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The Eemian - Local Sequences, Global Perspectives: Introduction

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The Eemian - Local Sequences, Global Perspectives: Introduction Geologie en Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79 (2/3): 129-133 (2000) The Eemian - local sequences, global perspectives: introduction Thijs van Kolfschoten1 & Philip L. Gibbard2 1 Faculty of Archaeology, Leiden University, P.O. Box 9515, 2300 RA LEIDEN, the Netherlands; Corresponding author; e-mail: [email protected] 2 Godwin Institute of Quaternary Research, Department of Geography, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, CAMBRIDGE CB2 3EN, England; e-mail:[email protected] Received: May 2000; accepted in revised form: 20 June 2000 G The history of this special issue gation and discussion on the Middle/Late Pleistocene boundary on the original type area of the Eemian in The history of this volume goes back to a 1973 IN- the Netherlands. The Eemian sequence was often QUA congress in New Zealand, where an INQUA used as reference and furthermore the term 'Eemian' Commission of Stratigraphy working group on major was widely used to identify the last interglacial far be­ subdivisions of the Pleistocene was established. The yond western central Europe. Examination of the Pleistocene series/epoch was hitherto generally subdi­ available data from the Eemian type area showed that vided into the Lower/Early, Middle and Upper/Late a re-evaluation of existing data and collection of criti­ Pleistocene (see, among others, Zeuner, 1935, 1959) cal new data were needed to define an unambiguous but the boundaries between these subseries/sube- stratigraphical boundary. Although the identification pochs were not formally defined. The boundary be­ of boundaries is central to stratigraphical subdivision, tween the Early and Middle Pleistocene was, in the it is nevertheless the Eemian as an entity that is of European literature, put at the base of the Cromerian particular interest for understanding the development Complex (Zagwijn, 1963) or at the Brunhes/Matuya- of a complete interglacial cycle. ma magnetic boundary (Richmond, 1996). In the lit­ erature, there is more consensus about the position of The Eemian as a stage the Middle/Late Pleistocene boundary. This bound­ ary was placed almost without exception at the base The 'Eemian' is the term used to identify the last in­ of the Eemian stage. terglacial temperate period, the first stage of the Late Although there was consensus about where to de­ Pleistocene. It is a formal chronostratigraphical unit fine the Middle/Late Pleistocene boundary, the the base of which, following biostratigraphical con­ INQUA Commission of Stratigraphy was aware of vention in NW Europe, is taken at the point where the fact that consensus alone is not enough, however, tree pollen replaces that of non-tree pollen in pollen to formalize a stratigraphical boundary. Based on diagrams from the sediments. The upper limit of the global standard stratigraphical rules (cf. Holland, stage is defined, again following standard stratigraphi­ 1998) a 'global standard stratotype and point' cal convention, by the base of the succeeding stage, (GSSP) (Salvador, 1994) must be defined for formal the Weichselian, where the opposite transition occurs, chronostratigraphical boundaries. Although there are i.e. where tree pollen is replaced by non-tree pollen many geological sections showing the transition from (cf. Jessen & Milthers, 1928). Downloaded thfrome https://www.cambridge.org/corepenultimate glaciatio. IPn address:to th 170.106.202.58e last interglacia, on 25 Sep 2021l at 06:45:59Th, subjecte Eemia to the Cambridgen is ofte Coren termsregarde of use, davailable as a at typical inter­ https://www.cambridge.org/core/termsaround the world,. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600021661it was decided to focus the investi­ glacial event in the sense that it is characterized by Geologie en Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79(2/3) 2000 129 high eustatic sea level, retreat to minimum size of relate between the terrestrial and ocean facies, it is global ice sheets and an establishment of biotic as­ readily apparent that this assumption is invalid semblages that closely parallel those of the present (Sanchez-Goni et al., 2000 - this issue).The continu­ Holocene interglacial. Subdivision of the stage in al pressure to develop ever higher-resolution stratigra­ north-west Europe and beyond is based on pollen as­ phies throws this problem into high relief as a topic of semblages, first proposed in the classic work of Jessen considerable importance for future research. & Milthers (1928) in Denmark and north Germany, Today the Eemian is represented not only in coastal and modified by many since (among others: Zagwijn marine sediments, but in a vast range of depositional 1996).This vegetational development reflects the typ­ situations, from the deep sea through shelf, littoral, ical cycle of vegetational change from pioneer trees estuarine to continental settings, including fluvial, la­ including Betula and Pinus, through the deciduous custrine, spring and paludal environments. The tem­ broad-leafed trees, to the arrival of Taxus, Carpinus perate event is also recorded in weathering and pedo- and Picea in the second half of the stage and culmi­ logical sequences. Its recognition in ice cores, where nating in the return of Betula and Pinus as precursors potential climatic oscillations were first recognized, to the subsequent glacial stage. This cyclic change, so has sporned considerable activity in which re­ typical of later Pleistocene interglacials, is also reflect­ searchers, particularly in the North Atlantic region, ed in the development of the soils, as noted by Iversen have re-evaluated sequences in the light of these dis­ (1958). coveries. Some discoveries have confirmed the pres­ The stage was originally defined as a formal name ence of minor climatic oscillations (see, among oth­ for sequences of sand and fine shell-bearing sedi­ ers, Seidenkrantz et al., 1995; Maslin & Tzedakis, ments in the Amsterdam, and latterly the Amersfoort 1996), whilst others have dismissed these ideas and areas, of the Netherlands. Here, these fossiliferous rigorously defended the view that the interglacial cli­ sediments rest on glacial diamicton and associated mates remained broadly stable (among them Litt et sediments of the preceding Saalian glaciation, the lat­ al., 1996). Whatever the correct answer, the obvious ter shown by German scientists (among them Keil- implication of the discovery of possible climate oscil­ hack; mWoldstedt, 1929: 129) to be the penultimate lations is their relevance to future Holocene climate. glaciation of the Scandinavian ice sheet. Therefore, Many have adopted the Eemian as a model for the the fossiliferous Eemian beds must represent a tem­ world's immediate greenhouse future. The validity of perate event, post-Saalian but predating the glacial its use is questioned, however, by Loutre & Berger (in and periglacial deposits of the subsequent or last press) based on differences of insolation. Whilst this glaciation, the Weichselian. The Eemian beds must may be correct, the problems of recognizing, correlat­ therefore represent the last interglacial. ing and even finding older events in many parts of the world means that the Eemian will remain the primary Estimates of the duration of the stage vary some­ analogue for the present interglacial for the foresee­ what but on the basis of a combination of counting of able future. sediment annual rhythmites and extrapolation for the second half of the event, the length has been estimat­ ed by Miiller (1974) from the Bispingen locality in The NITG project and the SEQS meeting Niedersachsen, Germany to be 11,500 years. Beyond western central Europe, the interglacial cli­ Discussion of the delimitation and identification of matic event has been assigned a variety of names, in­ the Eemian at the 1995 INQUA Congress in Berlin cluding the Riss/Wurm interglacial (Alps), Ipswichian led to the then Geological Survey of the Netherlands (Britain), Mikulino (European Russia), Murava (Rijks Geologische Dienst; latterly the Netherlands (Byelorussia), Merkine (Lithuania), Felicianova Institute for Applied Geoscience -TNO) being re­ (Latvia), Tepsankumpu (Finland), Prangli (Estonia), quested to re-investigate the type area. This was initi­ and Sangamonian (North America) on the land. The ated to locate a suitable global standard stratotype generally agreed equivalent in the ocean-basin sedi­ and point (GSSP) or golden-spike locality for the ments is marine isotope substage (MIS) 5e. Assump­ Eemian basal boundary. This boundary is coincident tions that these events are to a greater or lesser extent with the Middle/Upper Pleistocene subseries bound­ the direct equivalent of the Eemian stage sensu stricto ary by definition. The Subcommission on European lies at the heart of global correlation schemes. Whilst Quaternary Stratigraphy (SEQS) was simultaneously this may be accurate in broad terms, it remains to be asked to play an intermediary, stimulating and sup­ demonstrated that the boundaries of these variously portive role in this process. defined units are in fact coeval. Indeed, in the light of NITG-TNO accepted the invitation and decided recent discoveries, arising from attempts to cross-cor­ to re-investigate and re-evaluate not only the old data 130 Geologie en Mijnbouw / Netherlands Journal of Geosciences 79(2/3) 2000 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.202.58, on 25 Sep 2021 at 06:45:59, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016774600021661 dam-Terminal borehole is extensively described by Van Leeuwen et al. Finally, Cleveringa et al. present a re-evaluation of pre-existing and recent new data on the Eemian stratotype locality at Amersfoort. As well as providing an example of what can be achieved in local geological reconstruction, this study sets a foun­ Fig. 1. Conference logo: The Eemian - Local sequences, global dation for regional investigations of neighbouring re­ perspectives. gions and areas beyond. The NITG-TNO investigations are subsequently but also to drill and sample a new borehole in the placed within a continental framework by Turner, in Amsterdam basin (Amsterdam-Terminal).
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