FAMILIA Y PODER · EN NUEVA Eseana Memoria Del Tercer Simposio De Historia De Las Mentalidades Seminario De Historia De Las Mentalidades

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FAMILIA Y PODER · EN NUEVA Eseana Memoria Del Tercer Simposio De Historia De Las Mentalidades Seminario De Historia De Las Mentalidades ... FAMILIA Y PODER · EN NUEVA ESeANA Memoria del Tercer Simposio de Historia de las Mentalidades Seminario de Historia de las Mentalidades COLECCION CIENTIFICA 3U4G2 ~milia y poder en Nueva Espana Mernoria del Tercer Sirnposio de Historia de las Mentalidades ~minario de Historia de las Mentalidades l I Serie H,storia lnstituto Nacional de Antropologla e Historia po,vRe,1oli)' J"vi/l ~ - 6vt.l!lr I 'Pl 0 1 EdiciOn: Antonio Guzman V. y Lourdes Martfnez 0. Portada: Serie Castas num. 1 (detalle) An6nimo, siglo XVIII. Oleo/tela Colecci6n Banco Nacional de Mexico Cortesfa de Fomento Cultural Banamex, A. C. Primera edici6n: 1991 © lnstituto Naclonal de Antropolog(a e Historia C6rdoba 45, Col. Roma, Mexico, D.F. lmpreso y hecho en Mexico ISB N-961:Hl487-68-9 lndice I Agradecimientos 7 lntroducci6n 9 Matrimonios hispano-indios en el primer siglo de la Colonia Pedro Carrasco 11 El papel del estado en la organizaci6n economica de la familia campesina en el Mexico central durante el siglo XVI Teresa Rojas Rabiela 23 ii La familia indfgena noble y la conservaci6n de un poder disminuido Jose Ruben Romero Galvan 35 Matrimonios, alianzas y mitos Alfredo Lopez Austin 43 El poder de los mercaderes. La Mixteca alta: del siglo XVI a los primeros aiios del XVIII Ma. de las Angeles Romero Frizzi 49 Las familias de comerciantes en el trafico transpacifico en el siglo XVII I Carmen Yuste 63 El papel de la familia en la organizaci6n empresarial en la Nueva Espana John E. Kicza 75 i Terc,;r simposio de historia de las mentalidades I Marfa Teresa Huerta 87 Pobres y poderosos. Los franciscanos en Yucatan, 1545-1571 Stella Gonzalez Cicero 91 I C/rculos de poder en la Guadalajara del siglo XVII Thomas Calvo 103 Una familia, una region. Los de la Canal de San Miguel el Grande en el siglo XVII I Esteban Sanchez de Tagle 115 Las grandes familias novohispanas: poder politico y condiciones econ6micas Juan Pedro Viqueira 125 Padres e hijos. Voluntades en conflicto (Mexico, siglo XVII) Marla de Lourdes Villafuerte Garcia 133 Tres matronas del siglo XVIII y su influencia en la vida conyugal de los hijos Dolores Enciso Rojas 143 El amancebamiento en los siglos XVI y XVII: un medio eventual de medrar Solange Alberro 155 Relaciones familiares y mecanismos de poder* Fran~is Delaporte 167 Familias, santos y capellanias: bienes espirituales y estrategias famitiares en la sociedad indigena, siglos XVII y XVIII Serge Gruzinski 173 Poderosos, parentelas y clientelas: reminiscencias medievales y modemidad en la Zacatecas de siglo XVIII Frederique Langue 181 • Introduccion Como lo venfamos intuyendo desde el primer simposio de Historia de las Mentalidades en 1981, la problematica de la Familia desemboca mas tempra­ no que tarde en la del poder. Este dista mucho de ser un atributo definido con propiedades estables y especfficas: es ante todo una relaci6n, sometida, por lo tanto, como todas las relaciones, a la dinamica azarosa que nace del manejo humano de las contingencias. Por ello, el poder es proteico. Puede abarcar desde el desplante mas brutal -la muerte dada o el sufrimiento in­ fligido de los tiempos de conquista, de dominaci6n descarnado o de repre­ si6n-, hasta el consejo insinuado en la sombra del confesionario y el chanta· je sentimental destilado en el seno del hogar. Pero (casi) nunca la relaci6n re­ sulta ser totalmente un(voca y los indigenas que se suicidaron, las mujeres que abortaron voluntariamente y los esclavos que se quitaron la vida o sabo­ tearon su fuerza de trabajo mutilandose, manifestaron de manera parad6jica y dramatica su rebeld fa y rechazo del poder impuesto. De hecho, muy pocas vecey el historiador encuentra al Poder monolfti· co y qu imicamente puro, ni aun cuando dimana de instituciones tales como la Corona o la Iglesia, que se ven obligadas a menudo a conformarse con su expresi6n simb61ica, "Yo el Rey ... mandamos," etcetera, en perjuicio de su realizaci6n tangible. En cambio, el historiador se enfrenta con una multi· plicidad de poderes, incluso de micropoderes, como los llamaba Michel Fou­ cault; estos son relatives -cierto grupo o hasta s61o un individuo, en deter­ minado lugar y momenta, con fines y estrategias particulares-, y si bien lie· gan a desaparecer al cabo de algunos af\os o decenios, no sin antes modificar· se, logran conformar por un tiempo una sociedad y una memoria que a su vez contribuye a reproducir esta misma sociedad. Por otra parte, tampoco la Familia puede reducirse a una definici6n y las numerosas acepciones que siempre tuvo el vocablo indican claramente que este abarca realidades muy distintas, siendo por tanto imprescindibles aqui considerar como familia a cualquier grupo o sector que reivindique serlo. Para el periodo colonial esto significa que tanto la familia indigena, de contornos tan variables como borrosos las mas de las veces, las de caste, la espai'iola, criolla y peninsular, nuclear o extensa, matri.jrcal y patriarcal, el parentesco espiritual y situaciones como la de los "criados" y de los "pania­ guados" merecen la atenci6n del historiados. Mas aun, la familia simbolica que resulta de ser una orden religiosa representa sin duda el tipo de organiza­ ci6n formada alrededor del esquema familiar -asf la "hermandad ', la "co­ fradfa" (cofraternistas) y tal vez el "gremio", (de gremium, ii, seno, regazo y, al figurado, cuidados, socorro, protecci6n)-, antecedentes de formas or­ ganizativas modernas actualmente estructuradas por un principio jer.irquico distinto del anterior. El hecho de que semejantes asociaciones, que tienen todas en comun el procurar la eficacia en los terrenos que les corresponden, pretenden regirse por una estructura de tipo familiar, revela una afinidad profunda entre dicha estructura y el poder; por otra parte, la existencia hoy dfa de expresiones ta· les como "la familia" pol ftica, monarquica, revolucionaria, etcetera, muestra la permanencia de la relaci6n entre familia y poder. La familia produce poderes que se ejercen dentro y fuera de ella; tambien es sometida a presiones que provienen de otros nucleos de poder, como son otras familias, sectores sociales, instituciones. Por tanto, puede adoptar es­ trategias defensivas que buscan preservar poderes amenazados, u ofensivas cuando se trata de conquistar poderes nuevos o de ampliar los existentes. Estos nos remiten esencialmente, como era de esperarse, a las esferas de lo econ6mico, lo pol ftico y desde lugo el ambito del estatuto v del prestigio, con su estela de simbolismos sociales, cargos, titulos, etcetera. Sin embargo, la originalidad y sin duda la superioridad de la familia co­ mo nucleo de poder active o pasivo, estan mas bien en la naturaleza de los instrumentos que utiliza para lograr sus fines: la alianza o el rechazo, la endo­ gamia o la exogamia, la legitimidad o la ilegitimidad, la abundancia y varie­ dad de la descendencia y del linaje que permite la irrupci6n sobre otros te­ rritories -como el eclesiastico por ejemp1o, gracias precisamente a aquellos miembros que parecen salirse parcialm&nte del esquema familiar-, la sociabi­ lidad amplia por la que se integran, a traves del parentesco espiritual ode los lazos de clientelismo, fuerzas nuevas al nucleo central, etcetera. Estos mecanismos se enraizan en los intereses profundos no s61o del gru­ po sino del individuo, al conjugar las fuerzas de la sexualidad con los recursos de la afectividad. En este sentido, la Familia moviliza a cada unodesusmiem­ bros y le prescribe funeiones determirt.Klas, de acuerdo con su vocaci6n se­ xual, profesional y su idiosincrasia, ejerciendo un papel {mice de productora y reproductora de comportamientos y estrategias que buscan el beneficio de los individuos mediahte la acci6n del grupo al que pertenecen, el del grupo a traves de los individuos que lo componen y aquel del sector social o even­ tualmente de la clase en los que se integra el grupo familiar. La importancia de este proceso durante el periodo colonial es evidente, aunque poco recalcada hasta ahora, simplemente porque no se han conside­ rado numerosos hechos y situaciones bajo este preciso enfoque, que permite hacerlo emerger como tal. Ahora bien, existen claros indicios para pensar que la relaci6n Peder y Familia sigui6 pesando fuertemente a lo largo del si­ glo XIX y probablemente hasta nuestros d fas. Los presentes ensayos no pretenden ofrecer avances y menos aun aventu­ rar balance alguno. S61o abordamos unos cuantos aspectos del problema y, si se quiere continuar con esa labor, es preciso profundizar y ampliar con­ ceptual, espacial y temporalmente lo aqu( esbozado. Bastenos por ahora la esperanza de haber seilalado el interes y la vigencia de estos temas y de alen­ tar, tal vez, futuros estudios al respecto. Solange Alberro • 10 Matrimonios hispano-indiosen el primer siglo de la Colonia PedroCarrasco SUNY, Stony Brook Las relaciones de poder en el Mexico colonial depend/an en parte fundamen­ tal de la distinci6n entre espaiioles e indios. Es, pues, de interes examiner las uniones matrimoniales entre miembros de estos dos grupos en terminos de la condici6n social de los contrayentes dentro de la estratificaci6n social total de la Colonia y de la rnanera en que tales matrimonios afectaban su repu­ taci6n y sus posibilidades de medrar en la jerarqufa social. El tema toca a cuestiones de mezcla racial y mestizaje que siempre han suscitado gran inten!s (Konetzke, Mamer). En ella, sin embargo, las uniones informales y el concubinato que juegan un papel preponderante son margi­ nales a mi tema. No pretendo dar una discusi6n completa o sistemetica del asunto. Baso este ensayo en datos ocasionales encontrados al buscar materiales sobre la organizaci6n social prehispanica y su continuidad en la Colonia. Es en buena parte anecd6tico y por lo tanto no trato de cuantificar, pero los ejemplos presentados permiten definir destintos tipos de casamientos seg(m la condi­ ci6n social de los contrayentes.
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