DOCSLIB.ORG

Ethnoarchaeology of Pottery: Style and Technology Boundaries in Southeast Botswana

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

UNIVERSITY OF THE WITWATERSRAND, SCHOOL OF GEOGRAPHY, ARCHAEOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Ethnoarchaeology of Pottery: Style and Technology Boundaries in Southeast Botswana ______________________________________________________________________________ Phenyo Churchill Thebe A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Science, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Declaration I declare that this thesis is my own unaided work for submission for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at the University of the Witwatersrand. The degree is by publication and my publications, submitted paper and contribution in co-authored papers are detailed in the text. The thesis has not been submitted before for any degree or examination at any other University. Phenyo Churchill Thebe Date 22 March 2017 i Abstract The notion that ceramic styles mark ethnic and linguistic groups is problematic. The notion perceives cultures as geographically discrete with distinct material and cultural traits. Research in the 1960s has demonstrated that social boundaries are a product of interaction and not isolation. Ethnoarchaeological research in the 1970s and 1980s adopted information exchange and social interaction models to understand stylistic boundaries. These studies show that material culture style does not always mark ethnic or linguistic boundaries and may not be prominent if there is no competition for resources. Depending on a number of factors, style variations in material culture may mark the style of an individual, a community of practice or social identity. Other factors are also relevant; the matter is complex. To investigate this complexity, an ethnoarchaeological study was launched to study the products of 41 contemporary potters affiliated with different social, political and linguistic groups in south-eastern Botswana. This study demonstrates that variations in different parts of the process of manufacturing ceramics can mark different kinds of social boundaries. Clay sourcing strategies in south-eastern Botswana today show that the choice in the selection of potting clay is principally dictated by distance to the source. In contrast, in the forming and shaping of pots, boundaries are influenced more by teacher-learner networks than ethnic group and geographic location. Decoration styles also show strong association to learning networks. Geographic location is more influential in determining techniques of firing pots. Here, ―community of practice‖ and mobility of potters present significant stylistic and technological boundaries. The chaîne opératoire of living pottery traditions may assist in the interpretation of pottery in the Iron Age of southern Africa, however, the connection between the past and present is complex. vii Dedication To my lovely parents, Tichara Elias Mmolawa Sr. (now with the Lord) and Ketsweletse Grace Thebe. You are my source of inspiration and you gave me life blue print. No words or writing can ever be enough to thank you. viii Acknowledgment My supervisor, Professor Karim Sadr graciously accepted me into the PhD program and this established a reconnection with my undergraduate studies. I thank Karim for everything: knowledge, encouragement and guidance throughout research, many hours of stimulating discussions in the office, café, field, via e mail and simply driving or walking. Occasionally when I did not believe in myself, Karim taught me to persevere. He would remind me of an analogy between conducting cutting edge research and borehole drilling in the Kalahari Desert. Here wellfields are deep and drilling deep can be rewarding. Drilling machines have to sink as deep as possible to reach high yielding aquifers. Most of the water from shallow depth is usually seepage; good yielding water strikes await the drill machine many metres deeper. Stopping too soon is never rewarding. Truly, like a master potter teaching a new apprentice how to make pots; I learned to write this thesis from my supervisor through many years of interaction, observation, participation, correction and feedback. I thank the Universities of Botswana and Witwatersrand for financial and logistical support during the research process. I am particularly grateful to the potters in south-eastern Botswana; they allowed me into their homesteads and took me to several sacred clay sources to document pottery making; they remain ―emic‖ researchers of this research. I am grateful to several anonymous reviewers for providing constructive feedback on the papers. ix Special thanks go to my research assistants: Tjangu Matanire, Tinae Gopolang, John Lephalo, Mothusi Maeletsa, Botho Gabalape, Tsholofelo Selepeng and Thabo Kgosietsile. There are a number of people who mentored me over the years and I am truly indebted to the following professors: Edwin Wilmsen, Anne Griffiths, James Denbow and Thomas Huffman. I also thank Wits postgraduate archaeology students and several folks I met at the Post Graduate Pub ―The Blind Pig‖, for insightful academic and social engagement. I sincerely thank the following for the inspiring collegiality and friendship in no particular order: Horacious Ikgopoleng, Oteng Mahlala, Joseph Mosuku, Nugu Nkwe, Justice and Magret Sethibe, Thembi Makosha, Benedict Moeng, Alfred Tsheboeng, Phillip Segadika, Tutu Kerekang, Rock Baaitse, Kobinah and Lattifat Archer, Richard Arthey, Thuto Mahlanza, Nonofho Nkwe, Olorato Mosetlha, Gosamalamang Gakeinyatse, Desmond Molefe, Dinah Molosiwa, Onkarabile Gosupamang, Kesaolopa Marage and Gosiame Mahupeleng. I am indebted to my families: the Thebes (Lesego, Mmolawa, Girlie, Masedi, and One) and Petsos (Otlwile, Leepo, Onie, Kago and Tumisang) you make a commitment to support me throughout my studies. Tumie, the sky is not the limit. ―Double M‖, my brother, has been a good shepheard of my animals for many years, blood is thicker than water. My nephews and niece are always wonderful and supportive. Winnie, Tshepho, Pono, Kala and Billy, I am joyful to be your uncle. I profoundly thank the whole family clan. To my kids, Laone and Lebone Jr. Thebe, the joy of my life, I love you very much ―Lao‖ and ―O‘shima‖, you tolerated dad‘s frequent absence from home, you have earned yourself a boat cruise to the Portuguese Islands, I am proud of you. x Thato, my lovely wife, you ensured my post graduate studies journey, thank you for walking through the journey of life with me in this amazing world. To avoid the risk of omitting others, I thank everyone, named and unnamed. And most importantly, I count my blessings and I thank God for everything! xi Table of Contents Table of Contents Declaration ........................................................................................................................................... i Abstract .............................................................................................................................................. vii Dedication ......................................................................................................................................... viii Acknowledgment ................................................................................................................................ ix CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Rationale and Research Hypothesis .................................................................................... 3 1.2 Aims and Objectives ........................................................................................................... 4 1.3 Theory ................................................................................................................................. 5 1.4 Method ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.5 Thesis Structure ................................................................................................................... 9 CHAPTER 2: BACKGROUND ....................................................................................................... 15 2.1 Geography of south-eastern Botswana and its potters ............................................................ 15 2.2 Language and Ethnicity ........................................................................................................... 18 2.3 Social Organization ................................................................................................................. 20 2.4 Archaeology ............................................................................................................................ 22 2.5 History ..................................................................................................................................... 23 2.8 Pottery Studies in Africa ......................................................................................................... 27 2.9 Brief History of Ceramic Analysis .......................................................................................... 28 2.10 Brief History of Ethnoarchaeology ....................................................................................... 29 2.11 Pottery Classification ............................................................................................................ 30 xii 2.12 Ceramics Styles and Ethnic Identity ....................................................................................
Recommended publications
  • Botswana. Delimitation Commission. [Report Of] Delimitation Commission 1972

    Botswana. Delimitation Commission. [Report Of] Delimitation Commission 1972

    Botswana. Delimitation Commission. [Report of] Delimitation Commission 1972. Gaborone, Government Pointer [1972?] 16p. 3 fold, maps in pocket at end. 29icm. 1. Botswana-Boundaries, Internal. DELIMITATION COMMISSION 1972 His Excellency Sir Seretse Khama, K.B.E., President of the Republic of Botswana. Your Excellency, We, the undersigned, having been appointed by the Judicial Service Commission to hold a Delimitation Commission under the provisions of Section 65 (1) of the Botswana Constitution, and such appointment having been published in the Government Notice No. 292 of 1972 on the Thirteenth Day of October, 1972 have the honour to inform Your Excellency that we have carried out the said Commission and we append hereto our. Report. (Sir Peter Watkin Williams) Chairman. ,(Rev. A.G. Kgasa) (Father B. Setlalekgosi) Member. Member. (M.J. Pilane) (S.T. Khama) Member. Member. GABORONE, Botswana. The'1st Day of November, 1972. REPORT OF THE DELIMITATION COMMISSION 1972 ~ « .. 1 th ye ar 19 4 cl,mitation - - ? ® L ® ^'p 'Commission was appointed under the provisions of Section 3 of the Bechuanaland (Electoral Provisions) Order-ln-Council of 1964 and this Commission . then proceeded to;divide the country up into thirty-one Constituencies. This Commission was enjoined, as we, ourselves, are similarly enjoined, to base the delimitation of the Constituencies primarily on the number of inhabitants of the. country, but also taking account of natural community of interst, means of communication, geographical features, the density of population and the boundaries of tribal territories and administrative districts. This Commission created thirty-one Constituencies with populations all of which were reasonably cWe to the population quote, that is to say the total population of the country divided by the number of constituencies; the greatest variation being only 18.7% This is assuming that the Census which had taken place shortly before the Commission sat had arrived at a reasonably accurate assessment of the population in each district.
  • 2017 SEAT Report Jwaneng Mine

    2017 SEAT Report Jwaneng Mine

    JWANENG MINE SEAT 3REPORT 2017 - 2020 Contents INTRODUCTION TO JWANENG MINE’S SEAT 14 EXISTING SOCIAL PERFORMANCE 40 1. PROCESS 4. MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES 1.1. Background and Objectives 14 4.1. Debswana’s Approach to Social Performance 41 and Corporate Social Investment 1.2. Approach 15 4.1.1. Approach to Social Performance 41 1.3. Stakeholders Consulted During SEAT 2017 16 4.1.2. Approach to CSI Programmes 41 1.4. Structure of the SEAT Report 19 4.2. Mechanisms to Manage Social Performance 41 2. PROFILE OF JWANENG MINE 20 4.3. Ongoing Stakeholder Engagement towards 46 C2.1. Overview of Debswana’s Operational Context 20 Social Performance Management 2.2. Overview of Jwaneng Mine 22 DELIVERING SOCIO-ECONOMIC BENEFIT 49 2.2.1. Human Resources 23 5. THROUGH ALL MINING ACTIVITIES 2.2.2. Procurement 23 5.1. Overview 50 2.2.3. Safety and Security 24 5.2. Assessment of Four CSI/SED Projects 52 2.2.4. Health 24 5.2.1. The Partnership Between Jwaneng Mine 53 Hospital and Local Government 2.2.5. Education 24 5.2.2. Diamond Dream Academic Awards 54 2.2.6. Environment 25 5.2.3. Lefhoko Diamond Village Housing 55 2.3. Future Capital Investments and Expansion 25 Plans 5.2.4. The Provision of Water to Jwaneng Township 55 and Sese Village 2.3.1. Cut-8 Project 25 5.3. Assessing Jwaneng Mine’s SED and CSI 56 2.3.2. Cut-9 Project 25 Activities 2.3.3. The Jwaneng Resource Extension Project 25 SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS 58 (JREP) 6.
  • The Parliamentary Constituency Offices

    The Parliamentary Constituency Offices

    REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA THE PARLIAMENTARY CONSTITUENCY OFFICES Parliament of Botswana P O Box 240 Gaborone Tel: 3616800 Fax: 3913103 Toll Free; 0800 600 927 e - mail: [email protected] www.parliament.gov.bw Introduction Mmathethe-Molapowabojang Mochudi East Mochudi West P O Box 101 Mmathethe P O Box 2397 Mochudi P O Box 201951 Ntshinoge Representative democracy can only function effectively if the Members of Tel: 5400251 Fax: 5400080 Tel: 5749411 Fax: 5749989 Tel: 5777084 Fax: 57777943 Parliament are accessible, responsive and accountable to their constituents. Mogoditshane Molepolole North Molepolole South The mandate of a Constituency Office is to act as an extension of Parliament P/Bag 008 Mogoditshane P O Box 449 Molepolole P O Box 3573 Molepolole at constituency level. They exist to play this very important role of bringing Tel: 3915826 Fax: 3165803 Tel: 5921099 Fax: 5920074 Tel: 3931785 Fax: 3931785 Parliament and Members of Parliament close to the communities they serve. Moshupa-Manyana Nata-Gweta Ngami A constituency office is a Parliamentary office located at the headquarters of P O Box 1105 Moshupa P/Bag 27 Sowa Town P/Bag 2 Sehithwa Tel: 5448140 Fax: 5448139 Tel: 6213756 Fax: 6213240 Tel: 6872105/123 each constituency for use by a Member of Parliament (MP) to carry out his or Fax: 6872106 her Parliamentary work in the constituency. It is a formal and politically neutral Nkange Okavango Palapye place where a Member of Parliament and constituents can meet and discuss P/Bag 3 Tutume P O Box 69 Shakawe P O Box 10582 Palapye developmental issues. Tel: 2987717 Fax: 2987293 Tel: 6875257/230 Tel: 4923475 Fax: 4924231 Fax: 6875258 The offices must be treated strictly as Parliamentary offices and must therefore Ramotswa Sefhare-Ramokgonami Selibe Phikwe East be used for Parliamentary business and not political party business.
  • A Heritage and Cultural Tourism Destination

    A Heritage and Cultural Tourism Destination

    MAKING GABORONE A STOP AND NOT A STOP-OVER: A HERITAGE AND CULTURAL TOURISM DESTINATION by Jane Thato Dewah (Student No: 12339556) A Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of MAGISTER HEREDITATIS CULTURAEQUE SCIENTIAE (HERITAGE AND CULTURAL STUDIES) (TOURISM) In the Department of Historical and Heritage Studies at the Faculty of Humanities University of Pretoria SUPERVISOR: Prof. K.L Harris December 2014 DECLARATION OF AUTHENTICITY I, the undersigned, hereby declare that the work contained in this thesis is my own original work and has not been submitted previously at any other university for a degree. ............................................... Signature Jane Thato Dewah ................................................ Date ii Abstract The main objective of the study was to identify cultural heritage sites in and around Gaborone which could serve as tourist attractions. Gaborone, the capital city of Botswana, has been neglected in terms of tourism, although it has all the facilities needed to cater for this market. Very little information with regards to tourist attractions around Gaborone is available and therefore this study set out to identify relevant sites and discussed their history, relevance and potential for tourism. It also considers ways in which these sites can be developed in order to attract tourists. Due to its exclusive concentration on wildlife and the wilderness, tourism in Botswana tends to benefit only a few. Moreover, it is mainly concentrated in the north western region of the country, leaving out other parts of the country in terms of the tourism industry. To achieve the main objective of the study, which is to identify sites around the capital city Gaborone and to evaluate if indeed the sites have got the potential to become tourist attractions, three models have been used.
  • Land Tenure Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization

    Land Tenure Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization

    Land Tenure Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization. Item Type text; Electronic Dissertation Authors Ijagbemi, Bayo, 1963- Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 06/10/2021 17:13:55 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/196133 LAND TENURE REFORMS AND SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION IN BOTSWANA: IMPLICATIONS FOR URBANIZATION by Bayo Ijagbemi ____________________ Copyright © Bayo Ijagbemi 2006 A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 2006 2 THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA GRADUATE COLLEGE As members of the Dissertation Committee, we certify that we have read the dissertation prepared by Bayo Ijagbemi entitled “Land Reforms and Social Transformation in Botswana: Implications for Urbanization” and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr Thomas Park _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr Stephen Lansing _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr David Killick _______________________________________________________________________ Date: 10 November 2006 Dr Mamadou Baro Final approval and acceptance of this dissertation is contingent upon the candidate’s submission of the final copies of the dissertation to the Graduate College. I hereby certify that I have read this dissertation prepared under my direction and recommend that it be accepted as fulfilling the dissertation requirement.
  • Botswana Semiology Research Centre Project Seismic Stations In

    Botswana Semiology Research Centre Project Seismic Stations In

    BOTSWANA SEISMOLOGICAL NETWORK ( BSN) STATIONS 19°0'0"E 20°0'0"E 21°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 23°0'0"E 24°0'0"E 25°0'0"E 26°0'0"E 27°0'0"E 28°0'0"E 29°0'0"E 30°0'0"E 1 S 7 " ° 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° " 7 S 1 KSANE Kasane ! !Kazungula Kasane Forest ReserveLeshomo 1 S Ngoma Bridge ! 8 " ! ° 0 0 ' # !Mabele * . MasuzweSatau ! ! ' 0 ! ! Litaba 0 ° Liamb!ezi Xamshiko Musukub!ili Ivuvwe " 8 ! ! ! !Seriba Kasane Forest Reserve Extension S 1 !Shishikola Siabisso ! ! Ka!taba Safari Camp ! Kachikau ! ! ! ! ! ! Chobe Forest Reserve ! !! ! Karee ! ! ! ! ! Safari Camp Dibejam!a ! ! !! ! ! ! ! X!!AUD! M Kazuma Forest Reserve ! ShongoshongoDugamchaRwelyeHau!xa Marunga Xhauga Safari Camp ! !SLIND Chobe National Park ! Kudixama Diniva Xumoxu Xanekwa Savute ! Mah!orameno! ! ! ! Safari Camp ! Maikaelelo Foreset Reserve Do!betsha ! ! Dibebe Tjiponga Ncamaser!e Hamandozi ! Quecha ! Duma BTLPN ! #Kwiima XanekobaSepupa Khw!a CHOBE DISTRICT *! !! ! Manga !! Mampi ! ! ! Kangara # ! * Gunitsuga!Njova Wazemi ! ! G!unitsuga ! Wazemi !Seronga! !Kaborothoa ! 1 S Sibuyu Forest Reserve 9 " Njou # ° 0 * ! 0 ' !Nxaunxau Esha 12 ' 0 Zara ! ! 0 ° ! ! ! " 9 ! S 1 ! Mababe Quru!be ! ! Esha 1GMARE Xorotsaa ! Gumare ! ! Thale CheracherahaQNGWA ! ! GcangwaKaruwe Danega ! ! Gqose ! DobeQabi *# ! ! ! ! Bate !Mahito Qubi !Mahopa ! Nokaneng # ! Mochabana Shukumukwa * ! ! Nxabe NGAMILAND DISTRICT Sorob!e ! XurueeHabu Sakapane Nxai National Nark !! ! Sepako Caecae 2 ! ! S 0 " Konde Ncwima ° 0 ! MAUN 0 ' ! ! ' 0 Ntabi Tshokatshaa ! 0 ° ! " 0 PHDHD Maposa Mmanxotai S Kaore ! ! Maitengwe 2 ! Tsau Segoro
  • 2011 Population & Housing Census Preliminary Results Brief

    2011 Population & Housing Census Preliminary Results Brief

    2011 Population & Housing Census Preliminary Results Brief For further details contact Census Office, Private Bag 0024 Gaborone: Tel 3188500; Fax 3188610 1. Botswana Population at 2 Million Botswana’s population has reached the 2 million mark. Preliminary results show that there were 2 038 228 persons enumerated in Botswana during the 2011 Population and Housing Census, compared with 1 680 863 enumerated in 2001. Suffice to note that this is the de-facto population – persons enumerated where they were found during enumeration. 2. General Comments on the Results 2.1 Population Growth The annual population growth rate 1 between 2001 and 2011 is 1.9 percent. This gives further evidence to the effect that Botswana’s population continues to increase at diminishing growth rates. Suffice to note that inter-census annual population growth rates for decennial censuses held from 1971 to 2001 were 4.6, 3.5 and 2.4 percent respectively. A close analysis of the results shows that it has taken 28 years for Botswana’s population to increase by one million. At the current rate and furthermore, with the current conditions 2 prevailing, it would take 23 years for the population to increase by another million - to reach 3 million. Marked differences are visible in district population annual growths, with estimated zero 3 growth for Selebi-Phikwe and Lobatse and a rate of over 4 percent per annum for South East District. Most district growth rates hover around 2 percent per annum. High growth rates in Kweneng and South East Districts have been observed, due largely to very high growth rates of villages within the proximity of Gaborone.
  • Final THESIS REPORT-Mareko 2011.Indd

    Final THESIS REPORT-Mareko 2011.Indd

    ADAPTING TO SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION THROUGH ARCHITECTURE: AN INTEGRATED COMMUNITY HUB FOR MOSHUPA VILLAGE, BOTSWANA by Mareko Marcos Gaoboe Submitted in partial fulfi lment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture at Dalhousie University Halifax, Nova Scotia July 2011 © Copyright by Mareko Marcos Gaoboe, 2011 DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY SCHOOL OF ARCHITECTURE The undersigned hereby certify that they have read and recommend to the Faculty of Graduate Studies for acceptance a thesis entitled “ADAPTING TO SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION THROUGH ARCHITECTURE: AN INTEGRATED COMMUNITY HUB FOR MOSHUPA VILLAGE, BOTSWANA” by Mareko Marcos Gaoboe in partial fulfi lment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Architecture. Dated: July 6, 2011 Supervisor: Advisor: External Examiner: ii DALHOUSIE UNIVERSITY Date: July 6, 2011 AUTHOR: Mareko Marcos Gaoboe TITLE: ADAPTING TO SOCIAL TRANSFORMATION THROUGH ARCHITECTURE: AN INTEGRATED COMMUNITY HUB FOR MOSHUPA VILLAGE, BOTSWANA DEPARTMENT OR SCHOOL: School of Architecture DEGREE: MArch CONVOCATION: October YEAR: 2011 Permission is herewith granted to Dalhousie University to circulate and to have copied for non-commercial purposes, at its discretion, the above title upon the request of individuals or institutions. I understand that my thesis will be electronically available to the public. The author reserves other publication rights, and neither the thesis nor extensive extracts from it may be printed or otherwise reproduced without the author’s written permission. The author attests that permission has been obtained for the use of any copyrighted ma- terial appearing in the thesis (other than brief excerpts requiring only proper acknowledge- ment in scholarly writing), and that all such use is clearly acknowledged.
  • Geographical Names Standardization BOTSWANA GEOGRAPHICAL

    Geographical Names Standardization BOTSWANA GEOGRAPHICAL

    SCALE 1 : 2 000 000 BOTSWANA GEOGRAPHICAL NAMES 20°0'0"E 22°0'0"E 24°0'0"E 26°0'0"E 28°0'0"E Kasane e ! ob Ch S Ngoma Bridge S " ! " 0 0 ' ' 0 0 ° Geographical Names ° ! 8 !( 8 1 ! 1 Parakarungu/ Kavimba ti Mbalakalungu ! ± n !( a Kakulwane Pan y K n Ga-Sekao/Kachikaubwe/Kachikabwe Standardization w e a L i/ n d d n o a y ba ! in m Shakawe Ngarange L ! zu ! !(Ghoha/Gcoha Gate we !(! Ng Samochema/Samochima Mpandamatenga/ This map highlights numerous places with Savute/Savuti Chobe National Park !(! Pandamatenga O Gudigwa te ! ! k Savu !( !( a ! v Nxamasere/Ncamasere a n a CHOBE DISTRICT more than one or varying names. The g Zweizwe Pan o an uiq !(! ag ! Sepupa/Sepopa Seronga M ! Savute Marsh Tsodilo !(! Gonutsuga/Gonitsuga scenario is influenced by human-centric Xau dum Nxauxau/Nxaunxau !(! ! Etsha 13 Jao! events based on governance or culture. achira Moan i e a h hw a k K g o n B Cakanaca/Xakanaka Mababe Ta ! u o N r o Moremi Wildlife Reserve Whether the place name is officially X a u ! G Gumare o d o l u OKAVANGO DELTA m m o e ! ti g Sankuyo o bestowed or adopted circumstantially, Qangwa g ! o !(! M Xaxaba/Cacaba B certain terminology in usage Nokaneng ! o r o Nxai National ! e Park n Shorobe a e k n will prevail within a society a Xaxa/Caecae/Xaixai m l e ! C u a n !( a d m a e a a b S c b K h i S " a " e a u T z 0 d ih n D 0 ' u ' m w NGAMILAND DISTRICT y ! Nxai Pan 0 m Tsokotshaa/Tsokatshaa 0 Gcwihabadu C T e Maun ° r ° h e ! 0 0 Ghwihaba/ ! a !( o 2 !( i ata Mmanxotae/Manxotae 2 g Botet N ! Gcwihaba e !( ! Nxharaga/Nxaraga !(! Maitengwe
  • Daily Hansard 27 February 2019

    Daily Hansard 27 February 2019

    DAILY YOUR VOICE IN PARLIAMENT THE FIRSTTHE SECOND MEETING MEETING OF THE OF THE FIFTH FIFTH SESSION SESSION OF THEOF ELEVENTHTHE ELEVENTH PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENT WEDNESDAYWEDNESDAYTUESDAY 13 0727 NOVEMBER NOVEMBERFEBRUARY 2018 2019 2018 ENGLISH VERSION HANSARD NO. 192 DISCLAIMER Unofficial Hansard This transcript of Parliamentary proceedings is an unofficial version of the Hansard and may contain inaccuracies. It is hereby published for general purposes only. The final edited version of the Hansard will be published when available and can be obtained from the Assistant Clerk (Editorial). THE NATIONAL ASSEMBLY SPEAKER The Hon. Gladys K. T. Kokorwe PH, MP. DEPUTY SPEAKER The Hon. Kagiso P. Molatlhegi, MP Gaborone South Clerk of the National Assembly - Ms B. N. Dithapo Deputy Clerk of the National Assembly - Mr L. T. Gaolaolwe Learned Parliamentary Counsel - Ms M. Mokgosi Assistant Clerk (E) - Mr R. Josiah CABINET His Excellency Dr M. E. K. Masisi, MP - President His Honour S. Tsogwane, MP. (Boteti West) - Vice President Hon. F. S. Van Der Westhuizen, MP. (Kgalagadi South) - Minister of Local Government and Rural Development Hon. D. K. Makgato, MP. (Sefhare - Ramokgonami) - Minister of Transport and Communications Minister for Presidential Affairs, Governance and Public Hon. N. E. Molefhi, MP. (Selebi Phikwe East) - Administration Hon. S. Kgathi, MP. (Bobonong) - Minister of Defence, Justice and Security Minister of Environment, Natural Resources Conservation and Hon. O. K. Mokaila, MP. (Specially Elected) - Tourism Hon. B. Arone, MP. (Okavango) - Minister of Basic Education Hon. M. N. Ngaka, MP (Takatokwane) - Minister of Nationality, Immigration and Gender Affairs Hon. O. K. Matambo, MP. (Specially Elected) - Minister of Finance and Economic Development Hon.
  • Government Gazette of Such Notice

    Government Gazette of Such Notice

    REPUBLIC OF BOTSWANA GOVERNMENT GAZETTE Vol. XXXV,No. 32 GABORONE 20th June, 1997 CONTENTS Page Acting Appointment — Attorney-General — G.N. No. 211 Of 1997.......csssssssscssscssucsssesssscssnecssecssssessnessssessssesseessssessscasucasuesenscesucenseeszse 1510 PermanentSecretary (Development), Office of the President — G.N. No. 212 of 1997.....ecsessecsesceeees ..1510 PermanentSecretary (Political Affairs) — Office of the President — G.N. No. 213 of 1997..... Secretary for Foreign Affairs —G.N. No. 214 of 1997....cccccsssssssssssessesssesssssssssseseenees Director of Public Service Management + — G.N. No. 215 of 1997...scsssssssessssssesssssessscsussuesssssucssecsecsussussacesseese Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Agriculture —G.N. No. 216 of 1997.. 8 ee 9 PermanentSecretary, Ministry of Education —G.N. No. 217 of 1997..ccccssccsssesseececsussneesessseessese AppointmentofDistrict Conservation Committee — G.N. No. 218 of 1997...cccssssssssssscsscsscssesnecaseasensens Revocation of the Powers of Search — G.N. No. 219 of 1997....ssssssssseseees ee Societies Required to give proof of Existence — G.N. No. 220 of 1997..... ate DAURESNESEUAcstoscenenaeanotarnente 1514—1518 Appointments — Motor Vehicle Examiners — G.N. No. 221 of 1997. disstnaaeaatsessisece LO18 Balance Sheet February 28, 1997 —G.N.No. 222 of 1997. ...csscscssssssssssssssssssssessssecessuessseccssusssssuscssvecssvecsssecsseseesnee 1519 Unclaimed Motor Vehicles — G.N. No. 223 of 1997 (First Publication).........cc.sssscssesssssssssecssssesssecssvees 1520—1522 Public Notices.........
  • Rural Poverty in Botswana. University of Botswana

    Rural Poverty in Botswana. University of Botswana

    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Brage INN Gerd Wikan Cash, crops and cattle A study of rural livelihoods in Botswana Høgskolen i Hedmark Rapport nr. 7 - 2001 Online-versjon Utgivelsessted: Elverum Det må ikke kopieres fra rapporten i strid med åndsverkloven og fotografiloven eller i strid med avtaler om kopiering inngått med KOPINOR, interesseorgan for rettighetshavere til åndsverk. Forfatteren er selv ansvarlig for sine konklusjoner. Innholdet gir derfor ikke nødvendigvis uttrykk for Høgskolens syn. I rapportserien fra Høgskolen i Hedmark publiseres FoU-arbeid og utredninger. Dette omfatter kvalifiseringsarbeid, stoff av lokal og nasjonal interesse, oppdragsvirksomhet, foreløpig publisering før publisering i et vitenskapelig tidsskrift etc. Rapporten kan bestilles ved henvendelse til Høgskolen i Hedmark. (http://www.hihm.no/Publikasjon/default.htm) Rapport nr. 7 - 2001 © Forfatteren/Høgskolen i Hedmark ISBN: 82-7671-167-7 ISSN: 1501-8563 2 Title: Cash, crops and cattle. A study of rural livelihoods in Botswana Author: Gerd Wikan Number: 7 Year: 2001 Pages: 182 ISBN: 82-7671-167-7 ISSN: 1501-8563 Financed by: Hedmark College and The research council of Norway Keywords: Botswana, livelihoods, rural poverty, income strategy Summary: Lack of economic development has lead to a growing scepticism to grand economic development theories and strategies. The focus has shifted towards a more open-ended perspective where the local context and poverty alleviation are in focus. As a result, the new key concepts in the discourse are livelihoods and urban-rural linkages. The academic interest is focused on the question: how are African households surviving given their increasing difficult economic circumstances? In the African context, Botswana is a special case.