality poses a challenge to gender equality in Latin America and the Caribbean ..................................................................................................................... 31 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 33 A. The overall decrease in poverty levels is not reflected among women .............................................................. 34 B. Inequality from childhood to old age: a woman’s life cycle ................................................................................ 36 C. From rural to urban areas: how territory can worsen gender inequality ............................................................. 38 D. Indigenous and Afrodescendent women are overlooked..................................................................................... 40 E. Heterogeneity in machineries for the advancement of women .......................................................................... 44 Bibliography ................................................................................................................................................................ 45 Part 2 Changing economic scenarios .............................................................................................................................. 47 Chapter III Economic and financial globalization: impact on the economic autonomy of women in Latin America and the Caribbean ..................................................................................................................... 49 Introduction ................................................................................................................................................................. 51 A. International trade and gender equality............................................................................................................... 52 1. Some of the linkages between production structure, export pattern and occupational gender segregation .................................................................................................................................. 52 2. Export promotion initiatives for women-led companies ......................................................................... 56 3. Gender equality and trade agreements: tensions and synergies ............................................................ 59 3 Contents Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) B. Financial systems and women’s economic autonomy ........................................................................................
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Mainstreaming Gender Equality
    AFRICAN DEVELOPMENT BANK GROUP WORKING PAPER MAINSTREAMING GENDER EQUALITY: A ROAD TO RESULTS OR A ROAD TO NOWHERE? AN EVALUATION SYNTHESIS OPERATIONS EVALUATION DEPARTMENT (OPEV) MAY 2011 MAINSTREAMING GENDER EQUALITY: A ROAD TO RESULTS OR A ROAD TO NOWHERE? AN EVALUATION SYNTHESIS 2 The views and interpretations expressed in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent those of the African Development Bank or the Operations Evaluation Department. “We’re on a road to nowhere Come on inside. Takin’ that ride to nowhere We’ll take that ride.” 1 Talking Heads: Road To Nowhere2 (1985) 1 Byrne, D., Weymouth, T., Frantz, C., and Harrison, J. (1985) 2 Cover Photo: “A Road to Results or A Road to Nowhere?”, Northern Kenya 2003. © Lee Alexander Risby 3 Contents Acknowledgement 4 Abbreviations 5 1. Main Conclusions and Options 6 2. Evaluation Synthesis Framework 12 3. Concepts and Context: A Brief Overview of Gender Mainstreaming 17 4. Gender Mainstreaming: Intentions and Practice 23 4.1 Procedures and Practice 4.2 Leadership: The Critical Factor 4.3 Resources for Delivery 4.4 Accountability and Incentives 4.5 Results Reporting 5. Challenges and Options for Gender Mainstreaming 58 5.1 A Place for Gender in the New Aid Architecture? 5.2 The Roots of Mainstreaming Failure 5.3 Good Practice and Options – What Next for Gender? Annex 1. List of Evaluations 72 Annex 2. Supplementary Non-Evaluative reports and articles 74 4 Acknowledgements The analysis and preparation of the report was undertaken by Lee Alexander Risby, Principal Evaluation Officer at the African Development Bank, and David Todd, Consultant.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Inequality and Restrictive Gender Norms: Framing the Challenges to Health
    Series Gender Equality, Norms, and Health 1 Gender inequality and restrictive gender norms: framing the challenges to health Lori Heise*, Margaret E Greene*, Neisha Opper, Maria Stavropoulou, Caroline Harper, Marcos Nascimento, Debrework Zewdie, on behalf of the Gender Equality, Norms, and Health Steering Committee† Lancet 2019; 393: 2440–54 Gender is not accurately captured by the traditional male and female dichotomy of sex. Instead, it is a complex social Published Online system that structures the life experience of all human beings. This paper, the first in a Series of five papers, investigates May 30, 2019 the relationships between gender inequality, restrictive gender norms, and health and wellbeing. Building upon past http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/ work, we offer a consolidated conceptual framework that shows how individuals born biologically male or female S0140-6736(19)30652-X develop into gendered beings, and how sexism and patriarchy intersect with other forms of discrimination, such as See Comment pages 2367, 2369, 2371, 2373, and 2374 racism, classism, and homophobia, to structure pathways to poor health. We discuss the ample evidence showing the This is the first in a Series of far-reaching consequences of these pathways, including how gender inequality and restrictive gender norms impact five papers about gender health through differential exposures, health-related behaviours and access to care, as well as how gender-biased health equality, norms, and health research and health-care systems reinforce and reproduce gender inequalities, with serious implications for health. *Joint first authors The cumulative consequences of structured disadvantage, mediated through discriminatory laws, policies, and †Members of the Steering institutions, as well as diet, stress, substance use, and environmental toxins, have triggered important discussions Committee are listed at the end about the role of social injustice in the creation and maintenance of health inequities, especially along racial and of this Series paper socioeconomic lines.
    [Show full text]
  • The Political and Social Economy of Care in a Development Context Conceptual Issues, Research Questions and Policy Options
    The Political and Social Economy of Care in a Development Context Conceptual Issues, Research Questions and Policy Options Shahra Razavi Gender and Development United Nations Programme Paper Number 3 Research Institute June 2007 for Social Development This United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD) Programme Paper has been produced with the support of the International Development Research Centre (IDRC, Canada) and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC). UNRISD also thanks the governments of Denmark, Finland, Mexico, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom for their core funding. Copyright © UNRISD. Short extracts from this publication may be reproduced unaltered without authorization on condition that the source is indicated. For rights of reproduction or translation, application should be made to UNRISD, Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland. UNRISD welcomes such applications. The designations employed in UNRISD publications, which are in conformity with United Nations practice, and the presentation of material therein do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of UNRISD con- cerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The responsibility for opinions expressed rests solely with the author(s), and publication does not constitute endorse- ment by UNRISD. ISSN 1994-8026 Contents Acronyms ii Acknowledgements ii Summary/Résumé/Resumen iii Summary iii Résumé iv Resumen vi Introduction 1 1. The “Invisible” or “Other” Economy: The Contribution of Feminist Economics 3 Making visible “the invisible” 4 From domestic labour to care 6 Accumulation, paid work and unpaid care work 8 Mixing “love” and “money”: Implications for the quality of care? 15 2.
    [Show full text]
  • Degrowth Through Income and Wealth Caps?
    Degrowth through Income and Wealth Caps? Introduction Ecological collapse and extreme and growing economic inequality threaten human civilization as we know it. On the one hand, a number of planetary boundaries are being transgressed. As a consequence, the preconditions for human beings and other species to thrive are rapidly being undermined. On the other hand, economic wealth has to an unprecedented level been concentrated on a few hands while a very large number of people do not have the means to satisfy even their basic human needs (Gough 2017; Raworth 2017; Robinson 2014). Comparative studies into the links between economic growth, material resource use and carbon emissions have indicated that there is no evidence for an absolute decoupling of these parameters (Fritz and Koch 2016; O’Neill et al. 2018). Yet such a decoupling would be required for the rich countries to be able to meet the CO2 emission targets they have given themselves to keep climate change within certain limits. In this situation, approaches that deprioritize economic growth in policy-making are becoming increasingly popular. Above all, ‘degrowth’ scholars call for transitions towards socio-economic systems that would function within ecological boundaries through reductions in the matter and energy throughput of production and consumption patterns while being socially equitable. The eco-social policy instruments needed for such transitions – inter alia work sharing, time-banks, job guarantees, complementary currencies and debt auditing – are intensely debated. Frequent reference has also been made to minimum income schemes and maximum limits on wealth and income as policy tools that can potentially be used to tackle issues related to social inequality during a degrowth transition (e.g., Alexander 2015; Buch-Hansen 2014).
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstreaming Women, Equating Men: Charting an Inclusionary Approach to Transformative Development in the African Decade for Women
    DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ldd.v15i1.2 Mainstreaming women, equating men: Charting an inclusionary approach to transformative development in the African decade for women DEJO OLOWU Research Professor (Public Law & Legal Philosophy), North-West University (Mafikeng Campus) 1 INTRODUCTION In time past, developmental efforts tended to focus on either men or women but seldom on both.1 For decades, therefore, development assistance often took the form of providing technologies, loans and training to men.2 Starting in the early 1970s, however, analysts pointed out the need to pay more attention to women as agents of development.3 The initial focus was to direct more resources to women and, later, focus attention more broadly on gender dynamics and inequalities.4 The global movement for gender equality itself has undergone a similar shift over the course of time, from an early emphasis on women alone to the recognition of the need to engage men in the process. Since the mid-1990s men’s role in progress towards gender mainstreaming has been the subject of growing international commitments and activity. In the Beijing Declaration and Platform of Action, adopted by the Fourth World Conference on Women in 1995, governments expressed their resolve to encourage men to participate fully in actions towards gender mainstreaming. This resolve was made in the follow-up meeting, otherwise known as Beijing+5, in 2000. The role of men and boys has also been addressed at other intergovernmental platforms, including the World Summit on Social Development, 1995 and its review session in 2000, as well as the special session of the United Nations (UN) General Assembly on HIV/AIDS in 1 See Jahan R The elusive agenda: Mainstreaming women in development Zed Books (1995) 5-7.
    [Show full text]
  • Capital Flight and the Hollowing out of the Philippine Economy in the Neoliberal Regime
    Munich Personal RePEc Archive Capital Flight and the Hollowing Out of the Philippine Economy in the Neoliberal Regime Beja, Edsel Jr. Ateneo de Manila University May 2006 Online at https://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/4830/ MPRA Paper No. 4830, posted 12 Sep 2007 UTC EDSEL L. BEJA JR. 55 Kasarinlan: Philippine Journal of Third World Studies 2006 21 (1): 55-74 Capital Flight and the Hollowing Out of the Philippine Economy in the Neoliberal Regime EDSEL L. BEJA JR. ABSTRACT. Capital flight is the movement of capital from a resource-scarce developing country to avoid social controls, measured as net unrecorded capital outflow. Capital flight from the Philippines was USD 16 billion in the 1970s, USD 36 billion in the 1980s, and USD 43 billion in the 1990s. Indeed these figures are significant amounts of lost resources that could have been utilized to generate additional output and jobs. Capital flight from the Philippines followed a revolving-door process—that is, capital inflows were used to finance the capital outflows. This process became more pronounced with financial liberalization in the 1990s. With these results, we argue that capital flight resulted in the hollowing out of the Philippine economy and, more important, neoliberal policies underpinned the process. KEYWORDS. capital flight · external debt · revolving door · Philippine economy INTRODUCTION Proponents of neoliberalism argue that the neoliberal regime guarantees an economic environment that is stable, rapidly growing and developing, and so globalization, or even the freer reign of markets, will take care of basic human needs, including human development.1 Moreover, it is argued that a neoliberal environment benefits everyone rather than only an influential segment in society.
    [Show full text]
  • Capital Flight from Africa: What Is to Be Done?
    Capital Flight from Africa: What is to be Done? Statement to the Joint Meeting of the United Nations General Assembly and the Economic and Social Council on Illicit Financial Flows and Development Financing in Africa United Nations Headquarters, 23 October 2015 James K. Boyce Department of Economics & Political Economy Research Institute University of Massachusetts Amherst Thank you for inviting me to present this statement. I will focus my remarks this morning on capital flight from Africa and policy responses to this challenge. Capital flight and illicit financial flows The terms 'capital flight' and 'illicit financial flows' sometimes are used interchangeably, but they are distinct concepts. Capital flight is usually defined as unrecorded capital outflows and measured as the missing residual in the balance of payments, after corrections for underreported external borrowing and trade misinvoicing. All capital flight is illicit, but not all illicit financial flows are capital flight. Capital flight is illicit by virtue of illegal acquisition, transfer, holding abroad, or some combination of the three. Illicitly acquired capital is money obtained through embezzlement, bribes, extortion, tax evasion, or criminal activities. Wealth acquired by these means is often transferred abroad clandestinely in an effort to evade legal scrutiny as to its origins. Illicitly transferred funds are outflows not reported to government authorities. Mechanisms include smuggling of bank notes, clandestine wire transfers, and falsification of trade invoices. Illicitly held funds are assets whose earnings are not declared as income to national authorities of the owner's country. The concealment of foreign holdings may be 2 motivated by the desire to evade prosecution for illicit acquisition of the funds, or by taxation evasion, or both.
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Equality Backlash
    Gender Equality Backlash Ms Ljiljana Loncar Adviser to the Deputy Prime Minister and President of the Coordination body for Gender Equality May 2019, GEC, Strasbourg Gender Equality Backlash Visible drive across continents Concern that gender equality has moved too fast, aided by “gender fatigue” Seeing further advances in gender equality as a “non-issue” Tired of hearing about it and want it to be “done” Gender Equality Backlash #Metoo has been blamed for men being afraid to mentor women Women are told to “lean in” – to focus on empowering individuals rather than women in general Gender Equality Backlash In recent decades, we have seen remarkable progress on women’s rights and leadership in some areas. But these gains are far from complete or consistent – and they have already sparked a troubling backlash from an entrenched patriarchy. Gender equality is fundamentally a question of power. We live in a male-dominated world with a male-dominated culture. Only when we see women’s rights as our common objective, a route to change that benefits everyone, will we begin to shift the balance.A.Guterres,UN Secretary-General Gender Equality Backlash At EU level Gender Equality Index shows: Marginal progress in the last decade (2005-2015), persistent inequalities: 2/3 of EU countries are below EU average “Women’s rights in Turbulent Times”, on the agenda of the 2017 Annual Colloquium of Fundamental Rights organized by the EC Gender Equality Backlash, FRA More subtle forms of sexism increasingly question gender equality Modern antifeminism,
    [Show full text]
  • Measuring Capital Flight: Estimates and Interpretations
    Working Paper 194 Measuring Capital Flight: Estimates and Interpretations Benu Schneider March 2003 Overseas Development Institute 111 Westminster Bridge Road London SE1 7JD UK Acknowledgements This paper is the first part of a project on Capital Flight from Developing Countries. The project is funded by ESCOR, Department for International Development, UK and we gratefully acknowledge their financial support. The UK Department for International Development (DFID) supports policies, programmes and projects to promote international development. DFID provided funds for this study as part of that objective but the views and opinions expressed are those of the author alone. The author would like to thank Mathieu Sampson and Benno Ferrarini for their research assistance. ISBN 0 85003 633 X © Overseas Development Institute 2002 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publishers. ii Contents Acknowledgements ii Tables and Figures v Abstract vi 1 Introduction 1 2 Defining capital flight 3 2.1 Preferred definition 3 2.2 An overview of definitions of capital flight in the literature 3 2.3 The broad definition of capital flight 4 2.4 Capital flight defined as a response to discriminatory treatment of domestic capital 5 2.5 Defining capital flight as an illegal transaction 6 3 Methods to measure capital flight 8 3.1 Broad measure of capital flight
    [Show full text]
  • Gender Away: Feminists Marooned in the Development Business
    Mainstreaming Gender or “Streaming” Gender Away: Feminists Marooned in the Development Business Maitrayee Mukhopadhyay 1 Introduction and technical assistance in development policy and This article is about taking stock of experiences of practice. My job involves working with international mainstreaming gender. It addresses two related organisations, national governments and national concerns. First, that after three decades of feminist and international non-governmental organisations activism in the field of development – both at the (NGOs) to integrate a gender perspective in policy level of theory and practice – most development and practice. In this article, I use my own experiences institutions have still to be constantly reminded of to interrogate how the concerns of feminists from the need for gender analysis in their work, policy- similar locations with the political project of equality makers have to be lobbied to “include” the “g” word are being normalised in the development business and even our own colleagues need convincing that as an ahistorical, apolitical, de-contextualised and integrating a gender analysis makes a qualitative technical project that leaves the prevailing and difference. Second, by constantly critiquing their unequal power relations intact. This normalisation own strategies, feminist advocates have changed is happening at both the level of discourse and their approaches, but institutional change continues material practice. to be elusive (except in a few corners). Gender and development advocates cannot be 2 Gender mainstreaming: the bold faulted for their technical proficiency.1 Making a new strategy case for gender and development, developing and Mainstreaming was the overall strategy adopted in implementing training programmes, frameworks, Beijing to support the goal of gender equality.
    [Show full text]
  • Brazil: Capital Flight, Illicit Flows, and Macroeconomic Crises, 1960-2012
    Brazil: Capital Flight, Illicit Flows, and Macroeconomic Crises, 1960-2012 Dev Kar September 2014 Brazil: Capital Flight, Illicit Flows, and Macroeconomic Crises, 1960-2012 Dev Kar1 September 2014 Global Financial Integrity Wishes to Thank the Ford Foundation for Supporting this Project 1. Dev Kar is Global Financial Integrity’s Chief Economist, having formerly served as a Senior Economist at the International Monetary Fund. Brian LeBlanc assisted with the data analysis, and Joshua Simmons contributed to the policy analysis. Raymond Baker, Christine Clough, Clark Gascoigne, Taylor Le, Channing May, and Melissa O’Brien also supported this project. We are pleased to present here our report, Brazil: Capital Flight, Illicit Flows, and Macroeconomic Crises, 1960-2012. Illicit financial outflows averaged US$14.7 billion per year for the period from 2000 to 2009. For the period from 2010 to 2012, illicit financial outflows increased to an average of US$33.7 billion per year. These outflows constitute about 1.5 percent of Brazil’s growing GDP for both of these periods. In terms of total magnitude, the country is seventh among developing countries, all of which suffer from this phenomenon. GFI’s analysis is based on data filed by Brazil with the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, enabling a breakdown of unrecorded outflows into balance of payments leakages and trade misinvoicing. Balance of payments leakages have across the decades generally been on the order of 10 to 20 percent of the total, meaning that trade misinvoicing generally accounts for 80 to 90 percent of the drainage of capital from the country.
    [Show full text]
  • Mainstreaming Gender in Development a Critical Review
    Mainstreaming Gender in Development A Critical Review Edited by Fenella Porter and Caroline Sweetman O Oxfam The books in Oxfam's Focus on Gender series were originally published as single issues of the journal Gender and Development, which is published by Oxfam three times a year. It is the only European journal to focus specifically on gender and development issues internationally, to explore the links between gender and development initiatives, and to make the links between theoretical and practical work in this field. For information about subscription rates, please apply to Routledge Publishing, T & F Informa UK Ltd., Sheepen Place, Colchester, Essex, OC3 3LP, UK. Tel: +44 (0) 207 017 5544; Fax: +44 (0) 207 017 5198. In North America, please apply to Routledge Publishing, Taylor and Francis Inc., Customer Services Department, 325 Chestnut Street, 8th Floor, Philadelphia, PA 19106, USA; Fax +1 800821 8312. [email protected] www.tandf.co.uk/journals The views expressed in this book are those of the individual contributors, and not necessarily those of the Editor or the Publisher. Front cover: Oxfam workshop for literacy teachers in East Timor. Photo: Annie Bungeroth/Oxfam First published by Oxfam GB in 2005 This edition transferred to print-on-demand in 2007 © Oxfam GB 2005 ISBN 0 85598 551 8 A catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. All rights reserved. Reproduction, copy, transmission, or translation of any part of this publication may be made only under the following conditions: • with the prior written permission of the publisher; or • with a licence from the Copyright Licensing Agency Ltd., 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1P 9HE, UK, or from another national licensing agency; or • for quotation in a review of the work; or • under the terms set out below.
    [Show full text]