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Ethnoarchaeology of Pottery: Style and Technology Boundaries in Southeast Botswana

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Ethnoarchaeology of Pottery: Style and Technology Boundaries in Southeast Botswana UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Ethnoarchaeology of Pottery: Style and Technology Boundaries in Southeast Botswana ______________________________________________________________________________ Phenyo Churchill Thebe A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work for submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand. The degree is by publication and my publications, submitted paper and contribution in co-authored papers are detailed in the text. The thesis has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. Phenyo Churchill Thebe Date 22 March 2017 i Abstract The notion that ceramic styles mark ethnic and linguistic groups is problematic. The notion perceives cultures as geographically discrete with distinct material and cultural traits. Research in the 1960s has demonstrated that social boundaries are a product of interaction and not isolation. Ethnoarchaeological research in the 1970s and 1980s adopted information exchange and social interaction models to understand stylistic boundaries. These studies show that material culture style does not always mark ethnic or linguistic boundaries and may not be prominent if there is no competition for resources. Depending on a number of factors, style variations in material culture may mark the style of an individual, a community of practice or social identity. Other factors are also relevant; the matter is complex. To investigate this complexity, an ethnoarchaeological study was launched to study the products of 41 contemporary potters affiliated with different social, political and linguistic groups in south-eastern Botswana. This study demonstrates that variations in different parts of the process of manufacturing ceramics can mark different kinds of social boundaries. Clay sourcing strategies in south-eastern Botswana today show that the choice in the selection of potting clay is principally dictated by distance to the source. In contrast, in the forming and shaping of pots, boundaries are influenced more by teacher-learner networks than ethnic group and geographic location. Decoration styles also show strong association to learning networks. Geographic location is more influential in determining techniques of firing pots. Here, ―community of practice‖ and mobility of potters present significant stylistic and technological boundaries. The chaîne opératoire of living pottery traditions may assist in the interpretation of pottery in the Iron Age of southern Africa, however, the connection between the past and present is complex. vii Dedication To my lovely parents, Tichara Elias Mmolawa Sr. (now with the Lord) and Ketsweletse Grace Thebe. You are my source of inspiration and you gave me life blue print. No words or writing can ever be enough to thank you. viii Acknowledgment My supervisor, Professor Karim Sadr graciously accepted me into the PhD program and this established a reconnection with my undergraduate studies. I thank Karim for everything: knowledge, encouragement and guidance throughout research, many hours of stimulating discussions in the office, café, field, via e mail and simply driving or walking. Occasionally when I did not believe in myself, Karim taught me to persevere. He would remind me of an analogy between conducting cutting edge research and borehole drilling in the Kalahari Desert. Here wellfields are deep and drilling deep can be rewarding. Drilling machines have to sink as deep as possible to reach high yielding aquifers. Most of the water from shallow depth is usually seepage; good yielding water strikes await the drill machine many metres deeper. Stopping too soon is never rewarding. Truly, like a master potter teaching a new apprentice how to make pots; I learned to write this thesis from my supervisor through many years of interaction, observation, participation, correction and feedback. I thank the Universities of Botswana and Witwatersrand for financial and logistical support during the research process. I am particularly grateful to the potters in south-eastern Botswana; they allowed me into their homesteads and took me to several sacred clay sources to document pottery making; they remain ―emic‖ researchers of this research. I am grateful to several anonymous reviewers for providing constructive feedback on the papers. ix Special thanks go to my research assistants: Tjangu Matanire, Tinae Gopolang, John Lephalo, Mothusi Maeletsa, Botho Gabalape, Tsholofelo Selepeng and Thabo Kgosietsile. There are a number of people who mentored me over the years and I am truly indebted to the following professors: Edwin Wilmsen, Anne Griffiths, James Denbow and Thomas Huffman. I also thank Wits postgraduate archaeology students and several folks I met at the Post Graduate Pub ―The Blind Pig‖, for insightful academic and social engagement. I sincerely thank the following for the inspiring collegiality and friendship in no particular order: Horacious Ikgopoleng, Oteng Mahlala, Joseph Mosuku, Nugu Nkwe, Justice and Magret Sethibe, Thembi Makosha, Benedict Moeng, Alfred Tsheboeng, Phillip Segadika, Tutu Kerekang, Rock Baaitse, Kobinah and Lattifat Archer, Richard Arthey, Thuto Mahlanza, Nonofho Nkwe, Olorato Mosetlha, Gosamalamang Gakeinyatse, Desmond Molefe, Dinah Molosiwa, Onkarabile Gosupamang, Kesaolopa Marage and Gosiame Mahupeleng. I am indebted to my families: the Thebes (Lesego, Mmolawa, Girlie, Masedi, and One) and Petsos (Otlwile, Leepo, Onie, Kago and Tumisang) you make a commitment to support me throughout my studies. Tumie, the sky is not the limit. ―Double M‖, my brother, has been a good shepheard of my animals for many years, blood is thicker than water. My nephews and niece are always wonderful and supportive. Winnie, Tshepho, Pono, Kala and Billy, I am joyful to be your uncle. I profoundly thank the whole family clan. To my kids, Laone and Lebone Jr. Thebe, the joy of my life, I love you very much ―Lao‖ and ―O‘shima‖, you tolerated dad‘s frequent absence from home, you have earned yourself a boat cruise to the Portuguese Islands, I am proud of you. x Thato, my lovely wife, you ensured my post graduate studies journey, thank you for walking through the journey of life with me in this amazing world. To avoid the risk of omitting others, I thank everyone, named and unnamed. And most importantly, I count my blessings and I thank God for everything! xi Table of Contents Table of Contents Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. vii Dedication ......................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rationale and Research Hypothesis .................................................................................... 3 1.2 Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Theory ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Method ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Geography of south-eastern Botswana and its potters ............................................................ 15 2.2 Language and Ethnicity ........................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Social Organization ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4 Archaeology ............................................................................................................................ 22 2.5 History ..................................................................................................................................... 23 2.8 Pottery Studies in Africa ......................................................................................................... 27 2.9 Brief History of Ceramic Analysis .......................................................................................... 28 2.10 Brief History of Ethnoarchaeology ....................................................................................... 29 2.11 Pottery Classification ............................................................................................................ 30 xii 2.12 Ceramics Styles and Ethnic Identity ....................................................................................
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