Smrt Na Fotbalových Stadionech V Závislosti Na Agresivitě Diváků Bakalářská Práce

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Smrt Na Fotbalových Stadionech V Závislosti Na Agresivitě Diváků Bakalářská Práce MASARYKOVA UNIVERZITA Fakulta sportovních studií Katedra společenských věd a sportu Smrt na fotbalových stadionech v závislosti na agresivitě diváků Bakalářská práce Vedoucí bakalářské práce: Vypracoval: doc. PaedDr. Marie Blahutková, Ph.D. Martin Fučík TVS Brno, 2013 Prohlašuji, že jsem bakalářskou práci vypracoval samostatně a na základě literatury a pramenů uvedených v Seznamu použitých zdrojů. V Brně dne 22. dubna 2013 Podpis Poděkování: Na tomto místě bych rád poděkoval vedoucí této bakalářské práce paní doc. PaedDr. Marii Blahutkové, Ph.D. za odborné vedení, ochotu a vstřícnost, kterou mi v průběhu psaní bakalářské práce poskytla. Obsah Obsah. ..................................................................................................................... 4 Úvod… .................................................................................................................... 6 1. Agrese, agresivita a násilí ve sportu ........................................................ 8 1.1 Definice pojmů .................................................................................................. 8 1.1.1 Agrese a agresivita ....................................................................................... 8 1.1.2 Násilí........................................................................................................... 10 1.1.3 Hostilita ...................................................................................................... 11 1.1.4 Asertivita .................................................................................................... 12 1.2 Dělení agrese .................................................................................................. 13 2. Diváci na fotbalových stadionech ........................................................... 19 2.1 Divácká agrese ................................................................................................ 19 2.2 Typologie fotbalových diváků ......................................................................... 21 2.2.1 Fotbaloví diváci .......................................................................................... 22 2.2.2 Fotbaloví fanoušci ...................................................................................... 22 2.2.3 Fotbaloví chuligáni ..................................................................................... 23 2.2.4 Skupina ultras ............................................................................................ 27 2.2.5 Skupina roligans ......................................................................................... 28 3. Tragické události na fotbalových stadionech ........................................ 30 3.1 Tragické události způsobené agresivním chováním ....................................... 30 3.1.1 Lima 1964 ................................................................................................... 31 3.1.2 Buenos Aires 1968 ..................................................................................... 31 3.1.3 Salvador vs. Honduras 1969 ...................................................................... 31 3.1.4 Kayserispor 1971 ........................................................................................ 32 3.1.5 Brusel 1985 ................................................................................................ 32 3.1.6 Orkney 1991 ............................................................................................... 34 3.1.7 Accra 2001 ................................................................................................. 34 3.1.8 Moskva 2002 .............................................................................................. 34 3.1.9 Compostela 2003 ....................................................................................... 35 3.1.10 Lodž a Krakov 2011 .................................................................................... 35 3.1.11 Port Saidu 2012 .......................................................................................... 36 3.2 Úmrtí v hledištích bez známek agresivního chování ....................................... 37 3.2.1 Ibrox 1902 .................................................................................................. 38 3.2.2 Bolton 1946 ................................................................................................ 38 3.2.3 Ibrox 1971 .................................................................................................. 38 3.2.4 Káhira 1974 ................................................................................................ 39 3.2.5 Pireus 1981 ................................................................................................ 39 3.2.6 Moskva 1982 .............................................................................................. 40 3.2.7 Bradford 1985 ............................................................................................ 41 3.2.8 Káthmandu 1988........................................................................................ 42 3.2.9 Hillsborough 1989 ...................................................................................... 43 3.2.10 Bastia 1992................................................................................................. 43 3.2.11 Johannesburg 2001 .................................................................................... 43 4. Diskuse ...................................................................................................... 45 5. Závěr ......................................................................................................... 51 Seznam použitých zdrojů ................................................................................... 53 Přílohy .................................................................................................................. 59 Resumé ................................................................................................................. 61 Úvod Fotbal. Nejpopulárnější sportovní hra světa, která je rozšířena po všech kontinentech a dostupná všem společenským vrstvám. V posledních několika letech nabývá stále větší celospolečenské důležitosti, zvláště pak díky své atraktivitě, kráse a velké míře popularizace ze strany médií. Tato na pohled krásná, avšak psychicky i fyzicky náročná hra, je plná nejen pozitivních jevů, jako jsou krása, víra, uspokojení a dobrý způsob trávení volného času. Sport je plný negativních jevů, které se v poslední době stávají více častými. Nejinak tomu je i u fotbalu. Kopaná je plná korupce, dopingových skandálů, řádění fotbalových fanoušků, smrtí diváků či přímo účastníku utkání nebo tréninků. Fotbal je plný emocí, touhy po vítězství a pokoření soupeře. Tyto emoce však nejsou spjaty pouze s aktivním sportováním, ale i se sportem pasivním, neboli sportovním diváctvím. Vždyť fanoušci jednotlivých klubů jsou často označováni jako „dvanáctý hráč týmu“. Svůj klub podporují, vytváří na stadiónu atmosféru a dovedou ocenit snahu a dobrý výkon skandovaným potleskem. Sportovní divák je nejčastěji spojován se spíše pasivním sledováním fotbalových utkání a jeho cílem by měl být požitek ze hry. Takovou podporu můžeme nazvat pozitivním diváctvím. Na druhé straně se ale můžeme také setkat s diváctvím negativním, též známým jako chuligánství. Tato organizovaná skupina nechodí na stadiony primárně kvůli prožitku, ale pro zcela jiné důvody, jakými jsou násilí, agrese, vandalismus a v poslední době také rasismus. Nejčastějšími jevy spjatými s fotbalovými chuligány jsou rvačky znepřátelených skupin takovýchto fanoušků. Do takových potyček jsou často vtahováni i ostatní, slušní fanoušci, kteří se přišli podívat na fotbalové utkání a pouze si vzali oblečení nebo doplňky symbolizující jejich oblíbený tým. Proto se nedivme, že fotbalové stadiony občas zejí prázdnotou. Mnoho ze slušných fanoušků raději zhlédne utkání v televizi, než aby vystavovalo sebe nebo své blízké potencionálnímu nebezpečí ze strany fotbalových chuligánů. Největší nebezpečí na fotbalových stadionech je kupodivu spjato s plnými ochozy diváků, kde dochází ke shromáždění i několika desítek tisíc lidí. Nejednou jsme byli v historii této hry svědky obrovských tragédií. Mezi takové události 6 však neřadím vandalismus nebo rasismus, čímž ovšem nechceme snižovat závažnost těchto odsouzení hodných jevů. Jde zejména o smrt fotbalových diváků a fanoušků v hledištích. Davové chování fotbalových chuligánů, spojené se snahou pozitivních diváků chránit se před případnou újmou na zdraví, může kdykoliv vyvolat paniku a posléze skončit katastrofou. V bakalářské práci se budeme zabývat problematikou agrese fotbalových fanoušků a sním spojeným úmrtím na stadiónech. Téma, které v poslední době tíží celý fotbalový svět a proti němuž se snaží bojovat mezinárodní fotbalové asociace jako FIFA (Fédération Internationale de Football Association) a UEFA (Union of European Football Associations), ale i tuzemské organizace jako Fotbalová asociace České republiky a v neposlední řadě Policie ČR a Ministerstvo vnitra ČR. Toto téma jsme zvolili z důvodu dlouhodobého zájmu o danou problematiku, znalost fotbalového prostředí z pozice aktivního hráče, trenéra a rozhodčího fotbalu, tak i občasného fotbalového fanouška. Cílem této práce je pomocí studia odborné literatury vymezit základní pojmy týkající se této problematiky a celkově shrnout tento společensky významný jev. První kapitolu práce je věnována obecně agresivitě ve sportu, jakožto jednomu z největších negativních jevů
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