DOCSLIB.ORG

Environmentally Friendly Anticorrosive Polymeric Coatings

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Environmentally Friendly Anticorrosive Polymeric Coatings applied sciences Review Environmentally Friendly Anticorrosive Polymeric Coatings Mirko Faccini 1,* , Lorenzo Bautista 2, Laura Soldi 2, Ana M. Escobar 2 , Manuela Altavilla 1, Martí Calvet 2 , Anna Domènech 2 and Eva Domínguez 2 1 Centro de Excelencia en Nanotecnología (CEN), Leitat Chile, Calle Román Díaz 532, Providencia, Santiago 7500724, Chile; [email protected] 2 Leitat Technological Center, Surface Chemistry Area, Applied Chemistry & Materials Department, Terrassa 08225, Barcelona, Spain; [email protected] (L.B.); [email protected] (L.S.); [email protected] (A.M.E.); [email protected] (M.C.); [email protected] (A.D.); [email protected] (E.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: This paper provides a synthetic and comprehensive overview on environmentally friendly anticorrosive polymeric coatings. Firstly, the economic and environmental impact of corrosion is presented to highlight the need of anticorrosive polymeric coatings as a flexible and effective solution to protect a metal. Secondly, the implementation of regulations together with the consumer awareness for environmental considerations and protection of health are the driving force for a progressive but significant change in the sector. Therefore, within the protective organic coatings market, this article provides a review of the most recent developments in environmentally friendly solutions, including bio-based and water-borne epoxy, hyperbranched polyester for low- volatile organic compounds (VOC) coatings, waterborne polyurethane and non-isocyanate polyurethanes (NIPUs), and graphene or bio-based fillers for acrylics. Moreover, this paper outlines new trends such as smart additives, bio- based corrosion inhibitors, and functional antibiocorrosive coatings as superhydrophobics. Finally, Citation: Faccini, M.; Bautista, L.; industrially relevant applications of environmentally friendly anticorrosive polymeric coatings Soldi, L.; Escobar, A.M.; Altavilla, M.; including solutions for marine and off-shore industries are summarized. Calvet, M.; Domènech, A.; Domínguez, E. Environmentally Keywords: polymeric coatings; anticorrosive; environmentally friendly; protective coating; bio- Friendly Anticorrosive Polymeric based; waterborne; low VOC Coatings. Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083446 Academic Editor: Mirko Magni 1. Introduction Corrosion Cost and Environmental Impact Received: 28 February 2021 Corrosion is a universal topic, for many accepted as an inevitable process. The Accepted: 5 April 2021 Published: 12 April 2021 penalties of failures from corrosion are highly impactful from a human safety perspective and an economic point of view, including safety hazards or plant interruptions. Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral The conclusion of significant studies undertaken by several countries was that corro- with regard to jurisdictional claims in sion represents a constant charge to the nation’s gross national product (GDP). The National published maps and institutional affil- Association of Corrosion Engineers (NACE International) studied the role of corrosion iations. management in industry and government impact in the US and estimated a global cost of corrosion of US $2.5 trillion, equivalent to 3.4% of US GDP, and from approximately 1 to 5 percent of GDP of each nation. These numbers are considered to be conservative since only well-documented costs can be used for study: corrosion control management as well as maintenance costs, monitoring, inspection and fewer failures are difficult to Copyright: © 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. measure. Nevertheless, it was observed that indirect costs due to corrosion damage are This article is an open access article often significantly greater than direct costs. Hence, the total cost which should include distributed under the terms and direct plus indirect cost could double the corrosion cost up to six percent of US GDP [1,2]. conditions of the Creative Commons Health hazards and environmental impact of corroded materials, which could be Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// considered as indirect costs, have been widely studied. Especially, the runoff of multiple creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ metal ions (iron, zinc, lead, manganese) causing the contamination of the surrounding 4.0/). environment and drinking water systems were reported [3–7]. Moreover, the iron rust Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11083446 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/applsci Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 19 metal ions (iron, zinc, lead, manganese) causing the contamination of the surrounding Appl. Sci. 2021, 11, 3446 2 of 18 environment and drinking water systems were reported [3–7]. Moreover, the iron rust influence on the growth rate of Legionella bacteria [8], chemical emissions from cathodic protection of offshore wind farms (OWF) [9], or the environmental impact of rust removal techniquesinfluence onare the other growth examples rate of of Legionella environmental bacteria concerns [8], chemical [10]. emissions from cathodic protectionAnticorrosive of offshore polymeric wind farms coatings (OWF) have [9 ],gained or the high environmental potential and impact flexibility of rust removalagainst metaltechniques protection are other compared examples to non-polymeric of environmental ones, concerns as they [ 10can]. be designed and formu- lated toAnticorrosive achieve more polymeric than one coatingsprotective have mechanism. gained high This potential review is and focused flexibility on anticor- against rosivemetal polymeric protection coatings, compared paying to non-polymeric special attention ones, ason theyenvironmentally can be designed friendly and formulated solutions ableto achieve to achieve more a proper than one balance protective between mechanism. cost, technical This reviewperformance, is focused and onenvironmental anticorrosive issues.polymeric coatings, paying special attention on environmentally friendly solutions able to achieveTherefore, a proper the balance need to between overcome cost, the technical economic performance, damages generated and environmental by corrosion issues. phe- nomenaTherefore, has been the faced need through to overcome the developm the economicent of damages several generatedcoating technologies. by corrosion This phe- reviewnomena is focused has been on faced anticorrosive through thepolymeric development coatings of as several a flexible coating and technologies.effective solution This againstreview corrosion is focused by on means anticorrosive of different polymeric and simultaneous coatings as amechanisms flexible and of effective corrosion solution inhi- bition.against A corrosioncomprehensive by means vision of of different the topic and is provided, simultaneous together mechanisms with a state of corrosion of the art inhi-for eco-friendlybition. A comprehensive polymeric coatings vision organized of the topic in four is provided, main categories, together according with a state to the of thepoly- art merfor resin eco-friendly type: epoxy, polymeric polyester, coatings polyurethane, organized and in four acrylic. main categories, according to the polymerAbove resin all, the type: present epoxy, work polyester, aims to polyurethane, give an overall and picture acrylic. on how the coating market is evolvingAbove asall, a response the present to the work public, aims government, to give an and overall consumers’ picture commitment on how the coatingto sus- tainability.market is evolvingSpecial attention as a response is paid to to the new public, trends government, in the anticorrosive and consumers’ coating commitmentfield, as the to sustainability. Special attention is paid to new trends in the anticorrosive coating scientific community is addressing the high demand for environmentally friendly coat- field, as the scientific community is addressing the high demand for environmentally ings with innovative solutions. Moreover, a selection of applications is made to highlight friendly coatings with innovative solutions. Moreover, a selection of applications is made the urgency of a proper balance between cost, technical performance, and environmental to highlight the urgency of a proper balance between cost, technical performance, and issues in the coating sector. environmental issues in the coating sector. 2.2. Anticorrosive Anticorrosive Coating Coating Market Market and and Its Its Challenges Challenges CorrosionCorrosion affects affects countless countless industries. industries. One One of ofthe the most most significant significant success success stories stories in corrosionin corrosion control control is the is thechange change in corrosion in corrosion management management strategy strategy and andapplication application of in- of novativeinnovative technology technology in the in the automotive automotive industry, industry, as ashighlighted highlighted by by NACE’s NACE’s report report [11]. [11]. BeforeBefore 1975, 1975, car car manufacturers manufacturers used minimal protectiveprotective solutionssolutions and and corrosion corrosion was was costing cost- ingthe the industry industry billions billions of US$ of US$ annually. annually. Since Since 1975, 1975, corrosion corrosion management management solutions solutions started startedto be implemented to be implemented by car manufacturers,by car manufacturer leadings, toleading an annual to an savings annual in savings 1999 compared in 1999 comparedto 1975 of to 9.6 1975 billion of 9.6 US$ billion or 52% US$ in or corrosion-related
Load more

Recommended publications
  • GALVANIC/DISSIMILAR METAL CORROSION What It Is and How to Avoid It ASSDA Technical FAQ No 1 1 Edition 2, May 2009
    AUSTRALIAN STAINLESS STEEL DEVELOPMENT ASSOCIATION GALVANIC/DISSIMILAR METAL CORROSION What it is and how to avoid it ASSDA Technical FAQ No 1 1 Edition 2, May 2009 Contact between dissimilar metals Metal to metal contact The graph shows that stainless steels have occurs frequently but is often not two ranges of potential. The usual, passive Galvanic corrosion can only occur if the a problem. The aluminium head behaviour is shown by the light hatching. dissimilar metals are in electrical contact. However, if the passive film breaks down, on a cast iron block, the solder on The contact may be direct or by an the stainless steel corrodes and its a copper pipe, galvanising on a external pipe or wire or bolt. If the potential is in the dark bar range. steel purlin and the steel fastener dissimilar metals are insulated from each in an aluminium sheet are common other by suitable plastic strips, washers or As a rule of thumb, if the potential examples. sleeves then galvanic corrosion cannot difference is less than 0.1 volt, then it is occur. Paint is not a reliable electrical unlikely that galvanic corrosion will be significant. WHAT CAUSES GALVANIC insulator especially under bolt heads or CORROSION? nuts or washers or near edges of sheets of If all three conditions are met then metal. The paint is usually damaged on galvanic corrosion is probable and the rate For galvanic or dissimilar or installation or by subsequent movement. of corrosion will be influenced by the electrolytic corrosion to occur, Note that the chromium oxide film layer relative area and the current density three conditions must be met: on the stainless steel is very thin and not delivered by the noble metal.
    [Show full text]
  • Material for Teachers
    For Teachers How Best to Maintain a Metal Bridge? Teacher Guide This decision making exercise is intended to reinforce previous knowledge on rusting. It introduces through simple laboratory experiments, which students can plan (if the students are unaware), the need for oxygen and water to be present for rusting to occur. The exercise also allows students to explore the use of a sacrificial metal to protect iron and includes theoretical understanding of reactions between dissimilar metals (depending on the conceptual level required by the curriculum). As a major aspect of the script, a decision making exercise is introduced. Students are called upon to reflect on factors (besides scientific ideas) that need to be taken into account in making a decision on the most appropriate way to protect a metal bridge. This may range from doing nothing - the cheapest, to galvanising it - a scientific answer. In between could be environmental, economic or societal solutions. All are possibilities, but the difficulty is to decide which is the most appropriate and then to explain the choice. Lesson Learning Outcomes Lesson 1 At the end of this lesson, students are expected to be able to: • State that iron rusts • Suggest ways to investigate the factors that cause iron to rust Lesson 2 At the end of this lesson, students are expected to be able to: • Undertake and understand experiments that can be performed to show the factors that cause iron to rust Developer: Jack Holbrook Institute: ICASE Country: UK Lesson 3 At the end of this lesson, students are expected to be able to: • Explain why oxygen and water are needed for iron to rust • Suggest a formula for rust Lesson 4 At the end of this lesson, students are expected to be able to : • Suggest experimental procedures to determine the sacrificial metal when two metals are put together • Predict the likely outcome when metals are put together in an atmosphere that prvides both oxygen and water.
    [Show full text]
  • Galvanneal Zinc Coating – Paintable & Weldable Galvanized
    Specifications Prime Steel Designations & Weights Engineering Data WIZcoat™ galvannealed strut is pro- WIZcoat™ galvannealed strut is pro- Galvannealed G-Strut® is produced duced from prime, hot-rolled carbon duced from steel that is designed to from hot roll carbon steel (ASTM 570) to steel substrate. Material conforms to meet requirements for forming, draw- the following mill certification physical/ the ASTM A653 specification and is ing, bending, welding and painting mechanical properties. Average yield produced from structural grade steel – conforming to designations and test strength: 42,700 pounds; Average ten- (See Engineering Data.) limits in accordance with provisions of sile strength, 62,600 pounds; Average Rockwell B (RB Value) range: 62 – 74. Produced on Gregory’s own specialty ASTM A653. Modified Sendzimir Hot-Dip Galvanizing Finish ISO CERTS - Quality Control Line, coils are alkaline-cleaned, pickled The silvery matte finish and low reflec- Gregory Industries upholds the highest and galvannealed in one continuous tivity of galvannealed coatings provides industry standards, conforming to and process. excellent weldability and paint-adher- maintaining ISO 9001; 2000 – ANSI/ Galvanneal Zinc Coating Paintability ence properties without special surface ISO/ASQ Q9001-2000 certification for the manufacture and supply of galva- WIZcoat™ galvannealed strut is designed treatment. – Paintable & Weldable Galvanized – nized steel coils. [Certificate # 112358- for superior paint adhesion. The process Galvannealed Coating Specs. 0, registration # 1132-01]. induces an ideal surface that is a zinc (Standard & metric) alloy well suited to painting. The resulting Galvannealed Minimum Minimum Minimum G-STRUT® benefits from this detailed surface forms microscopic crevices that Coating Triple Spot Triple Spot Single Spot QC process.
    [Show full text]
  • Corrosion Protection of Metal Connectors in Coastal Areas
    Corrosion Protection for Metal Connectors and Fasteners in Coastal Areas in Accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program NFIP Technical Bulletin 8 / June 2019 Comments on the Technical Bulletins should be directed to: DHS/FEMA Federal Insurance and Mitigation Administration (FIMA) Risk Management Directorate Building Science Branch 400 C Street, S.W., Sixth Floor Washington, DC 20472-3020 Technical Bulletin 8 (2019) replaces Technical Bulletin 8 (1996), Corrosion Protection for Metal Connectors in Coastal Areas for Structures Located in Special Flood Hazard Areas in accordance with the National Flood Insurance Program. Cover photographs: Inset photo: Corrosion of galvanized connectors (FEMA, Fire Island, NY, after Hurricane Sandy). Outset photo: Longer strap connectors helped maintain the connection between the beam and floor joists (FEMA, Seaside Heights, NJ, after Hurricane Sandy).. NFIP Technical Bulletin 8 contains information that is proprietary to and copyrighted by the American Society of Civil Engineers and information that is proprietary to and copyrighted by the International Code Council, Inc. All information is used with permission. For more information, see the FEMA Building Science Frequently Asked Questions website at http://www.fema.gov/ To order publications, contact the FEMA frequently-asked-questions-building-science. Distribution Center: Call: 1-800-480-2520 If you have any additional questions on FEMA Building (Monday–Friday, 8 a.m.–5 p.m., EST) Science Publications, contact the helpline at FEMA- Fax: 719-948-9724 [email protected] or 866-927-2104. Email: [email protected] You may also sign up for the FEMA Building Science email Additional FEMA documents can be subscription, which is updated with publication releases found in the FEMA Library at and FEMA Building Science activities.
    [Show full text]
  • A New Versatile Concept in Cathodic Protection
    ® A New Versatile Concept in Cathodic Protection Developed and Patented by NASA N M V I R O E N T N A L E S Y E D S T E R E M R E G I S T A New Type of Galvanic Protection Developed and Patented by NASA A new reinforced concrete structure is designed to have a long service life – typically in excess of 50 years. Unfortunately, many structures fall short of this goal, requiring expensive repair and protection work in the future. A major reason for the premature deterioration of our reinforced concrete infrastructure is corrosion of the reinforced steel. Galvanic protection of embedded steel rebar for existing structures. Suppresses corrosion in carbonated and chloride-contaminated concrete. Extends life of concrete structures. Galvanic protection of embedded steel rebar for existing structures. Suppresses corrosion in carbonated and chloride contaminated concrete and extends life. Since GalvaCorr® is 90% metal, GalvaCorr® is a three component moisture cured metallic rich scratching the surface of the coating. The new coating provides cathodic protection and when coating will reveal connected to the steel rebar galvanically stops corrosion. a metallic sheen. • Can be applied by spray, brush or roll coating. • Recommended for bridges, decks, ramps and garages. • Can be applied to uneven surfaces and to the underside of structures. The use of a sacrificial metal to protect another metal goes back a century. This proven technology has been used in many forms. Now there is a new form available to protect the embedded steel rebars in concrete structures. Note rust bubbling GalvaCorr® is a room temperature liquid coating that can be out at the base of sprayed or hand applied to concrete structures.
    [Show full text]
  • Bimetallic Corrosion
    Guides to Good Practice in Corrosion Control No. 5 Bimetallic Corrosion Corrosion Research and Testing For more information on corrosion research and testing contact [email protected] Or visit our website: www.npl.co.uk/electrochemistry National Corrosion Service The National Corrosion Service (NCS) is operated by NPL on behalf of the National Measurement System to provide a gateway to corrosion and materials expertise for UK users. By acting as a focal point for corrosion enquiries the NCS can make the UK’s entire base of experts available to solve problems or can use in-house expertise or teams to carry out consultancy. The NCS also raises awareness of corrosion problems and methods of control. For more information on NCS services and products please contact us at: [email protected] A free advice service is available to UK Residents and Companies on materials and general corrosion related matters. You can also contact the NCS by phone on 020 8943 6142. This is an update of a Department of Trade and Industry publication first issued in 1982. The new version has been prepared by Dr. R. Francis of RF Materials under contract from NPL for the Department of Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy. Edited by Dr. A Turnbull and Dr. G. Hinds, NPL. Although every effort is made to ensure that the information contained in this document is accurate and up to date, NPL does not make any representations or warranties, whether express, implied by law or by statute, as to its accuracy, completeness or reliability. NPL excludes all liabilities arising from the use of this brochure to the fullest extent permissible by law.
    [Show full text]
  • Appendix a – Corrosion-An Overview
    CORROSION Page A-1 | Hubbell Power Systems, Inc. | All Rights Reserved | Copyright © 2014 CORROSION - AN OVERVIEW APPENDIX A CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ................................................................................... A-4 CORROSION THEORY ........................................................................... A-4 SOIL ENVIRONMENTS ......................................................................... A-6 PREDICTING CORROSION LOSS............................................................ A-8 CORROSION LOSS RATES ..................................................................... A-10 FIELD MEASUREMENT OF SOIL RESISTIVITY ...................................... A-13 CORROSION CONTROL TECHNIQUES ................................................... A-15 DESIGN EXAMPLES ............................................................................. A-21 SYMBOLS USED IN THIS SECTION pH ......................................................Acidity or Alkalinity of a Solution A-7 ASTM .................................American Society for Testing and Materials A-7 CORROSION V .................................................................................................Voltage A-7 I ....................................................................................Electrical Current A-25 R ...................................................................... Resistance or Resistivity A-8 L ............................................................................................Pin spacing A-8 NBS ..........................................................National
    [Show full text]
  • Technodes: Technodes Are the Result of Research Done by Scientists at the Georgia Institute of Technology
    TECHNICAL REPORT SALT SYSTEM C □ RR□ Sl □ N Salt System Swimming Pools: Sanitation of swimming pools using chlorine generators has become the method of choice for the pool professional. The addition of salt to the pool water creates a more corrosive environment for metals in the pool. A number of variables affect the actual corrosion of metals in pools. PH, water temperature, total alkalinity, chlorine levels, salt concentration levels and improper metal bonding can all contribute to corrosion of metals in the swimming pool. It is essential to maintain proper water balance with respect to PH, chlorine, and total alkalinity. Proper monitoring of salt concentration levels is critical in controlling metal corrosion. Salt levels should never exceed the maximum concentrations recommended by the Salt System Manufacturer. In addition, all metal components must be bonded according to accepted construction practices. Even with all these variables under control, metal corrosion in the salt pool is very likely. Additional methods of corrosion protection should be used to avoid problems. What is a Sacrificial Anode? A sacrificial metal anode is used to protect critical metal components in a salt system swimming pool. The sacrificial anode is connected electrically (either through direct contact or by use of a wire) to the metal to be protected. In a salt system pool, for example, a pool heater core will normally tend to corrode as a result of being in contact with the pool water. If this heater core is connected to a properly designed sacrificial anode, the anode will tend to corrode and Cathodic Protection transfer electrons to the heater core.
    [Show full text]
  • Hot-Dip Galvanized FASTENERS Advantages of and Design Considerations for Hot-Dip Galvanized Fasteners
    Hot-Dip Galvanized FASTENERS Advantages of and design considerations for hot-dip galvanized fasteners American Galvanizers Association Hot-Dip Galvanized Fasteners Fastener Corrosion Protection Perhaps the most critical choice made in the design of fabrication connections is how to protect the fasteners from corrosion. The protection of fasteners is imperative, because if the fasteners corrode and fail, the integrity of the structure is at risk. Hot-dip galvanizing (HDG) delivers long-term, maintenance-free corrosion protection of fasteners, thus eliminating the concern. Whether used in atmospheric, concrete, soil, or water (fresh or salt) applications, hot-dip galvanized steel provides maximum time to first maintenance. Additionally, because of galvanizing’s maintenance-free quality, there will be no difficult field repairs nor labor and material costs associated with those repairs. So, why hot-dip galvanize? The answer is in the many benefits hot- dip galvanized fasteners provide. The following information will explain how and why hot-dip galvanized fasteners provide superior To be galvanized, fasteners are placed in protection for connections, as well as some design considerations a perforated metal basket and completely when using galvanized fasteners. immersed in a molten zinc bath. Once the metallurgical reaction is complete and the How Does Hot-Dip Galvanizing fasteners are completely coated, the zinc is then drained from the basket. The basket is Protect Steel? then spun to remove excess zinc and ensure Left unprotected, steel eventually will corrode and suffer loss of a smooth coating that will provide superior mechanical properties and integrity. Hot-dip galvanizing prevents corrosion protection. corrosion by offering barrier and galvanic protection to the base steel.
    [Show full text]
  • Electrochemistry 16.Notebook May 10, 2016
    Electrochemistry 16.notebook May 10, 2016 Oxidation = a loss of electrons; an element which loses electrons is said to be oxidized. Reduction = a gain of electrons; an element which gains electrons is said to be reduced. Oxidizing Agent = a substance which "takes" electrons from another substance causing that substance to lose electrons or be oxidized; an oxidizing agent is itself reduced. Reducing Agent = a substance which "gives" electrons to another substance causing that substance to be reduced; a reducing agent is itself oxidized. If a substance gives up electrons readily, it is said to be a strong reducing agent. Its oxidized form, however, is normally a poor oxidizing agent. If a substance gains electrons readily, it is said to be a strong oxidizing agent. Its reduced form is a weak reducing agent. Oxidation Number = the charge which an atom has, or appears to have, when electrons are counted according to arbitrary rules (bookkeeping method). 1 Electrochemistry 16.notebook May 10, 2016 Rules for assigning Oxidation Numbers: 1. The oxidation number of a free element is zero. 2. In ionic compounds, the oxidation number of an element is equal to the charge of the ion. 3. All metals of Group 1 (alkali metals) form only +1 ions and their oxidation number is +1 in all their compounds. 4. All metals of Group 2 (alkaline­earth metals) form only +2 ions and their oxidation number is +2 in all their compounds. 5. In compounds of the halogens (Group 17) containing only one other metallic element, the halogen is assigned an oxidation number of ­1.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Patent Office
    3,393,138 United States Patent Office Paterated July 16, 1968 2 cathodic protection of iron or steel, since (at theoretically 3,393,138 perfect efficiency) one ampere hour is provided by the ALURANURM ALLY ANODE AND METHOD OF USING SAME IN CATH ODEC PROTECTION dissolution of 0.335 gram of aluminum as compared with Roy A. Hine, Banbury, England, assignor to Aliminitia 0.454 gram of magnesium, so that, other things being LaboraÉories Linied, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, a equal, it might be expected that aluminum would have a comparay of Canada wide application for the production of anodes for cathodic No Drawing. Original application May 1, 1962, Ser. No. protection. The difficulty however, lies in the fact that 19,430. Divided and this application Apr. 7, 1965, Ser. aluminum of commercial purity is not sufficiently or con No. 446,426 sistently electronegative to serve as a sacrificial anode for Claims priority, application Great Britain, May 11, 1961, cathodic protection against the effects of sea water. 17,277/61 O Magnesium undoubtedly gives very satisfactory protec 2 Clairas, (C. 204-148) tion and maintains the steel or iron at a high negative potential. Owing to the unduly-negative electrode poten tial of magnesium a strong galvanic current still flows ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE even when the steel has been polarised to a protective (1) A sacrificial aluminum anode for the cathodic pro level, with the result that anode material is wasteful and tection of a metal body in sea water, and the method of uneconomically consumed. protection using this anode, consisting essentially of tin, It will be appreciated that the greatest economy of 0.01-2%; gallium, at least 0.005%, certain specified pos anodic material will be achieved if the negative potential sible impurities; and the balance aluminum.
    [Show full text]
  • 2005 Program
    2005 SUMMER SCIENCE RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM Ohio Wesleyan University Delaware, OH 2005 SUMMER SCIENCE RESEARCH PROGRAM ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS: Dr. Richard Fusch Associate Dean of Academic Affairs Dr. Mark Huddleston President, OWU Karen McNeal Secretary, Academic Affairs Mary Ann Nelson Secretary, Department of Psychology Dr. Dale Swartzentruber Interim Associate Dean of Academic Affairs Staff of Building and Grounds OWU Food Service All faculty supervisors and student volunteers Parents and guardians of student researchers FUNDING SOURCES: Harry Phillip Bahrick Summer Research Fund Joseph H. and Elizabeth Ames Brant Collaborative Research Fund Herbert L. and Margaret Wright DuPont Collaborative Summer Research Fund The Student-Faculty Endowed Research Fund in Chemistry Ferry Family Foundation National Institutes of Health National Science Foundation David H. Smith Fund for the Sciences SUMMER SCIENCE RESEARCH SYMPOSIUM Atrium Conrades • Wetherell Science Center Monday, September 19, 2005 PROGRAM 12:10 – 12:30 Opening Remarks Dale Swartzentruber Interim Associate Dean of Academic Affairs Mark Huddleston President 12 Stefan S. Natu 12:30 – 1:30 Poster Session 13 Lauren H. Blyth, Jackie S. Hatch, and Nick T. Reif 1 Jamie L. Harden 14 Annie Schneider 2 Bryan D. Borland 15 Sanjay Arora 3 Jessica Brenneman 16 Jessica Lawrence 4 Juliana M. Mecera 17 Lauren Woods 5 Jackie Hatch 18 Yun Kyoung Ryu 6 Abigail J. Maley and Jahnvi Purwar 19 Amanda R. Robinson 7 Leah A. Lavelle 20 Sarah Wall 8 Samia Q. Khan and Reeti Khare 21 Lindsey Messinger, Hilary Comeras, and Anne Shadle 9 Sarah A. Manor 22 Jessica Walz 10 Michael C. Mucher 23 Kellie Jaremko 11 Karrie Churchwell 24 Amy Fabritius novo originate from the amino group of glutamine.
    [Show full text]