RTOS 1 (Process/Task, Thread, OS, RTOS)
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Task Scheduling Balancing User Experience and Resource Utilization on Cloud
Rochester Institute of Technology RIT Scholar Works Theses 7-2019 Task Scheduling Balancing User Experience and Resource Utilization on Cloud Sultan Mira [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.rit.edu/theses Recommended Citation Mira, Sultan, "Task Scheduling Balancing User Experience and Resource Utilization on Cloud" (2019). Thesis. Rochester Institute of Technology. Accessed from This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by RIT Scholar Works. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses by an authorized administrator of RIT Scholar Works. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Task Scheduling Balancing User Experience and Resource Utilization on Cloud by Sultan Mira A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Software Engineering Supervised by Dr. Yi Wang Department of Software Engineering B. Thomas Golisano College of Computing and Information Sciences Rochester Institute of Technology Rochester, New York July 2019 ii The thesis “Task Scheduling Balancing User Experience and Resource Utilization on Cloud” by Sultan Mira has been examined and approved by the following Examination Committee: Dr. Yi Wang Assistant Professor Thesis Committee Chair Dr. Pradeep Murukannaiah Assistant Professor Dr. Christian Newman Assistant Professor iii Dedication I dedicate this work to my family, loved ones, and everyone who has helped me get to where I am. iv Abstract Task Scheduling Balancing User Experience and Resource Utilization on Cloud Sultan Mira Supervising Professor: Dr. Yi Wang Cloud computing has been gaining undeniable popularity over the last few years. Among many techniques enabling cloud computing, task scheduling plays a critical role in both efficient resource utilization for cloud service providers and providing an excellent user ex- perience to the clients. -
Resource Access Control Facility (RACF) General User's Guide
----- --- SC28-1341-3 - -. Resource Access Control Facility -------_.----- - - --- (RACF) General User's Guide I Production of this Book This book was prepared and formatted using the BookMaster® document markup language. Fourth Edition (December, 1988) This is a major revision of, and obsoletes, SC28-1341- 3and Technical Newsletter SN28-l2l8. See the Summary of Changes following the Edition Notice for a summary of the changes made to this manual. Technical changes or additions to the text and illustrations are indicated by a vertical line to the left of the change. This edition applies to Version 1 Releases 8.1 and 8.2 of the program product RACF (Resource Access Control Facility) Program Number 5740-XXH, and to all subsequent versions until otherwise indicated in new editions or Technical Newsletters. Changes are made periodically to the information herein; before using this publication in connection with the operation of IBM systems, consult the latest IBM Systemj370 Bibliography, GC20-0001, for the editions that are applicable and current. References in this publication to IBM products or services do not imply that IBM· intends to make these available in all countries in which IBM operates. Any reference to an IBM product in this publication is not intended to state or imply that only IBM's product may be used. Any functionally equivalent product may be used instead. This statement does not expressly or implicitly waive any intellectual property right IBM may hold in any product mentioned herein. Publications are not stocked at the address given below. Requests for IBM publications should be made to your IBM representative or to the IBM branch office serving your locality. -
3.A Fixed-Priority Scheduling
2017/18 UniPD - T. Vardanega 10/03/2018 Standard notation : Worst-case blocking time for the task (if applicable) 3.a Fixed-Priority Scheduling : Worst-case computation time (WCET) of the task () : Relative deadline of the task : The interference time of the task : Release jitter of the task : Number of tasks in the system Credits to A. Burns and A. Wellings : Priority assigned to the task (if applicable) : Worst-case response time of the task : Minimum time between task releases, or task period () : The utilization of each task ( ⁄) a-Z: The name of a task 2017/18 UniPD – T. Vardanega Real-Time Systems 168 of 515 The simplest workload model Fixed-priority scheduling (FPS) The application is assumed to consist of tasks, for fixed At present, the most widely used approach in industry All tasks are periodic with known periods Each task has a fixed (static) priority determined off-line This defines the periodic workload model In real-time systems, the “priority” of a task is solely derived The tasks are completely independent of each other from its temporal requirements No contention for logical resources; no precedence constraints The task’s relative importance to the correct functioning of All tasks have a deadline equal to their period the system or its integrity is not a driving factor at this level A recent strand of research addresses mixed-criticality systems, with Each task must complete before it is next released scheduling solutions that contemplate criticality attributes All tasks have a single fixed WCET, which can be trusted as The ready tasks (jobs) are dispatched to execution in a safe and tight upper-bound the order determined by their (static) priority Operation modes are not considered Hence, in FPS, scheduling at run time is fully defined by the All system overheads (context-switch times, interrupt handling and so on) are assumed absorbed in the WCETs priority assignment algorithm 2017/18 UniPD – T. -
The CICS/MQ Interface
1 2 Each application program which will execute using MQ call statements require a few basic inclusions of generated code. The COPY shown are the one required by all applications using MQ functions. We have suppressed the list of the CMQV structure since it is over 20 pages of COBOL variable constants. The WS‐VARIABLES are the minimum necessary to support bot getting and putting messages from and to queues. The MQ‐CONN would normally be the handle acquired by an MQCONN function, but that call along with the MQDISC call are ignored by CICS / MQ interface. It is CICS itself that has performed the MQCONN to the queue manager. The MQ‐HOBJ‐I and MQ‐HOBJ‐O represent the handles, acquired on MQOPEN for a queue, used to specify which queue the other calls relate to. The MQ‐COMPCODE and MQ‐REASON are the variables which the application must test after every MQ call to determine its success. 3 This slide contains the message input and output areas used on the MQGET and MQPUT calls. Our messages are rather simple and limited in size. SO we have put the data areas in the WORKING‐STORAGE SECTION. Many times you will have these as copy books rather than native COBOL variables. Since the WORKING‐STORAGE area is being copied for each task using the program, we recommend that larger messages areas be put into the LINKAGE SECTION. Here we use a size of 200‐300 K as a suggestion. However, that size will vary depending upon your CICS environment. When the application is using message areas in the LINKAGE SECTION, it will be responsible to perform a CICS GETMAIN command to acquire the storage for the message area. -
What We Know About Testing Embedded Software
What we know about testing embedded software Vahid Garousi, Hacettepe University and University of Luxembourg Michael Felderer, University of Innsbruck Çağrı Murat Karapıçak, KUASOFT A.Ş. Uğur Yılmaz, ASELSAN A.Ş. Abstract. Embedded systems have overwhelming penetration around the world. Innovations are increasingly triggered by software embedded in automotive, transportation, medical-equipment, communication, energy, and many other types of systems. To test embedded software in a cost effective manner, a large number of test techniques, approaches, tools and frameworks have been proposed by both practitioners and researchers in the last several decades. However, reviewing and getting an overview of the entire state-of-the- art and the –practice in this area is challenging for a practitioner or a (new) researcher. Also unfortunately, we often see that some companies reinvent the wheel (by designing a test approach new to them, but existing in the domain) due to not having an adequate overview of what already exists in this area. To address the above need, we conducted a systematic literature review (SLR) in the form of a systematic mapping (classification) in this area. After compiling an initial pool of 560 papers, a systematic voting was conducted among the authors, and our final pool included 272 technical papers. The review covers the types of testing topics studied, types of testing activity, types of test artifacts generated (e.g., test inputs or test code), and the types of industries in which studies have focused on, e.g., automotive and home appliances. Our article aims to benefit the readers (both practitioners and researchers) by serving as an “index” to the vast body of knowledge in this important and fast-growing area. -
Introduction to Xgrid: Cluster Computing for Everyone
Introduction to Xgrid: Cluster Computing for Everyone Barbara J. Breen1, John F. Lindner2 1Department of Physics, University of Portland, Portland, Oregon 97203 2Department of Physics, The College of Wooster, Wooster, Ohio 44691 (First posted 4 January 2007; last revised 24 July 2007) Xgrid is the first distributed computing architecture built into a desktop operating system. It allows you to run a single job across multiple computers at once. All you need is at least one Macintosh computer running Mac OS X v10.4 or later. (Mac OS X Server is not required.) We provide explicit instructions and example code to get you started, including examples of how to distribute your computing jobs, even if your initial cluster consists of just two old laptops in your basement. 1. INTRODUCTION Apple’s Xgrid technology enables you to readily convert any ad hoc collection of Macintosh computers into a low-cost supercomputing cluster. Xgrid functionality is integrated into every copy of Mac OS X v10.4. For more information, visit http://www.apple.com/macosx/features/xgrid/. In this article, we show how to unlock this functionality. In Section 2, we guide you through setting up the cluster. In Section 3, we illustrate two simple ways to distribute jobs across the cluster: shell scripts and batch files. We don’t assume you know what shell scripts, batch files, or C/C++ programs are (although you will need to learn). Instead, we supply explicit, practical examples. 2. SETTING UP THE CLUSTER In a typical cluster of three or more computers (or processors), a client computer requests a job from the controller computer, which assigns an agent computer to perform it. -
GEMTC: GPU Enabled Many-Task Computing
GEMTC: GPU Enabled Many-Task Computing Scott Krieder, Ioan Raicu Department of Computer Science Illinois Institute of Technology Chicago, IL USA [email protected], [email protected] Abstract— Current software and hardware limitations prevent acceleration on HPC resources. However, a programmability gap still Many-Task Computing (MTC) workloads from leveraging exists between applications and accelerators. Researchers and hardware accelerators (NVIDIA GPUs, Intel Xeon Phi) boasting developers are forced to work within the constraints of closed Many-Core Computing architectures. Some broad application environments such as the CUDA GPU Programming Framework[3] classes that fit the MTC paradigm are workflows, MapReduce, (for NVIDIA GPUs). The goal of this work is to improve the high-throughput computing, and a subset of high-performance performance of MTC workloads running on GPUs through the use of computing. MTC emphasizes using many computing resources the GEMTC framework. The CUDA framework can only support over short periods of time to accomplish many computational 16 kernels running concurrently, one kernel per streaming tasks (i.e. including both dependent and independent tasks), multiprocessor (SM). One problem with this approach is that where the primary metrics are measured in seconds. MTC has all kernels must start and end at the same time, causing extreme already proven successful in Grid Computing and inefficiencies in heterogeneous workloads. By working at the Supercomputing on MIMD architectures, but the SIMD architectures of today’s accelerators pose many challenges in the warp level, (which sits between cores and SMs) I can trade efficient support of MTC workloads on accelerators. This work local memory for concurrency, and I am able to run up to 200 aims to address the programmability gap between MTC and concurrent kernels. -
Embedded Sensors System Applied to Wearable Motion Analysis in Sports
Embedded Sensors System Applied to Wearable Motion Analysis in Sports Aurélien Valade1, Antony Costes2, Anthony Bouillod1,3, Morgane Mangin4, P. Acco1, Georges Soto-Romero1,4, Jean-Yves Fourniols1 and Frederic Grappe3 1LAAS-CNRS, N2IS, 7, Av. du Colonel Roche 31077, Toulouse, France 2University of Toulouse, UPS, PRiSSMH, Toulouse, France 3EA4660, C3S - Université de Franche Comté, 25000 Besançon, France 4 ISIFC – Génie Biomédical - Université de Franche Comté, 23 Rue Alain Savary, 25000 Besançon, France Keywords: IMU, FPGA, Motion Analysis, Sports, Wearable. Abstract: This paper presents two different wearable motion capture systems for motion analysis in sports, based on inertial measurement units (IMU). One system, called centralized processing, is based on FPGA + microcontroller architecture while the other, called distributed processing, is based on multiple microcontrollers + wireless communication architecture. These architectures are designed to target multi- sports capabilities, beginning with tri-athlete equipment and thus have to be non-invasive and integrated in sportswear, be waterproofed and autonomous in energy. To characterize them, the systems are compared to lab quality references. 1 INTRODUCTION electronics (smartphones, game controllers...), in an autonomous embedded system to monitor the Electronics in sports monitoring has been a growing sportive activity, even in field conditions. field of studies for the last decade. From the heart rate Our IMU based monitoring system allows monitors to the power meters, sportsmen -
Enhancing Plug and Play Capabilities in Body Area Network Protocols
Enhancing Plug and Play Capabilities in Body Area Network Protocols A Major Qualifying Project Report: Submitted to the Faculty Of the WORCESTER POLYTECHNIC INSTITUTE In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Bachelor of Science By: ____________________________ Ryan Danas ____________________________ Douglas Lally ____________________________ Nathaniel Miller ____________________________ John Synnott Date: March 10, 2014 Approved: ____________________________ Prof. Krishna Kumar Venkatasubramanian, Advisor ____________________________ Prof. Craig A. Shue, Co-Advisor 1 Abstract This project aimed to create a plug-and-play protocol for Body Area Networks (BANs). This protocol enables communication between a diverse number of devices and a base station, regardless of equipment manufacturer. Previous BANs rely on either proprietary software, or protocols that are specialized to the physical device. This protocol takes a more universal approach, allowing any arbitrary device to participate in a BAN without introducing any significant overhead or running cost to the operation of that BAN. Unlike previous approaches, any existing motes and the base station will not have to be updated. Only new devices being added to the BAN will have to implement the protocol before connecting. Our protocol introduces overhead that reduced the performance and lifetime of the motes used in our BAN. 2 Table of Contents Contents Abstract ........................................................................................................................................................ -
Embedded Systems Supporting by Different Operating Systems
A Survey: Embedded Systems Supporting By Different Operating Systems Qamar Jabeen, Fazlullah Khan, Muhammad Tahir, Shahzad Khan, Syed Roohullah Jan Department of Computer Science, Abdul Wali Khan University Mardan [email protected], [email protected] -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract: In these days embedded systems used in industrial, commercial system have an important role in different areas. e.g Mobile Phones and different Fields and applications like Network type of Network Bridges are embedded embedded system , Real-time embedded used by telecommunication systems for systems which supports the mission- giving better requirements to their users. critical domains, mostly having the time We use digital cameras, MP3 players, DVD constraints, Stand-alone systems which players are the example of embedded includes the network router etc. A great consumer electronics. In our daily life its deployment in the processors made for provided us efficiency and flexibility and completing the demanding needs of the many features which includes microwave users. There is also a large-scale oven, washing machines dishwashers. deployment occurs in sensor networks for Embedded system are also used in providing the advance facilities, for medical, transportation and also used in handled such type of embedded systems wireless sensor network area respectively a specific operating system must provide. medical imaging, vital signs, automobile This paper presents some software electric vehicles and Wi-Fi modules. infrastructures that have the ability of supporting such types of embedded systems. 1. Introduction: Embedded system are computer systems designed for specific purpose, to increase functionality and reliability for achieving a specific task, like general Figure 1: Taxonomy of Embedded Software’s purpose computer system it does not use for multiple tasks. -
New Approach for Testing and Providing Security Mechanism for Embedded Systems
Available online at www.sciencedirect.com ScienceDirect Procedia Computer Science 78 ( 2016 ) 851 – 858 International Conference on Information Security & Privacy (ICISP2015), 11-12 December 2015, Nagpur, INDIA New Approach for Testing and providing Security Mechanism for Embedded Systems Swapnili P. Karmorea, Anjali R. Mahajanb Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science and enginnering, G. H. Raisoni College of Engineering, Nagpur, India. Head, Department of Information Technology, Government Polytechnic, Nagpur, India. Abstract Assuring the quality of embedded system is posing a big challenge for software testers around the globe. Testing of one embedded system widely differs from another. The approach presented in the paper is used for the testing of safety critical feature of embedded system. The input and outputs are trained validated and tested via ANN. Security is provided via skipping invalid and critical classes and by embedding secret key in the Ram of embedded device. The work contributes simulating environment where cost and time required for testing of embedded systems will be minimized, which removes drawback of traditional approaches. Keywords: Embedded system testing; Black box testing; Safety critical embedded systems; Artificial neural network. 1. Introduction Testing is the most common process used to determine the quality and providing security for embedded systems. In the embedded world, testing is an immense challenge. In the test plan, the distinguished characteristics of embedded systems must be reflected as these are application specific. They give embedded system exclusive and distinct flavor. Real-time systems have to meet the challenge of assuring the correct implementation of an application not only dependent upon its logical accuracy, but also its ability to meet the constraints of timing. -
Timing Comparison of the Real-Time Operating Systems for Small Microcontrollers
S S symmetry Article Timing Comparison of the Real-Time Operating Systems for Small Microcontrollers Ioan Ungurean 1,2 1 Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science; Stefan cel Mare University of Suceava, 720229 Suceava, Romania; [email protected] 2 MANSiD Integrated Center, Stefan cel Mare University, 720229 Suceava, Romania Received: 9 March 2020; Accepted: 1 April 2020; Published: 8 April 2020 Abstract: In automatic systems used in the control and monitoring of industrial processes, fieldbuses with specific real-time requirements are used. Often, the sensors are connected to these fieldbuses through embedded systems, which also have real-time features specific to the industrial environment in which it operates. The embedded operating systems are very important in the design and development of embedded systems. A distinct class of these operating systems is real-time operating systems (RTOSs) that can be used to develop embedded systems, which have hard and/or soft real-time requirements on small microcontrollers (MCUs). RTOSs offer the basic support for developing embedded systems with applicability in a wide range of fields such as data acquisition, internet of things, data compression, pattern recognition, diversity, similarity, symmetry, and so on. The RTOSs provide basic services for multitasking applications with deterministic behavior on MCUs. The services provided by the RTOSs are task management and inter-task synchronization and communication. The selection of the RTOS is very important in the development of the embedded system with real-time requirements and it must be based on the latency in the handling of the critical operations triggered by internal or external events, predictability/determinism in the execution of the RTOS primitives, license costs, and memory footprint.