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The Internet and Family and Acquaintance Sexual Abuse 10.1177/1077559504271917MitchellCHILD MALTREATMENT et al. / THE INTERNET / FEBRUARY AND SEXUAL 2005 ABUSE The Internet and Family and Acquaintance Sexual Abuse Kimberly J. Mitchell David Finkelhor Janis Wolak University of New Hampshire This article explores the dynamics of cases involving family However, the Internet may have also affected the and acquaintance sexual offenders who used the Internet to nature and dynamics of sexual abuse that occurs at commit sex crimes against minors. Although the stereotype of the hands of nonstrangers including family and Internet crimes involves unknown adults meeting juvenile acquaintance sex offenders in a number of ways. First, victims online, Internet use can also play a role in sexual the availability of digital photography and the market crimes against minors by family members and acquain- for child pornography on the Internet may have made tances. Data were collected from a national sample of law en- the production and online distribution of child por- forcement agencies about arrests for Internet-related sex nography a more frequent component of abuse by crimes against minors. Family and acquaintance offenders family and acquaintance offenders. Second, the avail- were nearly as numerous as offenders who used the Internet to ability and ease of online communications may allow meet victims online. They used the Internet in various ways some acquaintance offenders to bypass parents and to further their crimes including as a tool to seduce or groom, other caretakers to develop abusive relationships with store or disseminate sexual images of victims, arrange meet- potential victims that they could not have achieved ings and communicate, reward victims, or advertise or sell with face-to-face contact. Third, the Internet may pro- victims. Prevention messages and investigation approaches vide new opportunities for family and acquaintance should be revised to incorporate awareness of such cases and offenders to seduce children and adolescents for their dynamics. abuse, including new ways of bringing sexual topics into interactions and exposing children to sexual im- ages and materials. Keywords: Internet; sexual abuse; offender; youth; family; acquaintance Family and Acquaintance Sex Offenders Children and adolescents are more victimized than adults (Finkelhor, 1997; Hashima & Finkelhor, The Internet and its related technology is trans- 1999). This is partly because of their dependency sta- forming many domains of social life, so there is every tus that results in little choice as to whom they associ- reason to believe that it will have an effect on child ate with. In other words, children who live in violent maltreatment as well. Thus far, the predominant con- families or violent neighborhoods typically do not cern about the Internet and child maltreatment has have the ability to leave these environments. Child vic- involved online meeting crimes in which, stereo- timization in the form of sexual abuse in particular typically, adult strangers have used the Internet to has been an important focus of study for several meet and develop abusive relationships with vulner- able youth. Authors’ Note: For the purposes of compliance with Section 507 of PL 104-208 (the Stevens Amendment), readers are advised that CHILD MALTREATMENT, Vol. 10, No. 1, February 2005 49-60 66% of the funds for this program are derived from federal sources DOI: 10.1177/1077559504271917 (Office of Juvenile Justice & Delinquency Prevention). The total © 2005 Sage Publications amount of federal funding involved is $503,117. 49 50 Mitchell et al. / THE INTERNET AND SEXUAL ABUSE decades prior to the existence of the Internet. Most • to estimate a baseline number of arrests during a 1- offenders in non-Internet, or conventional, child sex- year period so that the growth of these cases in the ual abuse cases perpetrate their crimes against vic- criminal justice system can be measured in the future, tims within their own families or with whom they are • to provide a statistical portrait of the characteristics of Internet sex crimes against minors and a description acquainted (Finkelhor, 1997). Children younger of how they are handled within the criminal justice than the age of 12 are dependent on their caregivers, system, and and, as such, most of the sexual abuse occurring in • to organize the variety of cases into a typology useful this age group is by family members. As children grow, for tracking and analysis. they develop more connections with people outside of the family unit, and abuse at the hands of per- METHOD sons outside of the family, such as acquaintances and peers, increases. N-JOV Sample and Procedure Current Article The N-JOV study collected information from a national sample of law enforcement agencies about The current article will use a sample of acquain- the characteristics of Internet sex crimes against tance and family sex offenders identified in a study of minors and the numbers of arrests for these crimes Internet sex crimes against children to explore and during a 1-year period. The goals of the methodology illustrate how such offenders used the Internet. Spe- were to construct a representative national sample of cifically, this article will examine offender, victim, and law enforcement agencies that would give an overall case characteristics from a national sample of cases picture of these crimes in the United States, under- involving arrests made for Internet-related sex crimes stand how these cases emerged and were handled in a diverse group of agencies, and obtain detailed data against minors. Data will first address what proportion about the characteristics of these crimes from well- of arrests for Internet sex crimes against minors were informed, reliable sources. committed by family and acquaintance offenders and Law enforcement investigators were interviewed, compare this to the numbers of cases involving the because investigators have been in the forefront of more publicized online meeting crimes. Next, of- identifying and combating these crimes and are the fender and victim characteristics will be examined best sources of accessible, in-depth information about between offender groups (i.e., family versus acquain- their nature. A focus was placed on cases that ended in tance offenders). Then, using a combination of quali- arrests rather than crime reports or open investiga- tative and quantitative characteristics, we will explore tions, because cases ending in arrests were more likely the different ways the Internet is used by family and to involve actual crimes; had more complete informa- acquaintance offenders, the types of sexual assaults tion about the crimes, offenders, and victims; gave a that occurred, and the aggravating features of the clear standard for counting cases; and helped avoid crimes contrasted between the two offender groups. interviewing multiple agencies about the same case. Finally, case outcomes in terms of convictions of of- First, a national sample of 2,574 state, county, and fenders and mental health referrals for victims will be local law enforcement agencies was surveyed by mail examined across groups. asking them if they had made arrests in Internet- related child pornography or sexual exploitation National Juvenile Online Victimization (N-JOV) Study cases. Detailed telephone interviews were then con- ducted with investigators who had such cases. The The N-JOV Study was undertaken to obtain a sense methodology was modeled after that used in the Sec- of the scope and types of law enforcement activity in ond National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abduc- this area and to serve as a baseline for monitoring the ted, Runaway, and Throwaway Children (NISMART- growth of Internet sex crimes against minors and 2) to survey law enforcement agencies about child related law enforcement activities. abduction cases (Sedlak, Finkelhor, Hammer, & Because Internet sex crimes against minors are a Schultz, 2002). recent phenomenon, data about them have not been Eighty-eight percent of the agencies (n = 2,270) gathered in a national study. The N-JOV Study is the responded to the mail surveys. Seventeen percent of first national research project to systematically collect the agencies (n = 383) that responded reported 1,723 data about the number and characteristics of arrests arrests. To be eligible, cases had to (a) have victims for Internet sex crimes against minors, and it had younger than 18; (b) involve arrests between July 1, three goals: 2000, and June 30, 2001; and (c) be Internet related. CHILD MALTREATMENT / FEBRUARY 2005 Mitchell et al. / THE INTERNET AND SEXUAL ABUSE 51 Cases were Internet related if any of the following cri- with their victims, either as a family member or an teria were met: (a) An offender-victim relationship acquaintance. was initiated online; (b) an offender who was a family Weighting Procedures and Prevalence Estimates member or acquaintance of a victim used the Internet to communicate with a victim to further a sexual vic- A statistical technique called weighting was used to timization or otherwise exploit the victim; (c) a case estimate annual numbers of arrests involving Internet involved an Internet-related, proactive investigation; sex crimes against minors in a 1-year time frame (d) child pornography was received or distributed within the United States. Weighting takes into online or arrangements for receiving or distributing account sampling procedures and nonresponse to were made online; or (e) child pornography was allow use of the data to project estimated annual found on a computer, on removable media such as arrest totals with 95% confidence that the accurate floppy disks and compact disks, as computer print- number will fall within a specific range. Four weights outs, or in a digital format. were constructed to reflect the complex sample We designed a sampling procedure for case- design. First, each case was given a sampling weight to specific interviews that took into account the number account for the probability of selection to both the of cases reported by an agency so that we would not mail survey and telephone interview samples.
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