DOCSLIB.ORG

Crowd Choreographies

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

Crowd Choreographies Madeline McHale Hartzell Andy Warhol, Crowd c. 1963 Crowd Choreographies by Madeline Hartzell, 0 Advisors: Jill Stoner, Associate Professor of Architecture Raveevarn Choksombatchai, Associate Professor of Architecture Introduction 4 one The Fear of Being Touched: Catalog and Critique of a Crowd 8 Definition of a Crowd Sociological Factors Different Crowd Types two Mosh Pit : Simulating the Crowd 16 Summary of Programming Crowd Simulation Diverging Theories: Fluid Dynamics Vs. Agent Based Lexicon of Crowd Simulation Programs three The Crush : Case Studies 24 Moving: Haaj Pilgrimmage Fleeing: 9/11 Receiving: The Superdome Entering: Black Friday four Live Your Passion : Rio de Janeiro Olympic 06 40 Brief on Olympics Site Analysis: Rio (Populace, Landscape) Current Concerns: Terrorism, Crime, Mob Olympic Event Calendar five Anticipation: Investigating the 06 Crowds 46 SITE ONE: Maracana Stadium SITE TWO: Sambodrome SITE THREE: Copacabana Stadium six Choreographing the Crowd : Final Designs 60 Bibliography 74 table of contents . Aftermath from the 954 Lima-Peru Soccer Tragedy, resulting in 38 spectators dead, . Aerial view of the 969 Woodstock concert in White Lake, New York. 3. Photograph from the 989 Hillsborough Disaster, where 96 fans were crushed to death. The more, the merrier? "The more fiercely people press together, the more certain they feel that they do not fear each other." -Elias Canetti Many of the most important historical moments of our time involved a crowd - whether waiting in anticipation for an election result, parading the street in riot or somberly listening to a speech in peaceful hope. Designing for a large capacity of people, either on a short term basis (stadium) or continuous movement throughout the period of day (subway station) inherently brings in an element of the unknown: how people will truly inhabit the space. Open crowds have been plagued by moments of crushing and stampedes, such as the 006 pilgrimage to Mecca (345 people were killed) and the 00 Love Parade in Duisburg ( people were killed, 500 were injured). This has urged an increase in the social and statistical understanding of mass movement with crowd simulation software that has helped scientists, designers and planners begin to understand the dynamics behind crowd formation and density. Typically, these simulations are run post-crisis in effort to understand the issues of containment and congestion, such as the Jamarat Bridge obstacle study after the 006 Mecca pilgrammage. In cases of design, they are carried out in the later end of the design phase, to fine tune details of egress and security. What if these crowd simulations and analyses became part of the initial design process rather than after the fact? This thesis investigates the social and spatial components involved in crowds by looking at how they form, move and disengage. Using crowd simulation programming and site analysis, I will focus on the 06 Olympics in Rio de Janeiro as a template to study how various crowds can become an agent for design and transformation. The final design, descrbed in the last chapter, will take over three specific sites in downtown Rio : the Maracana Stadium, the Sambodromo and Copacabana beach. Rather than focusing on the large-scale, "big architecture" of the Olympics that receive the most attention, the stadia themselves, the design will zoom-in on the informal public sites surrounding the stadia that are similarly activated by the flow of crowds. introduction 6 Large-scale human stampede took over the small streets on New Years Eve day Eve onNewYears thesmallstreets stampede took over human Large-scale Stampede occured after shrine collapsed. Over atceremony 1.5millionpresent after shrinecollapsed. Stampede occured Luzhniki Disaster. Cans attempted to re-enter to attempted Cans goal Stadiumduringlastminute Disaster. Luzhniki Overcrowding in a pedestrian tunnelduring the annual pilgrimmage to Mecca pilgrimmageto inapedestrian tunnelduringtheannual Overcrowding Hillsborough Disaster. Crowds attempted to climb gates duringthestampede climbgates to attempted Crowds Disaster. Hillsborough Stampede at the 2010 Love Parade caushed crushing and over 510injuries crushingandover caushed Parade Stampede atthe2010Love Football fans stampede after violence and tear gas erupted inthestadium gaserupted stampedeandtear after fans violence Football 50 injured at Maracana Stadium when the fence collapse on top offans ontop collapse Stadiumwhenthefence atMaracana 50 injured Lantern festival turned into stampede turnedinto after victim stumbledonbridge festival Lantern Another crushing event causes tragedy around the Jamarat Bridge theJamarat around tragedy Another causes crushing event Jamarat Bridge causes crushing during stoning oftheDevil crushingduringstoning ritual Bridgecauses Jamarat Muslims crushed to death during annual pilgrimmage to Mecca pilgrimmageto deathduringannual Muslims crushedto Stampede after goal revoked from Olympic match from qualifying Stampede after goalrevoked Crowd rushed to get out of rain into the railway station therailway into getoutofrain rushedto Crowd Stampede headed towards locked exitsinahailstorm locked Stampede headedtowards Heysel Stadium Disaster. Riots cause walls to collapse to walls Riots cause Heysel StadiumDisaster. Potential re cause fans to head towards closedexits headtowards to fans cause re Potential Fans crushed during a World Cup qualifying match qualifying Cup crushedduringaWorld Fans People attempt to force their way into astadium into theirway force to attempt People Fans rush to leave ground causing astampede causing ground leave rushto Fans Fans rush to leave ground causing astampede causing ground leave rushto Fans Crowd over-reaches barriers, causes trampling causes barriers, over-reaches Crowd Fans attempt to climb fence to escape ghting escape to climbfence to attempt Fans Stampede theDevil duringstoning ritual Barriers collapse duringfootball match Barriers collapse Water festival turned into astampede turnedinto festival Water Fans stampede duringalightfailure Fans Guatemala City, Guatemala City, Guatemala Fans crushedduringaWho concert Fans Lan Kwai Fong, HongKong Fong, Lan Kwai Drunken fans provoke astampede provoke fans Drunken Nightclub raid turns into disaster turnsinto raid Nightclub Buenos Aires, Argentina BuenosAires, Crowd ees from police tear gas tear police eesfrom Crowd Phnom Penh, Cambodia Penh, Phnom Copenhagan, Denmark Copenhagan, Sheeld, Great Britain Great Sheeld, Rock festival led to trampling ledto Rock festival Orkney, South Africa Orkney, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Rio deJaneiro, Mecca, Saudi Arabia Mecca, Saudi Arabia Mecca, Saudi Arabia Mecca, Saudi Arabia Mecca, Saudi Arabia Harare, South Africa Harare, Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico Mexico City, Mexico City, Mexico Duisburg, Germany Duisburg, Brussels, Belgium Brussels, Katmandu, Nepal Cinncinati, Ohio Cinncinati, Moscow, Russia Moscow, Piraeus, Greece Piraeus, Cali, Columbia Cali, Minsk, Belarus Lagos, NigeriaLagos, Beijing, China Beijing, Accra, Ghana Accra, Cairo, Egypt Egypt Cairo, Sheeld, UK Sheeld, Glasgow, UK Glasgow, Kerala, IndiaKerala, Lima, Peru 2010 2005 2000 1995 1990 1985 1980 1975 1970 1965 100 1000 200 2000 300 3000 400 4000 500 5000 600 6000 700 7000 800 8000 900 9000 1000 10000 1100 11000 1200 12000 1300 13000 1400 14000 1500 15000 1600 16000 1700 17000 1800 18000 1900 19000 2000 20000 2100 21000 2200 22000 2300 23000 2400 24000 2500 25000 2600 26000 2700 27000 2800 28000 2900 29000 3000 30000 3100 31000 3200 32000 3300 33000 3400 34000 3500 35000 3600 36000 3700 37000 3800 38000 3900 39000 4000 40000 4100 41000 4200 42000 4300 43000 4400 44000 4500 45000 4600 46000 4700 47000 4800 48000 4900 49000 5000 50000 5100 51000 5200 52000 5300 53000 5400 54000 5500 55000 5600 56000 5700 57000 5800 58000 5900 59000 6000 60000 6100 61000 6200 62000 6300 63000 6400 64000 6500 65000 6600 66000 6700 67000 6800 68000 6900 69000 7000 7000 Large-scale human stampede took over the small streets on New Years Eve day Eve onNewYears thesmallstreets stampede took over human Large-scale Stampede occured after shrine collapsed. Over atceremony 1.5millionpresent after shrinecollapsed. Stampede occured Luzhniki Disaster. Cans attempted to re-enter to attempted Cans goal Stadiumduringlastminute Disaster. Luzhniki Overcrowding in a pedestrian tunnelduring the annual pilgrimmage to Mecca pilgrimmageto inapedestrian tunnelduringtheannual Overcrowding Hillsborough Disaster. Crowds attempted to climb gates duringthestampede climbgates to attempted Crowds Disaster. Hillsborough Stampede at the 2010 Love Parade caushed crushing and over 510injuries crushingandover caushed Parade Stampede atthe2010Love Football fans stampede after violence and tear gas erupted inthestadium gaserupted stampedeandtear after fans violence Football 50 injured at Maracana Stadium when the fence collapse on top offans ontop collapse Stadiumwhenthefence atMaracana 50 injured Lantern festival turned into stampede turnedinto after victim stumbledonbridge festival Lantern Another crushing event causes tragedy around the Jamarat Bridge theJamarat around tragedy Another causes crushing event Jamarat Bridge causes crushing during stoning oftheDevil crushingduringstoning ritual Bridgecauses Jamarat Muslims crushed to death during annual pilgrimmage to Mecca pilgrimmageto deathduringannual Muslims crushedto Stampede after goal revoked from Olympic match from qualifying Stampede after goalrevoked Crowd rushed to get out of rain into the railway station
Recommended publications
  • 'The Truth' of the Hillsborough Disaster Is Only 23 Years Late

    'The Truth' of the Hillsborough Disaster Is Only 23 Years Late

    blo gs.lse.ac.uk http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/politicsandpolicy/archives/26897 ‘The Truth’ of the Hillsborough disaster is only 23 years late John Williams was present on the fateful day in April of 1989. He places the event within its historical and sociological context, and looks at the slow process that finally led to the truth being revealed. I have to begin by saying – rather pretentiously some might reasonably argue – that I am a ‘f an scholar’, an active Liverpool season ticket holder and a prof essional f ootball researcher. I had f ollowed my club on that FA Cup run of 1989 (Hull City away, Brentf ord at home) and was at Hillsborough on the 15 April – f ortunately saf ely in the seats. But I saw all the on- pitch distress and the bodies being laid out below the stand f rom which we watched in disbelief as events unf olded on that awf ul day. Fans carrying the injured and the dying on advertising boards: where were the ambulances? As the stadium and the chaos f inally cleared, Football Trust of f icials (I had worked on projects f or the Trust) asked me to take people f rom the f ootball organisations around the site of the tragedy to try to explain what had happened. It was a bleak terrain: twisted metal barriers and human detritus – scarves, odd shoes and pairs of spectacles Scarve s and flag s at the Hillsb o ro ug h me mo rial, Anfie ld . Cre d it: Be n Suthe rland (CC-BY) via Flickr – scattered on the Leppings Lane terraces.
  • Daily Competition Schedule 1.3

    Daily Competition Schedule 1.3

    Rio 2016™ - Daily Competition Schedule 1.3 3 Aug 4 Aug 5 Aug 6 Aug 7 Aug 8 Aug 9 Aug 10 Aug 11 Aug 12 Aug 13 Aug 14 Aug 15 Aug 16 Aug 17 Aug 18 Aug 19 Aug 20 Aug 21 Aug VENUE DISCIPLINE Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Sat Sun -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Barra da Tijuca Synchronized Swimming Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon TBD Maria Lenk Aquatic Centre Diving Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning TBD Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Swimming Olympic Aquatics Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Stadium Women's Men's Women's Men's Men's Water Polo Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning TBD Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Basketball Olympic Hall 1 TBD Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Judo Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Evening Olympic Hall 2 Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning Wrestling Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Afternoon Men's and Women's Men's Women's Men's Women's Men's Women's Men's Women's Fencing Morning Morning Morning Morning Morning
  • The List of Designated Hotels (Valid Until 19 February 2021)

    The List of Designated Hotels (Valid Until 19 February 2021)

    The List of Designated Hotels (Valid until 19 February 2021) *In case the quarantine period straddles across 19 February 2021, travellers should take into account possible changes to the list in making reservation. Click on the “Name of Hotel” to access the website for reservation. (Sorted by district and name of hotel in alphabetical order). Whether the hotel will Room Rate per provide delivery No. of Night for Hotel policy for guests under the age of 18 Name of Hotel Address Telephone No. Email Address Room Type service (e.g. Rooms Quarantine (Note) take-away food Guests (in HKD)* order) to guest rooms** Central and Western 1 Best Western Plus Hotel 308 Des Voeux Road 3410 3333 hotel@bestwesternplushotel (Suite) 130 $650 Y Our hotel welcomes the quarantine guests under Hong Kong West .com (Non-suite) 188 $550 the age of 18 to stay and we will provide special care for the guests. In addition, the contact phone number for the guest's guardian will be required. 2 CM+ Hotels & Serviced No. 16 Connaught Road 3560 6738 [email protected] (Suite) 19 $1,800 (1 guest) Y NIL Apartments West, Sheung Wan, $1,900 (2 guests) Hong Kong (Non-suite) 35 $1,800 (1 guest) $1,900 (2 guests) 3 Eco Tree Hotel 156-160 Des Voeux 2217 1888 [email protected] (Suite) 7 $1,500 (2 guests) Y Must stay with an adult. Road West, Sai Ying m.hk $1,650 (3 guests) Pun, Hong Kong $1,800 (4 guests) (Non-suite) 78 $750 (1 guest) $900 (2 guests) $1,050 (3 guests) 4 Grand City Hotel 338 Queen's Road West 2192 1222 hotel@grandcityhotelhongk (Suite) 10 $650 Y Our hotel welcomes the quarantine guests under ong.com (Non-suite) 204 $480 the age of 18 to stay and we will provide special care for the guests.
  • Off-Campus Attractions, Restaurants and Shopping

    Off-Campus Attractions, Restaurants and Shopping

    Off-Campus Attractions, Restaurants and Shopping The places listed in this guide are within 30 – 35 minutes travel time via public transportation from HKU. The listing of malls and restaurants is suggested as a resource to visitors but does not reflect any endorsement of any particular establishment. Whilst every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of the information, you may check the website of the restaurant or mall for the most updated information. For additional information on getting around using public transports in Hong Kong, enter the origin and destination into the website: http://hketransport.gov.hk/?l=1&slat=0&slon=0&elat=0&elon=0&llon=12709638.92104&llat=2547711.355213 1&lz=14 or . For more information on discovering Hong Kong, please visit http://www.discoverhongkong.com/us/index.jsp or . Please visit https://www.openrice.com/en/hongkong or for more information on food and restaurants in Hong Kong. Man Mo Temple Address: 124-126 Hollywood Road, Sheung Wan, Hong Kong Island How to get there: MTR Sheung Wan Station Exit A2 then walk along Hillier Street to Queen's Road Central. Then proceed up Ladder Street (next to Lok Ku Road) to Hollywood Road to the Man Mo Temple. Open hours: 08:00 am – 06:00 pm Built in 1847, is one of the oldest and the most famous temples in Hong Kong and this remains the largest Man Mo temple in Hong Kong. It is a favorite with parents who come to pray for good progress for their kids in their studies.
  • University of Southern Queensland Behavioural Risk At

    University of Southern Queensland Behavioural Risk At

    University of Southern Queensland Behavioural risk at outdoor music festivals Aldo Salvatore Raineri Doctoral Thesis Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Professional Studies at the University of Southern Queensland Volume I April 2015 Supervisor: Prof Glen Postle ii Certification of Dissertation I certify that the ideas, experimental work, results, analyses and conclusions reported in this dissertation are entirely my own effort, except where otherwise acknowledged. I also certify that the work is original and has not been previously submitted for any other award, except where otherwise acknowledged. …………………………………………………. ………………….. Signature of candidate Date Endorsement ………………………………………………….. …………………… Signature of Supervisor Date iii Acknowledgements “One’s destination is never a place, but a new way of seeing things.” Henry Miller (1891 – 1980) An outcome such as this dissertation is never the sole result of individual endeavour, but is rather accomplished through the cumulative influences of many experiences and colleagues, acquaintances and individuals who pass through our lives. While these are too numerous to list (or even remember for that matter) in this instance, I would nonetheless like to acknowledge and thank everyone who has traversed my life path over the years, for without them I would not be who I am today. There are, however, a number of people who deserve singling out for special mention. Firstly I would like to thank Dr Malcolm Cathcart. It was Malcolm who suggested I embark on doctoral study and introduced me to the Professional Studies Program at the University of Southern Queensland. It was also Malcolm’s encouragement that “sold” me on my ability to undertake doctoral work.
  • Explanatory Guide

    Explanatory Guide

    Fencing Explanatory Guide About the Explanatory Guides Published in July 2015, the Explanatory Guides offer a detailed introduction to each sport at the Rio 2016 Olympic Games, as well as providing information on a variety of other fundamental topics that may be of importance to teams as they continue their planning and preparations. This guide is divided into several sections: • A general introduction to Rio de Janeiro and to the Games; • Sport-specific information on subjects such as the competition format, schedule and venue; rules; training; and qualification criteria; • General information touching on accreditation, ticketing, accommodation, medical services, doping control and transport; • A directory that contains contact details, maps and a daily competition schedule for all sports. All information provided in this Explanatory Guide was correct at the time of publication in July 2015; however, please note that these details may change between this date and the Games. NOCs are advised to check the IOC’s NOCnet (http://extranet.olympic.org/nocnet) and Rio 2016’s Rio Exchange (https://rioexchange.rio2016.com) for important updates on topics, such as to the competition schedule. Detailed Team Leaders’ Guides, covering Games-time plans for every Olympic sport, will be distributed to NOCs in June 2016. Welcome to the Fencing Explanatory Guide for the Rio 2016 Olympic Games. On behalf of Rio 2016, I am pleased to present this document, the content of which has been produced in close collaboration with the International Fencing Federation and IOC Sport. As a commitment to sustainability, these guides are being presented in an electronic-only format.
  • Disaster Preparedness Guide 2021

    Disaster Preparedness Guide 2021

    Hillsborough County Disaster Preparedness Guide 2021 INSIDE Three Steps to Disaster Preparedness Prepping for All Disasters Hurricane Season (June 1 – November 30) Hurricane Maps Important Contact Information Hillsborough County Hillsborough County Emergency Management A Great Place to Live, Work, and Play Located in the thriving center of West-Central Florida, Hillsborough County is the Tampa Bay Disaster Preparedness region’s largest county, and a major part of the Florida High-Tech Corridor along Interstate 4. Situated between Orlando and the Gulf of Mexico, Hillsborough County features stunning natural treasures, a plethora of entertainment options, Guide 2021 major employers, and the University of South Florida, a premiere research institution, all in a year-round temperate climate. Hillsborough County Contents is a great place to live, work, and play. Emergency Management is Hillsborough County Emergency Management 1 Prepared for You Three Steps to Disaster Preparedness 1 The Office of Emergency Management is responsible for planning and coordinating actions 1. Pack a Disaster Kit 2 to prepare, respond, and recover from natural or man-made disasters in Hillsborough County. The 2. Make a Plan 3 Office manages the County Emergency Operations Center, conducts emergency training, provides public education, helps coordinate the Community Emergency Response Teams, and many other tasks. 3. Stay Informed 6 Three Steps to Disaster Preparedness Prepping for All Disasters 7 Hurricane Season in Hillsborough County (June 1 – November 30) 8 1. Pack a Disaster Kit Being prepared starts by having a disaster supply kit. Take a moment every year to review the items Hillsborough County Hurricane Maps 12 in your disaster kit and restock it with anything you may be missing or that needs to be replaced.
  • Premier League, 2018–2019

    Premier League, 2018–2019

    Premier League, 2018–2019 “The Premier League is one of the most difficult in the world. There's five, six, or seven clubs that can be the champions. Only one can win, and all the others are disappointed and live in the middle of disaster.” —Jurgen Klopp Hello Delegates! My name is Matthew McDermut and I will be directing the Premier League during WUMUNS 2018. I grew up in Tenafly, New Jersey, a town not far from New York City. I am currently in my junior year at Washington University, where I am studying psychology within the pre-med track. This is my third year involved in Model UN at college and my first time directing. Ever since I was a kid I have been a huge soccer fan; I’ve often dreamed of coaching a real Premier League team someday. I cannot wait to see how this committee plays out. In this committee, each of you will be taking the helm of an English Football team at the beginning of the 2018-2019 season. Your mission is simple: climb to the top of the world’s most prestigious football league, managing cutthroat competition on and off the pitch, all while debating pressing topics that face the Premier League today. Some of the main issues you will be discussing are player and fan safety, competition with the world’s other top leagues, new rules and regulations, and many more. If you have any questions regarding how the committee will run or how to prepare feel free to email me at [email protected].
  • Civil Defense and Chemical Warfare in Great Britain, 1915-1945 Jordan I

    Civil Defense and Chemical Warfare in Great Britain, 1915-1945 Jordan I

    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 3-7-2018 Britain Can Take It: Civil Defense and Chemical Warfare in Great Britain, 1915-1945 Jordan I. Malfoy [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FIDC006585 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the European History Commons, History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons, Military History Commons, Political History Commons, and the Social History Commons Recommended Citation Malfoy, Jordan I., "Britain Can Take It: Civil Defense and Chemical Warfare in Great Britain, 1915-1945" (2018). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 3639. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/3639 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida BRITAIN CAN TAKE IT: CHEMICAL WARFARE AND THE ORIGINS OF CIVIL DEFENSE IN GREAT BRITAIN, 1915 - 1945 A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY in HISTORY by Jordan Malfoy 2018 To: Dean John F. Stack, Jr. choose the name of dean of your college/school Green School of International and Public Affairs choose the name of your college/school This disserta tion, writte n by Jordan Malfoy, and entitled Britain Can Take It: Chemical Warfare and the Ori gins of Civil D efense i n Great Britain, 1915-1945, having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment.
  • Mutual Information for the Detection of Crush Conditions

    Mutual Information for the Detection of Crush Conditions

    Mutual Information for the Detection of Crush Conditions Thesis presented to the Faculty of Science and Engineering, in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy September, 2012 Author: Supervisor: Peter Harding Prof. Martyn Amos Ind. Collaborator: Dr. Steven Gwynne Contents Table of Contents . i List of Tables . vi List of Figures . vii List of Equations . xv Declarations . xvii Acknowledgements . xviii Abstract . xix 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Scope of Study . 3 1.2 Identification of Crush Conditions in in silico Simulations . 3 1.3 Contributions . 4 1.4 Thesis Outline . 5 2 Evacuation and Crush 7 2.1 Introduction . 7 2.2 What is Evacuation? . 7 2.3 The Behaviour of Evacuating Crowds . 9 2.3.1 Fallacies of Crowd Behaviour . 9 2.4 What are Crush Conditions? . 13 2.5 What Causes Crush? . 14 2.5.1 Spatial . 14 2.5.2 Temporal . 15 2.5.3 Perceptual and Cognitive Factors . 17 2.5.4 Procedural . 18 2.5.5 Structural . 19 2.6 Types of Force in Evacuation Scenarios . 19 2.6.1 Pushing . 19 2.6.2 Stacking . 20 i 2.6.3 Leaning . 23 2.7 Historical Examples of Crush . 25 2.7.1 Hillsborough . 25 2.7.2 Rhode Island Nightclub . 32 2.7.3 Gothenburg Dancehall . 37 2.7.4 E2 Nightclub Incident . 42 2.7.5 Mihong Bridge Spring Festival Disaster . 46 2.8 A Diagnosis Issue in Crowd Crush Situations . 52 2.9 Detecting Crush Conditions via Phase Transitions - An Initial Idea . 54 2.10 Scope of this Study .
  • When Is the Best Time to Go to Hong Kong?

    When Is the Best Time to Go to Hong Kong?

    Page 1 of 98 Chris’ Copyrights @ 2011 When Is The Best Time To Go To Hong Kong? Winter Season (December - March) is the most relaxing and comfortable time to go to Hong Kong but besides the weather, there's little else to do since the "Sale Season" occurs during Summer. There are some sales during Christmas & Chinese New Year but 90% of the clothes are for winter. Hong Kong can get very foggy during winter, as such, visit to the Peak is a hit-or-miss affair. A foggy bird's eye view of HK isn't really nice. Summer Season (May - October) is similar to Manila's weather, very hot but moving around in Hong Kong can get extra uncomfortable because of the high humidity which gives the "sticky" feeling. Hong Kong's rainy season also falls on their summer, July & August has the highest rainfall count and the typhoons also arrive in these months. The Sale / Shopping Festival is from the start of July to the start of September. If the sky is clear, the view from the Peak is great. Avoid going to Hong Kong when there are large-scale exhibitions or ongoing tournaments like the Hong Kong Sevens Rugby Tournament because hotel prices will be significantly higher. CUSTOMS & DUTY FREE ALLOWANCES & RESTRICTIONS • Currency - No restrictions • Tobacco - 19 cigarettes or 1 cigar or 25 grams of other manufactured tobacco • Liquor - 1 bottle of wine or spirits • Perfume - 60ml of perfume & 250 ml of eau de toilette • Cameras - No restrictions • Film - Reasonable for personal use • Gifts - Reasonable amount • Agricultural Items - Refer to consulate Note: • If arriving from Macau, duty-free imports for Macau residents are limited to half the above cigarette, cigar & tobacco allowance • Aircraft crew & passengers in direct transit via Hong Kong are limited to 20 cigarettes or 57 grams of pipe tobacco.
  • List of Buildings with Confirmed / Probable Cases of COVID-19

    List of Buildings with Confirmed / Probable Cases of COVID-19

    List of Buildings With Confirmed / Probable Cases of COVID-19 List of Residential Buildings in Which Confirmed / Probable Cases Have Resided (Note: The buildings will remain on the list for 14 days since the reported date.) Related Confirmed / District Building Name Probable Case(s) Islands Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel 11101 North Block 6, Belair Monte 11105 Kowloon City iclub Ma Tau Wai Hotel 11106 Central & Western Lan Kwai Fong Hotel@ Kau U Fong 11107 Wan Chai Best Western Hotel Causeway Bay 11108 Kowloon City Metropark Hotel Kowloon 11109 Kwun Tong IW Hotel 11110 Kwai Tsing Dorsett Tsuen Wan Hong Kong 11111 Eastern Ramada Hong Kong Grand View 11112 Kowloon City iclub Ma Tau Wai Hotel 11113 North Block 1, Dawning Views 11114 Islands Block 1, Coastal Skyline 11115 Central & Western Lan Kwai Fong Hotel@ Kau U Fong 11116 Central & Western Sing Fai Building 11118 Eastern Hoi Sing Mansion, Taikoo Shing 11120 Eastern Hoi Sing Mansion, Taikoo Shing 11121 Sai Kung Tak On House, Hau Tak Estate 11123 Sham Shui Po 15 Fuk Wing Street 11124 Kowloon City iclub Ma Tau Wai Hotel 11125 Yau Tsim Mong Dorsett Mongkok, Hong Kong 11127 Kwai Tsing Block 1, Regency Park 11128 Central & Western True Light Building 11129 Islands Hong Kong SkyCity Marriott Hotel 11130 Central & Western Yukon Court 11131 Central & Western Bishop Lei International House 11132 Central & Western 40 Conduit Road 11132 Sham Shui Po 15 Fuk Wing Street 11133 Central & Western May Tower I 11134 Kwai Tsing Yat King House, Lai King Estate 11135 Central & Western Yip Cheong Building,