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Nonmarine Mollusks from Archaeological Sites on Mo'orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, with Descriptions of Four New Spec

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Nonmarine Mollusks from Archaeological Sites on Mo'orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, with Descriptions of Four New Spec Nonmarine Mollusks from Archaeological Sites on Mo‘orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, with Descriptions of Four New Species of Recently Extinct Land Snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Endodontidae) Carl C. Christensen, Jennifer G. Kahn, Patrick V. Kirch Pacific Science, Volume 72, Number 1, January 2018, pp. 95-123 (Article) Published by University of Hawai'i Press For additional information about this article https://muse.jhu.edu/article/683172 [ This content has been declared free to read by the pubisher during the COVID-19 pandemic. ] Nonmarine Mollusks from Archaeological Sites on Mo‘orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, with Descriptions of Four New Species of Recently Extinct Land Snails (Gastropoda: Pulmonata: Endodontidae)1 Carl C. Christensen,2,5 Jennifer G. Kahn,3 and Patrick V. Kirch4 Abstract: Nonmarine mollusks recovered during archaeological excavations on the island of Mo‘orea, Society Islands, French Polynesia, were analyzed as part of a multidisciplinary study of anthropogenic environmental change. Records of now-extinct taxa in dated archaeological contexts were combined with historic collection data from the 1830s to the present to determine the chronology of extinction of the 10 species of land snails of the family Endodontidae that for- merly inhabited the island. One species known only from a stratum antedating human settlement on the island and three known only archaeologically but from imprecisely dated strata were certainly extinct by the late nineteenth century but may have disappeared earlier. One species collected in 1838 was extinct by the late nineteenth century, and all of the described endodontid species present in the mid- to late nineteenth century are undoubtedly now extinct because none was collected by the 1934 Mangarevan Expedition or by subsequent collectors. Only a single unidentified living endodontid has been observed on Mo‘orea since the nineteenth century. Additional extinctions or extirpations have oc- curred among the Helicarionidae, terrestrial Assimineidae, and probably also in the Helicinidae. Four new species of Endodontidae are described: Libera kondoi, Minidonta opunohua, Nesodiscus nummus, and N. cookei. Libera jacquinoti, described in 1850 from poorly localized material and until now not collected subsequently, is shown to have inhabited Mo‘orea. Recent archaeological and paleoenvi- ments and native biota both during the pre- ronmental studies have shown that human historic period following initial human settle- activities in the Society Islands (Central East ment of these islands ca. AD 900 – 1000 and Polynesia) and elsewhere in East Polynesia following the advent of European influence have had substantial effects on island environ- and commerce in the mid- to late eighteenth century AD (Anderson 2002, Kennet et al. 2006, Prebble and Wilmshurst 2008, Kirch et al. 2010, McWethy et al. 2010, Newell 1 This project was funded by National Science Foun- 2010, Conte and Molle 2014, Kahn et al. dation collaborative grants BCS-1029765 to J.G.K. and 2015). The investigation reported here of land BCS-1030049 to P.V.K. Manuscript accepted 13 July 2017. snails obtained during archaeological excava- 2 Natural Sciences, Bernice P. Bishop Museum, 1525 tions on the island of Mo‘orea, in the Society Bernice Street, Honolulu, Hawai‘i 96817. Islands of French Polynesia, was undertaken 3 Department of Anthropology, College of William as part of a multidisciplinary study of anthro- and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23185. pogenic environmental change. 4 Department of Anthropology, University of Cali- fornia, Berkeley, California 94720. The terrestrial mollusks of the Society Is- 5 Corresponding author (email: carl@bishopmuseum lands, including Mo‘orea, came to the atten- .org). tion of the scientific community early in the nineteenth century and by 1900 were rela- tively well studied. During the first half of the Pacific Science (2018), vol. 72, no. 1:95 – 123 doi:10.2984/72.1.7 century, the island’s land snails were collected © 2018 by University of Hawai‘i Press by members of two major exploring expedi- All rights reserved tions, that of the French vessels Astrolabe and 95 96 PACIFIC SCIENCE · January 2018 Zelee (1837 – 1840) and the United States Ex- materials and methods ploring Expedition (1838 – 1842). In the sec- ond half of the nineteenth century the pri- Coastal Transects, Coring, and Test Excavations mary source of information on the island’s As part of a larger project investigating coastal land snails was through the work of the natu- habitations and geomorphology on the island ralist Andrew Garrett, who visited the Society of Mo‘orea, several coastal localities and allu- Islands at various times from 1857 onward vial bottomland contexts were investigated and resided on Huahine from 1870 until his ( Kahn et al. 2015). These include five coastal death in 1887 (Thomas 1979). Garrett was a localities (sites ScMo-341, -342, -343, and careful collector and published a comprehen- -349, where we completed transect coring sive review of the Islands’ terrestrial mollusks and test excavations, and Lake Temae, where (Garrett 1884); his work continues to be held we retrieved a deep pollen core) (Figure 1A, in high regard (Solem 1976, Thomas 1979). B). These locales represent three contrastive Although some taxa restricted to high eleva- depositional environments. Sites -341, -342, tions escaped his notice (Solem 1976, 1983, and -343 are low-lying coastal plains situated Gargominy 2008), we believe any taxa inhab- along the northern shore on the headlands iting low-elevation sites, such as those under between ‘Opunohu Bay and Paopao (Cook’s) study here, can safely be regarded as having Bay. They are situated across from barrier gone extinct by the 1880s if they were not reefs and major passes where there was likely encountered by Garrett. This includes Orobo­ to be substantial input of calcareous sediments phana cf. maugeriae, Libera jacquinoti, and the of marine origin. Site -349 is located along four endodontid species here described as the eastern shore on the headlands of Vaiare new. Henry Crampton intensively studied the Bay. It is also situated across from a barrier island’s Partulidae, and members of Bishop reef and a major pass but along a part of the Museum’s 1934 Mangarevan Expedition made island that receives less rainfall. The Lake extensive collections on the island (Cooke Temae pollen core sample was retrieved from 1935). More recently, the island’s highly en- the northeastern point of the island. This dangered Partulidae have been studied (e.g., brackish lake is now separated from the sea Murray and Clark 1980, Johnson et al. 1993), by a beach ridge of calcareous sediments. and within the last 10 yr the living nonmarine The lake is at the base of Temae Valley. The mollusk fauna of the island has been exten- main sedimentary input was from inland ter- sively sampled in the course of the Moorea rigenous sources following deforestation and Biocode Project (Moorea Biocode 2016). clearance of the adjacent hillslopes. This is the first study of land snails from pale- Abbreviations used in site descriptions are ontological or archaeological sites on Mo‘orea as follows: AH, augur hole; b.d., below datum; and thus provides the first available infor- cmbs, centimeters below surface; L, Layer; mation about species that had gone extinct obj., object; spm., specimen; spms., speci- before the activities of nineteenth-century mens; and TP, test pit. naturalists. No comprehensive review of the island’s nonmarine mollusks has appeared Excavation and Sampling Methods since Garrett’s time, but major monographs on several important families have appeared Transects were laid out at sites from the base based on collections up to and including those of the colluvial slopes to the lagoon shore. of the Mangarevan Expedition: Baker (1940) Coring with a bucket auger proceeded at 10 on the Helicarionidae, Cooke and Kondo to 20 m intervals along each transect. Sedi- (1961) on the Achatinellidae, and Solem (1976, ments were screened through 3.175 mm 1983) on the Endodontidae and Charopidae. (1/8 inch) and 1.588 mm (1/16 inch) mesh; all Several other families, especially the Heli- artifacts and faunal materials were quantified cinidae, Assimineidae, and Succineidae, re- on standardized forms. Based on the auger- main poorly known and are in need of further ing data, we developed predictions of areas study. with the densest subsurface cultural deposits, Figure 1. (A) Map of the South Pacific Ocean showing location of the Society Islands; B( ) Map showing location of the island of Mo‘orea (inset) and location of the sites excavated. 98 PACIFIC SCIENCE · January 2018 which were then opened up for detailed inves- introduced commensal species, Allopeas gracile tigation by excavation of 1 m by 1 m test pits ( Hutton, 1834) (21 lots, 556 specimens). A or by larger block excavations and trenches detailed analysis of the taxa represented, the via backhoe excavation. These test pits and stratigraphic distribution of extinct species backhoe trenches allowed us to view broader and those aliens introduced during the pre- stratigraphic profiles and to conduct addi- contact and modern eras, and descriptions of tional pollen and sediment sampling. From four new species of Endodontidae are pre- these, bulk sediment samples were retained sented here. for extraction of land snails. The bulk sam- ples were floated and then wet screened and systematic review picked through to retrieve land snail samples for analysis. Snails were recovered from sedi- Family Neritidae ment samples by wet screening or flotation in the field, followed by hand picking in the Clithon sp. laboratory with the aid of a stereomicro- material: Vaipahu, ScMo-343: L II, scope. Comparisons were made with material TP1-B2, obj. 9 (2 spms.); L II, TP1-B3, obj. 8 in the malacological collections of the Ber- (3 spms.); L II, TP2-A4, obj. 6 (2 spms.); nice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu. Speci- L IIIa, TP2-B1, obj. 6 (3 spms.); L IIIa, TP2- mens are deposited in the collections of the B2, obj.
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