1. Dental Lateral Approximant: There Is Contact Between the Tip of the Tongue and the Upper Teeth; the Air Moves Over the Sides of the Tongue

CONSONANTS (continued)

LIQUIDS LATERALS: 1. Dental lateral approximant: There is contact between the tip of the tongue and the upper teeth; the air moves over the sides of the tongue. health [l∞]

2. Alveolar lateral approximant: [l] 3. Retroflex lateral approximant: There is contact between the sublamina (=underblade) and the postalveolar region. The tip of the tongue is curled back; the air moves over the sides of the tongue.

[Æ ] e.g. in Malayalam 4. Palatal lateral approximant: There is contact between the anterodorsum and the palate; the air moves over the sides of the tongue. [Ò]

Spanish: pollo [Ò] chicken

Italian: bigletto [Ò] ticket

RHOTIC APPROXIMANTS 1. Alveolar rhotic approximant: [®]

1 2. Retroflex rhotic approximant: The sublamina approximates the postalveolar region while the tip of the tongue is curled back. [ï]

FLAPS The active articulator (tip of the tongue) strikes the place of articulation, and after momentary contact it immediately withdraws.

MOMENTARY CONTACT BETWEEN TWO ARTICULATORS!

Alveolar flaps: the tip of the tongue makes momentary contact with the alveolar ridge. Common in North American English:

[‰] alveolar flap (voiced)

Betty, writer, rider [‰]

TRILLS One articulator is held loosely near to another so that the flow of air between them sets one of the articulators (e.g. the tongue) in motion, alternately sucking them together and blowing them apart. There are usually three vibrating movements in a typical trill. 1. Alveolar trill: apex articulators alveolar ridge

[r] (voiced) Finnish: raha [r] money

2 2. Uvular trill: dorsum articulators uvula

[R] (voiced) It occurs in some varieties of French instead of the uvular fricative.

TAPS One articulator makes momentary contact with another, then moves quickly to the next articulation. Taps may also be described as trills with only one vibratory movement.

Spanish contrasts dental taps with dental trills: pero [‰∞] but perro [r∞] dog

AFFRICATES 1. Bilabial affricates: A bilabial stop is released into a labiodental fricative.

[píf] voiceless bilabial affricate

German: pfanne bowl [píf]

pflug plough [píf]

3 2. Alveolar affricates: An alveolar stop is released into an alveolar fricative. [tís] voiceless

[díz] voiced

knots [tís]

leads [díz]

German: zahl [tís] number

Hungarian bodza [díz] elderberry

3. Palatoalveolar (alveopalatal or postalveolar) affricates:

[tíß]

[díΩ]