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Biology of Perch This page intentionally left blank Biology of Perch Editors Patrice Couture Professeur Institut national de la recherche scientifi que INRS - Centre Eau Terre Environnement Québec (Québec) CANADA Greg Pyle Alberta Water and Environmental Sciences Building Dept. of Biological Sciences University of Lethbridge Lethbridge CANADA p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM Cover illustrations For the yellow perch photo: reproduced by permission from Aquarium du Québec-Sépaq For the Balkhash perch photo: reproduced by permission from Nadir Mamilov CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20150721 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4987-3033-4 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmit- ted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright. com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Foreword Perch Perca spp. are known to many due to their wide distribution in temperate climates, their attractive colouration and distinct body stripes and their robust body shape. Many angle them for sport and fi nd them very palatable, especially smoked! I was fortunate to start my career in fi sh biology research by studying the population dynamics of the European perch Perca fl uviatilis in a small freshwater lagoon in south- west England and then moved to participate in a long-term investigation on the same animal in Windermere. Following this I also had the opportunity to study the North American perch Perca fl avescens in Canada. I can still remember being particularly struck by the brilliant golden yellow colour of these fi sh in northern Manitoba, probably resulting from a transfer of carotenes in their diet of gammarids. I have not had any experience of or even seen the third member of this genus, the Balkhash perch Perca schrenkii, which has a much more restricted distribution, although quite by chance I was recently given a picture of it. My interest in these animals led me to write two books on percids, the family to which perch belong, published in 1987 and 2000. As time goes by technology changes and new techniques are applied in research. In fi sh research for example, this is particularly apparent in genetics and telemetry. In long-term studies further data points are added allowing new interpretations of the data as a whole. In addition continuing perturbations such as climate change and increased anthropogenic impacts (overfi shing and competition for fresh water as a resource) have their effect on the fi shes. Thus after a 15 year gap it is probably expedient to produce an update on what we know about these important animals. The pursuit of science requires continual self-correcting and taking on board new or modifi ed concepts. Greg Pyle and Patrice Couture have undertaken this by editing a book containing ten distinct and authoritative chapters. These include a revision on Perca phylogeny using the latest molecular tools and more evidence is supplied to support the migration of Perca ancestors across the North Atlantic Land Bridge rather than the Bering Land Bridge. I was particularly interested in the chapter on the little known Balkhash perch. New interpretations on long-term studies such as those in the St. Lawrence River and Windermere indicate the importance of gathering data over a long time period; often the importance is ignored or the gathering curtailed by governments. Also covered in this book are advances in our knowledge of perch reproduction, parasites, behaviour and the use of perch in ecotoxicology research. vi Biology of Perch I continue to be concerned by the decline of fi sh stocks worldwide including those in fresh water. To manage these stocks, albeit not too successfully in many cases, we need to know more about the biology of these fi shes and how they interact with their environment. The present update on our knowledge about perch will help to inform managers and hopefully aid conservation of this precious resource. I wonder what the next 15 years will yield. John F. Craig Craig Consultancy Whiteside, Dunscore, Dumfries, DG2 0UU Scotland U.K. Preface The three freshwater fi sh species of the genus Perca are major components of freshwater systems all around the Northern hemisphere. Within their respective natural ranges, they are essential as both prey and predators and their presence shapes food webs. Their abundance supports important sport and commercial fi sheries and a perch aquaculture industry is emerging. Outside of their range, they are formidable invasive species. Given their abundance and importance, perch have also been the object of countless scientifi c investigations in ecology, stock management, ecotoxicology and in several other areas. For instance, years ago we adopted the North American yellow perch (Perca fl avescens) as our model species during investigations into the effects of environmental contaminants on wild fi sh populations. Yellow perch was an obvious choice for us, given that it was a very common species in the metal- contaminated lakes that we were studying at the time. In fact, in some contaminated lakes, yellow perch was the only fi sh species present! Moreover, they were more or less ubiquitous across Canada and the northern United States and were relatively abundant where they occurred, which made them easy to sample and amenable to studies that generalized conclusions over broad geographic areas, even, perhaps, to their two cousins. Unfortunately, we soon realized that the basic literature relevant to our model organism—with a few notable exceptions—was somewhat diffuse and disparate. Yet perch—particularly the North American and European species—have recently seen an increase in research attention, in such diverse areas as population biology, ecology, biogeography, behaviour, and aquatic ecotoxicology. This book endeavours to update and consolidate the perch literature in a manner that will be useful to fi sheries managers, academics and students interested in perch biology. We wanted the book to focus exclusively on the three extant species comprising the genus Perca: P. fl avescens, P. fl uviatilis, and P. schrenkii. We also wanted to capture the range of research that is currently being conducted on Perca spp. and how that research is advancing our basic understanding of perch biology. We therefore approached internationally renowned perch specialists from every aspect of fi sh biology to contribute to this volume. We hope that the following pages meet that goal. June 29, 2015 Patrice Couture, Québec City, Québec Greg Pyle, Lethbridge, Alberta This page intentionally left blank Contents Foreword v Preface vii 1. Introduction to Biology of Perch 1 Greg Pyle and Patrice Couture 2. Evolutionary Relationships, Population Genetics, and Ecological and 7 Genomic Adaptations of Perch (Perca) Carol A. Stepien, Jasminca Behrmann-Godel and Louis Bernatchez 3. Biology of Balkhash Perch (Perca schrenkii Kessler, 1874) 47 Nadir Shamilevich Mamilov 4. Distribution of Yellow Perch Perca fl avescens in Lakes, Reservoirs and 73 Rivers of Alberta and British Columbia, in Relation to Tolerance for Climate and other Habitat Factors, and their Dispersal and Invasive Ability Joseph B. Rasmussen and Lars Brinkmann 5. Yellow Perch (Perca fl avescens) in the St. Lawrence River 101 (Québec, Canada): Population Dynamics and Management in a River with Contrasting Pressures Yves Mailhot, Pierre Dumont, Yves Paradis, Philippe Brodeur, Nathalie Vachon, Marc Mingelbier, Frédéric Lecomte and Pierre Magnan 6. Insights into Percid Population and Community Biology and Ecology 148 from a 70 year (1943 to 2013) Study of Perch Perca fl uviatilis in Windermere, U.K. Craig, John F., Fletcher, Janice M. and Winfi eld, Ian J. 7. Reproductive Biology and Environmental Determinism of Perch 167 Reproductive Cycle Pascal Fontaine, Abdulbaset Abdulfatah and Fabrice Teletchea 8. Biology and Ecology of Perch Parasites 193 Jasminca Behrmann-Godel and Alexander Brinker x Biology of Perch 9. Behaviour of Perch 230 C.A.D. Semeniuk, C. Magnhagen and G. Pyle 10. Using Perca as Biomonitors in Ecotoxicological Studies 271 Patrice Couture, Greg Pyle, Peter G.C. Campbell and Alice Hontela Index 305 1 Introduction to Biology of Perch Greg Pyle1,* and Patrice Couture2 Recent estimates suggest that there are approximately 33,200 species of fi sh in the world, 7000 of which have been described since 1995 (Eschmeyer 2014).

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