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Emerging Infectious Diseases is indexed in Index Medicus/Medline, Current Contents, and several other electronic databases. Liaison Representatives Editors Anthony I. Adams, M.D. William J. Martone, M.D. Editor Chief Medical Adviser Senior Executive Director Joseph E. McDade, Ph.D. Commonwealth Department of Human National Foundation for Infectious Diseases National Center for Infectious Diseases Services and Health Bethesda, Maryland, USA Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Canberra, Australia Atlanta, Georgia, USA Phillip P. Mortimer, M.D. David Brandling-Bennett, M.D. Director, Virus Reference Division Perspectives Editor Deputy Director Central Public Health Laboratory Stephen S. Morse, Ph.D. Pan American Health Organization London, United Kingdom The Rockefeller University World Health Organization New York, New York, USA Washington, D.C., USA Robert Shope, M.D. Professor of Research Synopses Editor Gail Cassell, Ph.D. University of Texas Medical Branch Phillip J. Baker, Ph.D. Liaison to American Society for Microbiology Galveston, Texas, USA Division of Microbiology and Infectious University of Alabama at Birmingham Diseases Birmingham, Alabama, USA Natalya B. Sipachova, M.D., Ph.D. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Scientific Editor Diseases Thomas M. Gomez, D.V.M., M.S. Russian Republic Information and National Institutes of Health Staff Epidemiologist Analytic Centre Bethesda, Maryland, USA U.S. Department of Agriculture Animal and Moscow, Russia Plant Health Inspection Service Riverdale, Maryland, USA Bonnie Smoak, M.D. Dispatches Editor U.S. Army Medical Research Unit—Kenya Stephen Ostroff, M.D. Richard A. Goodman, M.D., M.P.H. Unit 64109 National Center for Infectious Diseases Editor, MMWR Box 401 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Centers for Disease Control and Prevention APO AE 09831-4109 Atlanta, Georgia, USA Atlanta, Georgia, USA Robert Swanepoel, B.V.Sc., Ph.D. Managing Editor Joseph Losos, M.D. Head, Special Pathogens Unit Polyxeni Potter, M.A. Director General National Institute for Virology National Center for Infectious Diseases Laboratory Center for Disease Control Sandringham 2131, South Africa Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Ontario, Canada Atlanta, Georgia, USA Roberto Tapia-Conyer, M.D. Gerald L. Mandell, M.D. Dirección General de Epidemiología Liaison to Infectious Diseases Society of Secretaría de Salud America México University of Virginia Medical Center Charlottesville, Virginia, USA Editorial and Computer Support Emerging Infectious Diseases Emerging Infectious Diseases is published four times a year by the National Center for Infectious Editing and Production Diseases, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 1600 Clifton Road, Mailstop C-12, Beatrice T. Divine, M.B.A. Atlanta, GA 30333, USA. Telephone 404-639-3967, fax 404-639-3075, e-mail [email protected]. Teresa M. Hood, M.S. The opinions expressed by authors contributing to this journal do not necessarily reflect the Editorial and Computer opinions of CDC or the institutions with which the authors are affiliated. SuitorialEditorial Assistance Assistance All material published in Emerging Infectious Diseases is in the public domain and may be used Maria T. Brito and reprinted without special permission; proper citation, however, is appreciated. Maria T. Brito Use of trade names is for identification only and does not imply endorsement by the Public Health Electronic Distribution Service or by the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ∞ Emerging Infectious Diseases is printed on acid free paper that meets the requirements of ANSI/ ElectronicCarol Y. Crawford Distribution David L. Smith NISO 239.48-1992 (Permanence of Paper). Carol Y. Crawford David L. Smith Electronic Access to Emerging Infectious Diseases If you have Internet access, you can retrieve WWW and FTP: Access the journal at http:// FTP, or you can request copies by e-mail. To the journal electronically on the World-Wide Web www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm or from the receive the entire journal, subscribe to one of (WWW), through file transfer protocol (FTP), or by CDC home page (http://www.cdc.gov). You can three other lists: EID-ASCII sends the journal in electronic mail (e-mail). also download it through anonymous FTP at ASCII format, EID-PDF sends the journal in The journal is available in three file formats: ftp.cdc.gov. The files can be found in the directory Adobe Acrobat format, and EID-PS sends the ASCII, Adobe Acrobat (.pdf), and PostScript (.ps). pub/publications/eid. A Spanish version of Vol. 1, journal in PostScript format. Because of the large The ASCII version does not contain figures. Both No. 1–Vol. 2, No. 1 is available from the National file sizes and the complexity of sending the journal the .pdf and .ps files, however, contain graphics University of La Plata, Faculty of Veterinary Science, to different e-mail systems, we recommend that if and figures and are true representations of the Argentina (ftp://fcv.medvet.unlp.edu.ar/pub/EID). you have WWW or FTP capabilities, you access hard copy of the journal. The Adobe Acrobat LISTSERVer (e-mail lists): To have the table EID in these ways rather than by e-mail lists. To format requires an Adobe Reader, which is of contents automatically sent to your e-mail box, subscribe to a list, contact [email protected] with available free of charge from CDC in DOS, subscribe to the EID-TOC mailing list. You can the following in the body of your message: Windows, UNIX, and Macintosh versions. then obtain individual articles on WWW or through subscribe listname (e.g., subscribe EID-TOC). Contents Volume 3 • Number 2 April–June 1997 Perspective The Economic Impact of a Bioterrorist Attack: Are Prevention and Postattack 83 A.F. Kaufmann, M.I. Meltzer, G.P. Schmid Intervention Programs Justifiable? Synopses Hantaviruses: A Global Disease Problem 95 C. Schmaljohn and B. Hjelle Japanese Spotted Fever: Report of 31 Cases and Review of the Literature* 105 F. Mahara Polycystic Kidney Disease: An Unrecognized Emerging Infectious Disease? 113 M.A. Miller-Hjelle, J.T. Hjelle, M. Jones, W.R. Mayberry, M.A. Dombrink-Kurtzman, S.W. Peterson, D.M. Nowak, and F.S. Darras Borna Disease 129 C.G. Hatalski, A.J. Lewis, and W.I. Lipkin The Rickettsia: an Emerging Group of Pathogens in Fish 137 J.L. Fryer and M.J. Mauel Rhodococcus equi and Arcanobacterium haemolyticum: Two “Coryneform” 145 R. Linder Bacteria Increasingly Recognized as Agents of Human Infection Is Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease Transmitted in Blood? 155 M.N. Ricketts, N.R. Cashman, E.E. Stratton, S. ElSaadany Dispatches A New Tick-borne Encephalitis-like Virus Infecting New England Deer Ticks, 165 S.R. Telford III, P.M. Armstrong, P. Katavolos, Ixodes dammini I. Foppa, A.S.O. Garcia, M.L. Wilson, A. Spielman An Unusual Hantavirus Outbreak in Southern Argentina: Person-to-Person 171 R.M. Wells, S.S. Estani, Z.E. Yadon, D. Enria, Transmission? P. Padula, N. Pini, J.N. Mills, C.J. Peters, E.L. Segura, and the Hantavirus Pulmonary Syn- drome Study Group for Patagonia Pertussis in the Netherlands: an Outbreak Despite High Levels of 175 H.E. de Melker, M.A.E. Conyn-van Spaendonck, Immunization with Whole-Cell Vaccine H.C. Rümke, J.K. van Wijngaarden, F.R. Mooi, and J.F.P. Schellekens Invasive Haemophilus influenzae type b Disease in Elderly Nursing Home 179 T.C. Heath, M.C. Hewitt, B. Jalaludin, C. Roberts, Residents: Two Related Cases A.G. Capon, P. Jelfs, and G.L. Gilbert Seroepidemiologic Studies of Hantavirus Infection Among Wild Rodents 183 M. Jay, M.S. Ascher, B.B. Chomel, M. Madon, in California D. Sesline, B.A. Enge, B. Hjelle, T.G. Ksiazek, P. E. Rollin, P.H. Kass, and K. Reilly Gestational Psittacosis in a Montana Sheep Rancher 191 D.M. Jorgensen Lack of Serologic Evidence for an Association between Cache Valley Virus 195 J.F. Edwards and K. Hendricks Infection and Anencephaly and Other Neural Tube Defects in Texas Rabies Postexposure Prophylaxis Survey— Kentucky, 1994 199 M. Auslander and C. Kaelin Commentary Biologic Terrorism — Responding to the Threat 203 P.K. Russell From the 1st International Conference on Emerging Zoonoses The Hantaviruses of Europe: from the Bedside to the Bench 205 J. Clement, P. Heyman, P. McKenna, P. Colson, and T. Avsic-Zupanc Brucellosis: an Overview 213 M.J. Corbel Global Aspects of Emerging and Potential Zoonoses: a WHO Perspective 223 F.-X. Meslin Epidemiology of Emerging Zoonoses in Israel 229 A. Shimshony Electronic Media and Emerging Zoonoses 239 S.A. Berger Letters The Reemergence of Aedes aegypti in Arizona 241 D.M. Engelthaler, T.M. Fink, C.E. Levy and M.J. Leslie Treatment of Exudative Pharyngitis 242 P.D. Ellner Reply to P.D. Ellner 242 H.S. Izurieta, P.M. Strebel, T. Youngblood, D.G. Hollis, and T. Popovic News and Notes Molecular Epidemiology and Evolutionary Genetics of 244 Pathogenic Microorganisms Simian Virus 40 (SV40) 245 Foodborne Pathogens: Implications and Control 247 Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Pacific Rim 248 Emerging Zoonotic Infectious Diseases 249 Hantavirus Conference 250 International Conference on Emerging Infectious Diseases 250 Emerging Infectious Diseases Laboratory Fellowship Program 251 Emerging Infections: Clinical and Pathologic Update II 251 Rabies Conference 252 Erratum 252 Cover photo: Adult deer tick *This article is also available in Japanese at http:// www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/eid.htm Perspective The Economic Impact of a Bioterrorist Attack: Are Prevention and Postattack Intervention Programs Justifiable? Arnold F. Kaufmann, Martin I. Meltzer, and George P. Schmid Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia, USA Understanding and quantifying the impact of a bioterrorist attack are essential in developing public health preparedness for such an attack. We constructed a model that compares the impact of three classic agents of biologic warfare (Bacillus anthracis, Brucella melitensis, and Francisella tularensis) when released as aerosols in the suburb of a major city.
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  • Scientific Committee on Vector-Borne Diseases

    Scientific Committee on Vector-Borne Diseases

    Scientific Committee on Vector-borne Diseases Review of Hantavirus Infection in Hong Kong Purpose This paper reviews the global and local epidemiology of hantavirus infection and examine the prevention and control measures in Hong Kong. The Pathogen and the Reservoir 2. Hantaviruses belong to the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae1. They can cause haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) and hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS) in human1-4. 3. Haemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome has been described prior to World War II in Manchuria along the Amur River2, in Russia and Sweden in 1930s3. Between 1950 and 1953, large human outbreaks have been reported when 3000 US soldiers were stricken with the disease during the Korean War 1-3 and the fatality ranged from 6-8% to over 33% in some small outbreaks1. However, the causative virus has not been isolated until 1978 from a field rodent (Apodemus agrarius) near the Hantaan river3,5 and was subsequently termed Hantaan virus6. HFRS was later found to be caused by other viruses as well, including Seoul, Puumala and Dobrava virus, affecting more than 200,000 people per year in Europe and Asia6 . They are also grouped under the genus Hantavirus, family Bunyaviridae. Hantaviruses that cause HFRS are termed Old World hantaviruses (Table 1). 4. In 1993, a new disease appeared in the southwestern US, namely Four Corners region (New Mexico, Arizona, Colorado and Utah)3. The disease was later called “hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS)”. This disease was found to be caused by a genetically distinct hantavirus, and it was termed Sin Nombre virus6. Its reservoir was the deer mouse (Peromyscus maniculatus).