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Changes in Fruit Maturity Indices and Growth Pattern Along the Harvest Season in Seedless Barberry Under Different Altitude Conditions

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Changes in Fruit Maturity Indices and Growth Pattern Along the Harvest Season in Seedless Barberry Under Different Altitude Conditions Journal of Berry Research 8 (2018) 25–40 25 DOI:10.3233/JBR-170166 IOS Press Changes in fruit maturity indices and growth pattern along the harvest season in seedless barberry under different altitude conditions Mehdi Khayyata,∗, Zahra Baratia, Mohammad Hossein Aminifarda and Alireza Samadzadehb aDepartment of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran bDepartment of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran Received 19 June 2017; accepted 19 September 2017 Abstract. BACKGROUND: Barberry fruit is an important source of anthocyanin, and strongly uses for Zereshk Poloee, a delicious diet in Iran. OBJECTIVE: We are trying to find how fruit quality of barberry is affected under different locations and if sooner harvesting may be possible, which encouraged us to do these studies. METHODS: The present study was conducted in three different locations (Marvak, Marak and Amirabad with 2079, 1648 and 1480 m altitude) around Birjand, Iran. Fruit sampling was done 66, 98, 122, 155 days after full bloom (DAFB) and also in economical harvesting (EH) date. RESULTS: The results showed that berry number, fruit fresh weight (FW) and dry weight (DW), juice weight and volume, pH, total acidity (TA), total soluble solids (TSS), maturity index, anthocyanin and total phenols significantly changed with advancement of growing season under different climatic conditions. Interactive effect of sampling time × location indicated the highest pH in Marak and Amirabad and the highest TSS and TSS/TA ratio in Amirabad in EH, and the highest phenols in Marak in 155 DAFB and EH. The highest anthocyanin content accumulated in Marvak, exactly in EH. Using changes in FW, DW and volume of fruit, a double-sigmoidal curve observed for barberry fruit growth. CONCLUSION: Regarding to obtained data and specially anthocyanin accumulation, we propose regions with higher altitude for seedless barberry cultivation and production because of earlier harvest with more qualified fruit. Keywords: Berberis vulgaris, altitude, anthocyanin, full bloom, fruit growth curves 1. Introduction Nowadays, seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) has received much attention because of its high level of medicinal properties. This is a medicinal shrub, dicotyledonous and perennial [1, 2], which is cultivated as a domestic plant in south Khorasan province of Iran, since more than 200 years ago. Seedless barberry is an important source of anthocyanin pigments [3]. There are some factors affecting fruit growth and development including cultivar, climate conditions and maturity degrees. Maturity level is an important factor affecting fruit quality [4, 5]. Among climatic factors, temperature is very important and significantly affects some aspects of ∗Corresponding author: Mehdi Khayyat, Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran. Tel.: +98 9151613328; E-mails: [email protected]; [email protected]. 1878-5093/18/$35.00 © 2018 – IOS Press and the authors. All rights reserved 26 M. Khayyat et al. / Changes in fruit maturity indices and growth pattern along the harvest season in seedless barberry plant growth and development [6]. It was showed that altitude has significant effects on fruit quality of mandarins [7] and ‘pineapple’ guava [8]. There is some evidence about positive effects of cool temperatures on increase of total soluble solids in barberry [9], anthocyanin accumulation in grapevine [10, 11] and improvement of surface color in pomegranate fruit [12]. The average night-temperature is more closely correlated to amount of pigments in fruits, compared with the average day-temperature. Anthocyanin biosynthesis has different patterns including a) accumulation in both skin and flesh, b) accumulation in only skin and c) accumulation in skin as responding to light stimulus [13]. About barberry fruit, and based on findings by Rezvani Moghaddama et al. [3] and Maraki et al. [14], it seems that accumulation of anthocyanin begins with fruit growth stopping (in September), and continues to harvesting time. Harvest time also significantly influences fruit quality parameters. Wang et al. [15] found that immature raspberry fruit has lower TSS and anthocyanin, higher total acidity (TA) and phenols, compared to mature fruits. Rezvani Moghaddama et al. [3] observed that late harvesting lead to more TSS, anthocyanin and pH values in barberry fruit. In pomegranate fruit, results showed that late harvesting resulted to higher fruit weight, juice volume, TSS and anthocyanin content, however, phenols and TA decreased [12]. Personal experiences showed that fruit quality of barberry in some location is higher than others that also lead to earlier harvesting, however, no data was found in this regard. Moreover, there is no report about effects of altitude levels on growth and quality of barberry fruit. In addition, no data was observed on fruit growth curve of barberry. So, the main aims of this experiment were 1) to evaluate the changes in fruit quality during growth season, under different altitude conditions and 2) to determine fruit growth curve of barberry. 2. Material and methods 2.1. Plant selection, heat unit measurement and sampling times This experiment was conducted on 20-years old seedless barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) trees, in different commercial plantations (Tables 1 and 2) of south Khorasan, Iran, during 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Study was done on 189 uniform trees (150 ± 20 cm height), planted in 3-4 m × 2-3 m space. All conventional farm management, pruning, irrigation, and fertilization and manuring were done as needed. Just one-year data presented here, because of high volume of data and also similar trend in both years. Planting soil was deep and loamy. Full bloom and fruit set were recorded during growing season (Table 3). Heat units calculated using temperature data from nearest weather station and data logger (Extech Instruments, Model RHT20, Humidity and Temperature Data logger, USA), based on Wein [16] (1997) as followed: (Maximum daily temperature − Minimum daily temperature) Heat Units (Degree days) = − Tbase 2 T base was the threshold temperature where plant growth started. Regarding to experiments conducted with ◦ Maraki et al. [14] and our findings in different locations, Tbase for barberry fruit was 11 C. Cumulative heat Table 1 Characteristics of different locations in this experiment Location Latitude Altitude (m) Mean Temperature (◦C) Soil Yearly Day Night pH EC (dS/m) Marvak 33◦7.5’N 2079 20.49 23.87 16.94 8.17 17.62 Marak 32◦58.09’N 1648 23.34 31.97 14.69 7.50 16.70 Amirabad 32◦56’N 1480 25.01 30.54 22.82 7.80 16.72 Altitude represents rising of each location above the sea level. Mean temperatures obtained from data logger and the nearest weather station. M. Khayyat et al. / Changes in fruit maturity indices and growth pattern along the harvest season in seedless barberry 27 Table 2 Temperature related parameters (Monthly, day, night, and difference between day and night mean temperatures) of different locations in this experiment in 2016 Location Mean T Month Apr. May Jun. Jul. Aug. Sep. Oct. Marvak Monthly 21.10 20.70 22.80 25.00 20.20 20.90 12.70 Marak 15.40 19.50 26.65 28.20 27.70 24.00 21.90 Amirabad 16.85 21.25 28.15 29.80 29.80 26.20 23.00 Marvak Day 25.88 24.24 26.46 28.68 22.76 23.83 15.21 Marak 22.80 27.50 35.60 36.50 36.30 34.10 31.00 Amirabad 25.66 34.12 36.09 34.62 32.97 27.79 22.50 Marvak Night 14.58 17.63 19.33 21.44 17.34 17.81 10.46 Marak 8.00 11.50 17.70 19.80 19.20 13.90 12.70 Amirabad 15.77 22.38 28.33 27.56 22.52 24.26 18.90 Marvak Day & night 11.30 6.61 7.13 7.24 5.42 6.02 4.75 Marak difference 14.80 16.00 17.90 16.70 17.10 20.20 18.30 Amirabad 9.89 11.74 11.09 10.79 10.45 17.50 18.30 Mean T represents mean temperature; Difference represents any difference between day and night temperatures calculating as followed: day-night; difference of day and night temperature calculated via subtraction of night from date temperature. Table 3 Accumulated heat units (growing degree hours) in each location during the growing season and each harvest date Location Full bloom Fruit set time Days after Accumulative full bloom heat unit (GDH) 66 613.0 98 988.3 Marvak 8-May-2016 19-May-2016 122 1177.7 155 1426.7 168 (E.H.) 1438.0 66 1011.6 98 1507.8 Marak 19-April-2016 3-May-2016 122 1889.0 155 2234.8 186 (E.H.) 2287.5 66 1183.0 98 1828.5 Amirabad 13-April-2016 25-April-2016 122 2314.7 155 2767.8 191 (E.H.) 2808.4 GDH: growing degree hours, E. H.: Economical harvesting time. units calculated via adding all heat units. Fruit sampling were done on 66, 98, 122 and 158 days after full bloom (DAFB) and also in economical harvest for each region (E.H.;168 DAFB for Marvak, 186 DAFB for Marak, 191 DAFB for Amirabad), to monitor different fruit characteristics. Five shoots on each tree were chosen. 28 M. Khayyat et al. / Changes in fruit maturity indices and growth pattern along the harvest season in seedless barberry 2.2. Measurement of fruit characteristics Hand-picked fruits transported to Horticultural Lab, University of Birjand, Iran, for more concise evaluations. Many samples of 100 berries were prepared and used for assessments. Berry number (BN) in each cluster, fruit fresh weight (FW), fruit dry weight (DW), fruit volume (FV), chlorophylls a, b and carotenoid were evaluated on 66, 98, 122, 158 DAFB and also in economical harvest.
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