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Access to Electronic Thesis Author: Paola Cavaliere Thesis title: Women's Identity Formation and Transformation in Contemporary Japan: A Gendered Approach to Faith-Based Volunteering Qualification: PhD This electronic thesis is protected by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No reproduction is permitted without consent of the author. It is also protected by the Creative Commons Licence allowing Attributions-Non-commercial-No derivatives. If this electronic thesis has been edited by the author it will be indicated as such on the title page and in the text. WOMEN’S IDENTITY FORMATION AND TRANSFORMATION IN CONTEMPORARY JAPAN: A GENDERED APPROACH TO FAITH-BASED VOLUNTEERING by Paola Cavaliere A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Social Sciences School of East Asian Studies and Tohoku University Graduate School of Law Legal and Political Studies A9JD1004 (Tohoku University) January 2012 Access To Thesis. This thesis is protected by the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. No reproduction is permitted without consent of the author. It is also protected by the Creative Commons Licence allowing Attributions-Non-commercial-No derivatives. • A bound copy of every thesis which is accepted as worthy for a higher degree, must be deposited in the University of Sheffield Library, where it will be made available for borrowing or consultation in accordance with University Regulations. • All students registering from 2008-09 onwards are also required to submit an electronic copy of their final, approved thesis. Students who registered prior to 2008-09 may also submit electronically, but this is not required. PAOLA CAVALIERE SCHOOL OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES Author: ........................................................................................................................................................................... Dept: ................................................................................................................................................................. Women's identity formation and transformation in contemporary Japan: a gendered approach 80124597 Thesis Title: ............................................................................................................................................................. to faith-based volunteering Registration No: .............................................................................................................................. For completion by all students: Submit in print form only (for deposit in the University Library): n Submit in print form and also upload to the White Rose eTheses Online server: In full nX Edited eThesis n Please indicate the access rights to this thesis: Option One: No restrictions on access: Print Thesis nX eThesis nX Option Two: Embargo details: Years Indefinitely Print Thesis _____ n eThesis _____ n Supervisor: I, the supervisor, agree to the named thesis being made available under the conditions specified above. Student: I, the author, agree to the named thesis being made available under the conditions specified above. I give permission to the University of Sheffield to reproduce the print thesis in whole or in part in order to supply single copies for the purpose of research or private study for a non-commercial purpose. I confirm that this thesis is my own work, and where materials owned by a third party have been used copyright clearance has been obtained. I am aware of the University’s Guidance on the Use of Unfair Means (http://www.shef.ac.uk/lets/design/unfair) Paola CAVALIERE School of East Asian Studies Name: ………………………………………………………………………......... .................................................................. Dept: ............................................................................................................................................................... 30.10.2011 Signed: …………………………………………………………………………… ................................................................ Date: ................................................................................................................................................................ For completion by students also submitting an electronic thesis (eThesis): Student: I, the author, agree that White Rose eTheses Online (WREO) will make my eThesis available over the internet via an entirely non-exclusive agreement and that, without changing content, WREO may convert my thesis to any medium or format for the purpose of future preservation and accessibility. I confirm that the upload is the final, examined and awarded print version of the thesis as submitted in print to the University for deposit in the Library (unless edited as indicated above). Paola CAVALIERE School of East Asian Studies Name: ………………………………………………………………………......... .................................................................. Dept: ................................................................................................................................................................. Signed: …………………………………………………………………………… ................................................................ Date: ................................................................................................................................................................30.10.2011 THIS SHEET MUST BE BOUND IN THE FRONT OF THE PRINTED THESIS BEFORE IT IS SUBMITTED *Note: This page applies exclusively to The University of Sheffield 4 Copyright 2012 Paola CAVALIERE ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 5 6 ABSTRACT This dissertation explores the extent to which women’s everyday interaction and agency in faith-based volunteering helps in cultivating social stewardship and articulating new trajectories of self in Japanese society at large. The project is guided by the idea that social work sponsored by religious organizations provides women with a non-institutional channel through which they can become active civic actors in the social contract by locating themselves between the market and the state. The research draws upon a survey conducted in Japan between October 2009 and February 2010 on five faith-based volunteer groups: two Shinnyoen-sponsored groups; two Risshō Kōseikai-sponsored groups; and one Catholic group. By making an eclectic use of social constructivist theories of identity, practice and performativity, this study examines the micro- social constitutive normative and generative aspects through which women move toward different trajectories of self. The analyses highlight that women engaged in faith-based volunteering tend to use their religious identity strategically and loosen it in a process of self and social reflexivity that fosters further social engagement. This makes their belonging to a religious group a resource for broader meaningful images of the self beyond religious ideological normative or structural regulative logics. By reporting the life-stories of women engaged in faith-based volunteering, this dissertation aims to provide examples of the kind of trajectories and empowering or disempowering practices generated in the cultural context of the Japanese faith-based volunteer group. The research demonstrates conclusively that it is not the presence (or absence) of religiosity that makes a critical difference, but how women exploit their institutional and non-institutional — the faith-based group — channels to generate or inhibit everyday practices that can serve to ameliorate their lives. The approach is especially important in view of women’s larger engagement in society, thus in terms of empowerment and democratization. 7 8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to express my sincere and heartfelt thanks to all the women volunteers I met and interviewed during the fieldwork, who made this research possible. I would like to thank them for their enthusiastic support, interesting accounts and comments, and for finding time to talk despite their busy lives. Thank you to the staff and coordinators of the targeted religious organizations as well as the staff at the various eldercare and homeless agencies and facilities, for welcoming me and providing friendly help and information throughout the fieldwork. Their thoughts, insights and practices were invaluable source of information and inspiration. This research work would not have been possible without the guidance, support and advice of my supervisors at the School of East Asian Studies, the University of Sheffield. Dr. Takeda Hiroko deserves the greatest credit for intellectual stimulation and encouragement, as well as for helping me to be organized and adhere to deadlines. Her warm-hearted guidance and constructive criticism, along with hands-on advice on personal matters were invaluable in helping me to improve my work and balance it with my family commitments. Gratitude is also extended to Professor Glenn D. Hook for being always welcoming and supportive and for reading through all the draft chapters of this dissertation very carefully. His very insightful and detailed comments have been extremely valuable to my knowledge and for further understanding of the relationship between religion, gender and volunteering. I would also like to thank Professor Shimazono Susumu at the University of Tokyo, who first inspired me with his stimulating courses and his books about contemporary Japanese religions during my 2-year research studentship sponsored by the Monbukagakusho in 2002- 2004. Since then, he has constantly advised me