DOCSLIB.ORG

Division Tenericutes) INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE on SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE on the TAXONOMY of MOLLICUTEST

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Division Tenericutes) INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE on SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE on the TAXONOMY of MOLLICUTEST INTERNATIONALJOURNAL OF SYSTEMATICBACTERIOLOGY, July 1995, p. 605-612 Vol. 45, No. 3 0020-7713/95/$04.00+0 Copyright 0 1995, International Union of Microbiological Societies Revised Minimum Standards for Description of New Species of the Class MoZZicutes (Division Tenericutes) INTERNATIONAL COMMITTEE ON SYSTEMATIC BACTERIOLOGY SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE TAXONOMY OF MOLLICUTEST In this paper the Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes proposes minimum standards for descrip- tions of new cultivable species of the class MoZZicutes (trivial term, mollicutes) to replace the proposals published in 1972 and 1979. The major class characteristics of these organisms are the lack of a cell wall, the tendency to form fried-egg-type colonies on solid media, the passage of cells through 450- and 220-nm-pore-size membrane filters, the presence of small A-T-rich genomes, and the failure of the wall-less strains to revert to walled bacteria under appropriate conditions. Placement in orders, families, and genera is based on morphol- ogy, host origin, optimum growth temperature, and cultural and biochemical properties. Demonstration that an organism differs from previously described species requires a detailed serological analysis and further definition of some cultural and biochemical characteristics. The precautions that need to be taken in the application of these tests are defined. The subcommittee recommends the following basic requirements, most of which are derived from the Internutional Code ofNomencEature @Bacteria, for naming a new species: (i) designation of a type strain; (ii) assignment to an order, a family, and a genus in the class, with selection of an appropriate specific epithet; (iii) demonstration that the type strain and related strains differ significantly from members of all previously named species; and (iv) deposition of the type strain in a recognized culture collection, such as the American Type Culture Collection or the National Collection of Type Cultures. The publication of the description should appear in a journal having wide circulation. If the journal is not the International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, a reprint must be submitted to that journal so that the name may be considered for inclusion in a validation list as required by the International Code ofNomenclature of Bacteria. The Subcommittee on the Taxonomy of Mollicutes first pub- age of the culture. Some species have specialized terminal lished a “Proposal for Minimum Standards for Descriptions of structures that have been shown to carry adhesins, proteins New Species of the Order Mycuplasmatales” in 1972 (38). This that may mediate attachment to eucaryotic cells and tissues, document, which followed an earlier proposal for general including mammalian cell surfaces (4, 70). The replication of guidelines for nomenclature of these organisms (37), was re- the mollicute genome precedes, but is not necessarily synchro- vised in 1979 (33). In view of the greatly increased number of nized with, cell division. Thus, budding and fragmentation of mollicutes described, the molecular phylogenetic schemes pro- filamentous forms, as well as classical binary fission, may be posed for members of the group, the recently proposed taxo- observed. Cells may be motile or nonmotile. Neither spores nomic revisions of the class Mollicutes (98), and the develop- nor walled stages are known. All species described thus far can ment of new technologies for classification, the subcommittee be grown on artificial cell-free media of diverse complexity. deemed it necessary to again update the recommendations for However, members of a large phylogenetically cohesive group minimum standards. of unnamed mollicutes, the phytoplasmas (43, 83), have not Description of the class MoZlicutes. Members of the class been cultivated and are therefore not within the scope of this Mollicutes (10, 23, 66, 67, 69, 102, 110) are eubacteria that are document. Most species of cultivable mollicutes are faculta- bounded by a single membrane; they lack a cell wall and cannot tively anaerobic, but a few are obligate anaerobes that are synthesize cell wall precursors, such as muramic and diamin- rendered nonviable by exposure to minute concentrations of opimelic acids (53, 62). oxygen. Colonies on solid medium are usually no larger than 1 The organisms can be very small; the diameters of some to 2 mm in diameter; they are usually considerably smaller. viable spherical cells are in the range of 300 nm (8), and viable The colony diameters are often about 0.5 mm but in some helical filaments can be as small as 200 nm in diameter (102, cases may be as small as 0.01 mm. The organisms tend to 110). The cells vary in shape from coccoid to helical or fila- penetrate and grow beneath the surface of solid media. Under mentous. Some species are pleomorphic. In a minority of spe- suitable conditions, most nonmotile species form colonies that cies there is a tendency for filaments to produce truly branched have a characteristic fried-egg appearance (64). Colonies of mycelioid structures. Cell shape in many instances appears to motile species are usually diffuse, with a number of satellite depend on both the nutritional qualities and the osmotic pres- colonies nearby. sure of the medium used to grow the organisms, as well as the Species in the class exhibit absolute resistance to penicillin and its analogs and are also resistant to rifampin (27, 61, 95). Although most species that have been tested are susceptible to many broad-spectrum antibiotics, including the tetracyclines, p R. FrWhitcornb (Chair), J. G. Tully (Secretary), J. M. BovC, J. M. lateral transfer of tetracycline resistance genes from walled Bradbury, G. Christiansen, I. Kahane, B. C. Kirkpatrick, F. Laigret, R. H. Leach, H. C. Neimark, J. D. Pollack, S. Razin, B. B. Sears, and bacteria (streptococci) to mollicutes can occur in the human D. Taylor-Robinson. Corresponding author: J. G. Tully. Mailing ad- genital tract (75). Growth and metabolism are specifically in- dress: Mycoplasma Section, NIAID, Bldg. 550, Frederick Cancer Res. hibited by homologous antibody. Many characteristics of mol- Dev. Center, Frederick, MD 21702. Phone: (301) 846-1192. Fax: (301) licute species, such as their pleomorphism, their tendency to 846-5165. penetrate and grow beneath the surface of solid medium, and 605 606 SUBCOMMITTEE ON THE TAXONOMY OF MOLLICUTES INT.J. SYST. BACTERIOL. TABLE 1. Taxonomy and characteristics of members of the class Mollicutes No. of G+C Genome Cholesterol Other distinctive Classification recognized content size Habitat(s) requirement features species (mol%) (kbp)” Order I: Mycoplasmatales Family I: Mycoplasmataceae Genus I: Mycoplasma 100 23-40 600-1,350 Yes Humans, animals Optimum growth usually occurs at 37°C Genus 11: Ureaplasma 6 27-30 760-1,170 Yes Humans, animals Urea hydrolysis Order 11: Entomoplasmatales Family I: Entomoplasmataceae Genus I: Entornoplasma 5 27-29 79O-1,140 Yes Insects, plants Optimum growth occurs at 30°C Genus 11: Mesoplasma 12 27-30 870-1,100 No Insects, plants Optimum growth occurs at 30°C; sustained growth in serum-free medium occurs only in the presence of 0.04% Tween 80 Family 11: Spiroplasmataceae Genus I: Spiroplasma 17 25-30 940-2,240 Yes Insects, plants Helical filaments; optimum growth occurs at 30 to 37°C Order 111: Acholeplasmatales Family I: Acholeplasmataceae Genus I: Acholeplasma 13 26-36 1,50CL1,650 No Animals, some plants Optimum growth occurs at and insects 30 to 37°C Order IV: Anaeroplasmatales Family I: Anaeroplasmataceae Genus I: Anaeroplasma 4 29-34 1,500-1,600 Yes Bovine and ovine rumina Oxygen-sensitive anaerobes Genus 11: Asteroleplasma 1 40 1,500 No Bovine and ovine rumina Oxygen-sensitive anaerobes a Genome size as reported in literature. their absolute resistance to penicillin, are directly related to the orders, families, and genera (98) and some of the criteria used lack of a cell wall. In most species of the class, the guanine- to distinguish the higher taxa. plus-cytosine (G+C) content of the DNA is between 23 and 35 Proposal. A new mollicute species must be shown to belong mol%, although in a few species the G+C contents are higher to the class, to be assignable to a genus (old or new), and to be (up to 40 mol%) (31,41,42). The genome size varies from 600 significantly different from all previously named species. A to 2,200 kbp (13, 14, 40, 59, 60, 63, 76). pure culture is essential for determinative studies, and the Mollicutes may be commensal organisms or frank or oppor- following data should, therefore, be provided in the published tunistic pathogens. Certain species are etiologic agents of dis- description. eases of vertebrates, invertebrates, or plants. Mollicutes patho- (i) Strain purification and preliminary cloning. The pure genic for plants multiply in and are transmitted by insect culture that is required for a type strain must be derived from vectors. the inevitably mixed population of mollicute cells that is The vast majority of plant-pathogenic mollicutes belong to a present in cultures of an uncloned isolate. Purification is group previously called the mycoplasma-like organisms but achieved by cloning at least three times, which at each stage now properly called phytoplasmas (43,49,54,83,84,90). A few involves gentle filtration of a broth culture through membrane Spiroplasma species are also plant pathogens (102). Both of filters with the smallest possible pore diameter (usually 200 to these types of mollicutes are maintained in a biological cycle 300 nm) (94). The filtrate and dilutions of the filtrate are involving the phloem tissues of their host plants and their cultured on solid medium, and an isolated colony is subse- homopterous insect vectors. The phytoplasmas are true molli- quently picked from a plate on which few colonies have devel- cutes, as judged by the sequences of their 16s rRNA and oped. The filtration and cloning sequence is repeated three ribosomal protein genes (49, 50, 57, 84, 90).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Obligate Endobacteria of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Are Ancient Heritable Components Related to the Mollicutes
    The ISME Journal (2010) 4, 862–871 & 2010 International Society for Microbial Ecology All rights reserved 1751-7362/10 $32.00 www.nature.com/ismej ORIGINAL ARTICLE The obligate endobacteria of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are ancient heritable components related to the Mollicutes Maria Naumann1,2, Arthur Schu¨ ler2 and Paola Bonfante1 1Department of Plant Biology, University of Turin and IPP-CNR, Turin, Italy and 2Department of Biology, Inst. Genetics, University of Munich (LMU), Planegg-Martinsried, Germany Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) have been symbionts of land plants for at least 450 Myr. It is known that some AMF host in their cytoplasm Gram-positive endobacteria called bacterium-like organisms (BLOs), of unknown phylogenetic origin. In this study, an extensive inventory of 28 cultured AMF, from diverse evolutionary lineages and four continents, indicated that most of the AMF species investigated possess BLOs. Analyzing the 16S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) as a phylogenetic marker revealed that BLO sequences from divergent lineages all clustered in a well- supported monophyletic clade. Unexpectedly, the cell-walled BLOs were shown to likely represent a sister clade of the Mycoplasmatales and Entomoplasmatales, within the Mollicutes, whose members are lacking cell walls and show symbiotic or parasitic lifestyles. Perhaps BLOs maintained the Gram-positive trait whereas the sister groups lost it. The intracellular location of BLOs was revealed by fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH), and confirmed by pyrosequencing. BLO DNA could only be amplified from AMF spores and not from spore washings. As highly divergent BLO sequences were found within individual fungal spores, amplicon libraries derived from Glomus etunicatum isolates from different geographic regions were pyrosequenced; they revealed distinct sequence compositions in different isolates.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Communities of the Upper Respiratory Tract of Turkeys
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Bacterial communities of the upper respiratory tract of turkeys Olimpia Kursa1*, Grzegorz Tomczyk1, Anna Sawicka‑Durkalec1, Aleksandra Giza2 & Magdalena Słomiany‑Szwarc2 The respiratory tracts of turkeys play important roles in the overall health and performance of the birds. Understanding the bacterial communities present in the respiratory tracts of turkeys can be helpful to better understand the interactions between commensal or symbiotic microorganisms and other pathogenic bacteria or viral infections. The aim of this study was the characterization of the bacterial communities of upper respiratory tracks in commercial turkeys using NGS sequencing by the amplifcation of 16S rRNA gene with primers designed for hypervariable regions V3 and V4 (MiSeq, Illumina). From 10 phyla identifed in upper respiratory tract in turkeys, the most dominated phyla were Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Diferences in composition of bacterial diversity were found at the family and genus level. At the genus level, the turkey sequences present in respiratory tract represent 144 established bacteria. Several respiratory pathogens that contribute to the development of infections in the respiratory system of birds were identifed, including the presence of Ornithobacterium and Mycoplasma OTUs. These results obtained in this study supply information about bacterial composition and diversity of the turkey upper respiratory tract. Knowledge about bacteria present in the respiratory tract and the roles they can play in infections can be useful in controlling, diagnosing and treating commercial turkey focks. Next-generation sequencing has resulted in a marked increase in culture-independent studies characterizing the microbiome of humans and animals1–6. Much of these works have been focused on the gut microbiome of humans and other production animals 7–11.
    [Show full text]
  • Army Ants Harbor a Host-Specific Clade of Entomoplasmatales Bacteria
    APPLIED AND ENVIRONMENTAL MICROBIOLOGY, Jan. 2011, p. 346–350 Vol. 77, No. 1 0099-2240/11/$12.00 doi:10.1128/AEM.01896-10 Copyright © 2011, American Society for Microbiology. All Rights Reserved. Army Ants Harbor a Host-Specific Clade of Entomoplasmatales Bacteriaᰔ† Colin F. Funaro,1¶ Daniel J. C. Kronauer,2 Corrie S. Moreau,3 Benjamin Goldman-Huertas,2§ Naomi E. Pierce,2 and Jacob A. Russell1* Department of Biology, Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 191041; Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 021382; and Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, Chicago, Illinois 606053 Received 9 August 2010/Accepted 30 October 2010 In this article, we describe the distributions of Entomoplasmatales bacteria across the ants, identifying a novel lineage of gut bacteria that is unique to the army ants. While our findings indicate that the Entomoplasmatales are not essential for growth or development, molecular analyses suggest that this relationship is host specific and potentially ancient. The documented trends add to a growing body of literature that hints at a diversity of undiscovered associations between ants and bacterial symbionts. The ants are a diverse and abundant group of arthropods bacteria from the order Entomoplasmatales (phylum Teneri- that have evolved symbiotic relationships with a wide diversity cutes; class Mollicutes) (41). Although they can act as plant and of organisms, including bacteria (52, 55). Although bacteria vertebrate pathogens (16, 47), these small-genome and wall- comprise one of the least studied groups of symbiotic partners less bacteria have more typically been found across multiple across these insects, even our limited knowledge suggests that insect groups (6, 18, 20, 31, 33, 49, 51), where their phenotypic they have played integral roles in the success of herbivorous effects range from mutualistic (14, 23) to detrimental (6, 34) or and fungivorous ants (9, 12, 15, 37, 41).
    [Show full text]
  • Global Metagenomic Survey Reveals a New Bacterial Candidate Phylum in Geothermal Springs
    ARTICLE Received 13 Aug 2015 | Accepted 7 Dec 2015 | Published 27 Jan 2016 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms10476 OPEN Global metagenomic survey reveals a new bacterial candidate phylum in geothermal springs Emiley A. Eloe-Fadrosh1, David Paez-Espino1, Jessica Jarett1, Peter F. Dunfield2, Brian P. Hedlund3, Anne E. Dekas4, Stephen E. Grasby5, Allyson L. Brady6, Hailiang Dong7, Brandon R. Briggs8, Wen-Jun Li9, Danielle Goudeau1, Rex Malmstrom1, Amrita Pati1, Jennifer Pett-Ridge4, Edward M. Rubin1,10, Tanja Woyke1, Nikos C. Kyrpides1 & Natalia N. Ivanova1 Analysis of the increasing wealth of metagenomic data collected from diverse environments can lead to the discovery of novel branches on the tree of life. Here we analyse 5.2 Tb of metagenomic data collected globally to discover a novel bacterial phylum (‘Candidatus Kryptonia’) found exclusively in high-temperature pH-neutral geothermal springs. This lineage had remained hidden as a taxonomic ‘blind spot’ because of mismatches in the primers commonly used for ribosomal gene surveys. Genome reconstruction from metagenomic data combined with single-cell genomics results in several high-quality genomes representing four genera from the new phylum. Metabolic reconstruction indicates a heterotrophic lifestyle with conspicuous nutritional deficiencies, suggesting the need for metabolic complementarity with other microbes. Co-occurrence patterns identifies a number of putative partners, including an uncultured Armatimonadetes lineage. The discovery of Kryptonia within previously studied geothermal springs underscores the importance of globally sampled metagenomic data in detection of microbial novelty, and highlights the extraordinary diversity of microbial life still awaiting discovery. 1 Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, California 94598, USA. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta T2N 1N4, Canada.
    [Show full text]
  • Bacterial Infections Across the Ants: Frequency and Prevalence of Wolbachia, Spiroplasma, and Asaia
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation Psyche Volume 2013, Article ID 936341, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/936341 Research Article Bacterial Infections across the Ants: Frequency and Prevalence of Wolbachia, Spiroplasma,andAsaia Stefanie Kautz,1 Benjamin E. R. Rubin,1,2 and Corrie S. Moreau1 1 Department of Zoology, Field Museum of Natural History, 1400 South Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60605, USA 2 Committee on Evolutionary Biology, University of Chicago, 1025 East 57th Street, Chicago, IL 60637, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Stefanie Kautz; [email protected] Received 21 February 2013; Accepted 30 May 2013 Academic Editor: David P. Hughes Copyright © 2013 Stefanie Kautz et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Bacterial endosymbionts are common across insects, but we often lack a deeper knowledge of their prevalence across most organisms. Next-generation sequencing approaches can characterize bacterial diversity associated with a host and at the same time facilitate the fast and simultaneous screening of infectious bacteria. In this study, we used 16S rRNA tag encoded amplicon pyrosequencing to survey bacterial communities of 310 samples representing 221 individuals, 176 colonies and 95 species of ants. We found three distinct endosymbiont groups—Wolbachia (Alphaproteobacteria: Rickettsiales), Spiroplasma (Firmicutes: Entomoplasmatales),
    [Show full text]
  • The Mysterious Orphans of Mycoplasmataceae
    The mysterious orphans of Mycoplasmataceae Tatiana V. Tatarinova1,2*, Inna Lysnyansky3, Yuri V. Nikolsky4,5,6, and Alexander Bolshoy7* 1 Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90027, California, USA 2 Spatial Science Institute, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 90089, California, USA 3 Mycoplasma Unit, Division of Avian and Aquatic Diseases, Kimron Veterinary Institute, POB 12, Beit Dagan, 50250, Israel 4 School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, 10900 University Blvd, MSN 5B3, Manassas, VA 20110, USA 5 Biomedical Cluster, Skolkovo Foundation, 4 Lugovaya str., Skolkovo Innovation Centre, Mozhajskij region, Moscow, 143026, Russian Federation 6 Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Moscow, Russian Federation 7 Department of Evolutionary and Environmental Biology and Institute of Evolution, University of Haifa, Israel 1,2 [email protected] 3 [email protected] 4-6 [email protected] 7 [email protected] 1 Abstract Background: The length of a protein sequence is largely determined by its function, i.e. each functional group is associated with an optimal size. However, comparative genomics revealed that proteins’ length may be affected by additional factors. In 2002 it was shown that in bacterium Escherichia coli and the archaeon Archaeoglobus fulgidus, protein sequences with no homologs are, on average, shorter than those with homologs [1]. Most experts now agree that the length distributions are distinctly different between protein sequences with and without homologs in bacterial and archaeal genomes. In this study, we examine this postulate by a comprehensive analysis of all annotated prokaryotic genomes and focusing on certain exceptions.
    [Show full text]
  • MIB–MIP Is a Mycoplasma System That Captures and Cleaves Immunoglobulin G
    MIB–MIP is a mycoplasma system that captures and cleaves immunoglobulin G Yonathan Arfia,b,1, Laetitia Minderc,d, Carmelo Di Primoe,f,g, Aline Le Royh,i,j, Christine Ebelh,i,j, Laurent Coquetk, Stephane Claveroll, Sanjay Vasheem, Joerg Joresn,o, Alain Blancharda,b, and Pascal Sirand-Pugneta,b aINRA (Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique), UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; bUniversity of Bordeaux, UMR 1332 Biologie du Fruit et Pathologie, F-33882 Villenave d’Ornon, France; cInstitut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, UMS 3033, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; dInstitut Bergonié, SIRIC BRIO, 33076 Bordeaux, France; eINSERM U1212, ARN Regulation Naturelle et Artificielle, 33607 Pessac, France; fCNRS UMR 5320, ARN Regulation Naturelle et Artificielle, 33607 Pessac, France; gInstitut Européen de Chimie et Biologie, University of Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France; hInstitut de Biologie Structurale, University of Grenoble Alpes, F-38044 Grenoble, France; iCNRS, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; jCEA, Institut de Biologie Structurale, F-38044 Grenoble, France; kCNRS UMR 6270, Plateforme PISSARO, Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine - Normandie Rouen, Normandie Université, F-76821 Mont-Saint-Aignan, France; lProteome Platform, Functional Genomic Center of Bordeaux, University of Bordeaux, F-33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; mJ. Craig Venter Institute, Rockville, MD 20850; nInternational Livestock Research Institute, 00100 Nairobi, Kenya; and oInstitute of Veterinary Bacteriology, University of Bern, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland Edited by Roy Curtiss III, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, and approved March 30, 2016 (received for review January 12, 2016) Mycoplasmas are “minimal” bacteria able to infect humans, wildlife, introduced into naive herds (8).
    [Show full text]
  • WO 2018/064165 A2 (.Pdf)
    (12) INTERNATIONAL APPLICATION PUBLISHED UNDER THE PATENT COOPERATION TREATY (PCT) (19) World Intellectual Property Organization International Bureau (10) International Publication Number (43) International Publication Date WO 2018/064165 A2 05 April 2018 (05.04.2018) W !P O PCT (51) International Patent Classification: Published: A61K 35/74 (20 15.0 1) C12N 1/21 (2006 .01) — without international search report and to be republished (21) International Application Number: upon receipt of that report (Rule 48.2(g)) PCT/US2017/053717 — with sequence listing part of description (Rule 5.2(a)) (22) International Filing Date: 27 September 2017 (27.09.2017) (25) Filing Language: English (26) Publication Langi English (30) Priority Data: 62/400,372 27 September 2016 (27.09.2016) US 62/508,885 19 May 2017 (19.05.2017) US 62/557,566 12 September 2017 (12.09.2017) US (71) Applicant: BOARD OF REGENTS, THE UNIVERSI¬ TY OF TEXAS SYSTEM [US/US]; 210 West 7th St., Austin, TX 78701 (US). (72) Inventors: WARGO, Jennifer; 1814 Bissonnet St., Hous ton, TX 77005 (US). GOPALAKRISHNAN, Vanch- eswaran; 7900 Cambridge, Apt. 10-lb, Houston, TX 77054 (US). (74) Agent: BYRD, Marshall, P.; Parker Highlander PLLC, 1120 S. Capital Of Texas Highway, Bldg. One, Suite 200, Austin, TX 78746 (US). (81) Designated States (unless otherwise indicated, for every kind of national protection available): AE, AG, AL, AM, AO, AT, AU, AZ, BA, BB, BG, BH, BN, BR, BW, BY, BZ, CA, CH, CL, CN, CO, CR, CU, CZ, DE, DJ, DK, DM, DO, DZ, EC, EE, EG, ES, FI, GB, GD, GE, GH, GM, GT, HN, HR, HU, ID, IL, IN, IR, IS, JO, JP, KE, KG, KH, KN, KP, KR, KW, KZ, LA, LC, LK, LR, LS, LU, LY, MA, MD, ME, MG, MK, MN, MW, MX, MY, MZ, NA, NG, NI, NO, NZ, OM, PA, PE, PG, PH, PL, PT, QA, RO, RS, RU, RW, SA, SC, SD, SE, SG, SK, SL, SM, ST, SV, SY, TH, TJ, TM, TN, TR, TT, TZ, UA, UG, US, UZ, VC, VN, ZA, ZM, ZW.
    [Show full text]
  • Influence of External and Internal Environmental Factors on Intestinal Microbiota of Wild and Domestic Animals A
    Influence of external and internal environmental factors on intestinal microbiota of wild and domestic of animals factors on intestinal microbiota Influence of external and internal environmental Influence of external and internal environmental factors on intestinal microbiota of wild and domestic animals A. Umanets Alexander Umanets Propositions 1. Intestinal microbiota and resistome composition of wild animals are mostly shaped by the animals’ diet and lifestyle. (this thesis) 2. When other environmental factors are controlled, genetics of the host lead to species- or breed specific microbiota patterns. (this thesis) 3. Identifying the response of microbial communities to factors that only have a minor contribution to overall microbiota variation faces the same problems as the discovery of exoplanets. 4. Observational studies in microbial ecology using cultivation- independent methods should be considered only as a guide for further investigations that employ controlled experimental conditions and mechanistic studies of cause-effect relationships. 5. Public fear of genetic engineering and artificial intelligence is not helped by insufficient public education and misleading images created through mass- and social media. 6. Principles of positive (Darwinian) and negative selection govern the repertoire of techniques used within martial arts. Propositions belonging to the thesis, entitled Influence of external and internal environmental factors on intestinal microbiota of wild and domestic animals Alexander Umanets Wageningen, 17 October
    [Show full text]
  • Identification and Characterization of Mycoplasma Promoters Kevin Lee Knudtson Iowa State University
    Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1993 Identification and characterization of mycoplasma promoters Kevin Lee Knudtson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Microbiology Commons, and the Molecular Biology Commons Recommended Citation Knudtson, Kevin Lee, "Identification and characterization of mycoplasma promoters " (1993). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 10575. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/10575 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. U-M-I MICROFILMED 1994 I INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps.
    [Show full text]
  • First Insight Into Microbiome Profile of Fungivorous Thrips Hoplothrips Carpathicus (Insecta: Thysanoptera) at Different Develop
    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN First insight into microbiome profle of fungivorous thrips Hoplothrips carpathicus (Insecta: Thysanoptera) Received: 19 January 2018 Accepted: 12 September 2018 at diferent developmental stages: Published: xx xx xxxx molecular evidence of Wolbachia endosymbiosis Agnieszka Kaczmarczyk 1, Halina Kucharczyk2, Marek Kucharczyk3, Przemysław Kapusta4, Jerzy Sell1 & Sylwia Zielińska5,6 Insects’ exoskeleton, gut, hemocoel, and cells are colonized by various microorganisms that often play important roles in their host life. Moreover, insects are frequently infected by vertically transmitted symbionts that can manipulate their reproduction. The aims of this study were the characterization of bacterial communities of four developmental stages of the fungivorous species Hoplothrips carpathicus (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae), verifcation of the presence of Wolbachia, in silico prediction of metabolic potentials of the microorganisms, and sequencing its mitochondrial COI barcode. Taxonomy- based analysis indicated that the bacterial community of H. carpathicus contained 21 bacterial phyla. The most abundant phyla were Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Bacterioidetes and Firmicutes, and the most abundant classes were Alphaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Gammaproteobacteria and Betaproteobacteria, with diferent proportions in the total share. For pupa and imago (adult) the most abundant genus was Wolbachia, which comprised 69.95% and 56.11% of total bacterial population respectively. Moreover, similarity analysis of bacterial communities showed that changes in microbiome composition are congruent with the successive stages of H. carpathicus development. PICRUSt analysis predicted that each bacterial community should be rich in genes involved in membrane transport, amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, replication and repair processes. Insects are by far the most diverse and abundant animal group, in numbers of species globally, in ecological habits, and in biomass1.
    [Show full text]
  • Microbial Communities in Different Tissues of Atta Sexdens Rubropilosa Leaf-Cutting Ants
    Curr Microbiol (2017) 74:1216–1225 DOI 10.1007/s00284-017-1307-x Microbial Communities in Different Tissues of Atta sexdens rubropilosa Leaf-cutting Ants 1 1 2 1 Alexsandro S. Vieira • Manuela O. Ramalho • Cintia Martins • Vanderlei G. Martins • Odair C. Bueno1 Received: 6 February 2017 / Accepted: 11 July 2017 / Published online: 18 July 2017 Ó Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2017 Abstract Bacterial endosymbionts are common in all were Burkholderiales, Clostridiales, Syntrophobacterales, insects, and symbiosis has played an integral role in ant Lactobacillales, Bacillales, and Actinomycetales (midgut) evolution. Atta sexdens rubropilosa leaf-cutting ants cul- and Entomoplasmatales, unclassified c-proteobacteria, and tivate their symbiotic fungus using fresh leaves. They need Actinomycetales (postpharyngeal glands). The high abun- to defend themselves and their brood against diseases, but dance of Entomoplasmatales in the postpharyngeal glands they also need to defend their obligate fungus gardens, (77%) of the queens was an unprecedented finding. We their primary food source, from infection, parasitism, and discuss the role of microbial communities in different tis- usurpation by competitors. This study aimed to character- sues and castes. Bacteria are likely to play a role in ize the microbial communities in whole workers and dif- nutrition and immune defense as well as helping antimi- ferent tissues of A. sexdens rubropilosa queens using Ion crobial defense in this ant species. Torrent NGS. Our results showed that the microbial com- munity in the midgut differs in abundance and diversity Keywords Attini Á Endosymbiont Á Entomoplasmatales Á from the communities in the postpharyngeal gland of the Next-generation sequencing queen and in whole workers.
    [Show full text]