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ETNOBOTANI TANAMAN RITUAL UPACARA ADAT KEBO- KEBOAN SUKU USING DI DESA ALAS MALANG KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI Ethnobotany of Ritual Pl

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ETNOBOTANI TANAMAN RITUAL UPACARA ADAT KEBO- KEBOAN SUKU USING DI DESA ALAS MALANG KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI Ethnobotany of Ritual Pl ETNOBOTANI TANAMAN RITUAL UPACARA ADAT KEBO- KEBOAN SUKU USING DI DESA ALAS MALANG KABUPATEN BANYUWANGI Ethnobotany of Ritual Plants of Kebo-Keboan Ethnic Rite of Using People In Alas Malang Village Banyuwangi Regency N. NURCHAYATI1*, FUAD ARDIYANSYAH1 1Program Studi Biologi, FMIPA, Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi, Banyuwangi, Indonesia *Corresponding authors: [email protected] ABSTRACT Indonesia is a country wich rich in ethnic diversity and customs. The Customs that are still held are traditional ceremonies or rituals. One tribe that still holds to the ritual event is the Using tribe in Banyuwangi Regency. The Using tribe is rich in rituals. One of them is the kebo-keboan ethnic rite in Alas Malang, Singojuruh sub district. Ethnobotany knowledge of kebo-keboan ethnic rite plants by the Alas Malang community only develops among traditional elders and cultural actors. So it is very necessary to do research "Ethnobotany of Ritual Plants of Kebo-keboan Ethnic Rite of Using People in Alas Malang Village Banyuwangi Regency". This research is expected to provide knowledge to the younger generation to participate in the efforts of conservation of ritual plants in the area. The study was done in March to May 2018 and took place in the village of Alas Malang, Singojuruh sub district. Sampling and informants were conducted using purposive sampling and Snowball Sampling techniques. The results showed that the plants used for kebo-keboan ethnic rite were 24 species with 16 families. Parts of plants used include leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, rhizomes, sap and tubers. The most widely used parts of the plant are leaves, which are 32% and the least are rhizomes and sap respectively 4%. The largest percentage of knowledge of the Alas Malang community on ritual plants in rice (Oryza sativa) is 8% and the lowest is puring (Codiaeum variegatum L), which is 2%. The most widely used plant habitus are bushes that are 33% and the least number of trees are 17%. The ritual plants used are mostly obtained from the yard of people. Keyword : Ethnobotany, ritual, plant, Kebo-keboan PENDAHULUAN Indonesia merupakan bangsa majemuk dengan ragam budaya, agama dan bahasa yang beragam. Menurut Syapura (2010), suku di Indonesia mencapai jumlah 1.300 dengan kearifan lokal dan adat- istiadat yang berbeda-beda serta bersifat turun-temurun. Salah satu adat-istiadat yang terus dipertahankan oleh masing-masing suku adalah upacara adat atau ritual. Upacara adat merupakan simbol dari budaya yang digunakan untuk mengatasi ketidakselarasan ataupun untuk mencapai keharmonisan dan keharmonisan dalam kehidupan. Upacara adat sering kali digunakan sebagai sarana untuk memenuhi kebutuhan psikologis berupa ketentraman. Setiap daerah memiliki ragam acara ritual adat yang tergabung dalam kebudayaannya. Salah satu masyarakat yang masih memegang teguh budaya, adat-istiadat adalah masyarakat suku Using. Suku Using merupakan salah satu suku yang terdapat di wilayah Kabupaten Banyuwangi Jawa Timur. Suku Using memiliki ragam ritual yang terjaga dan senantiasa dilaksanakan tiap tahun. satunya adalah ritual kebo-keboan di daerah Alas Malang, Kecamatan Singojuruh dan daerah Aliyan Kecamatan Rogojampi. Upacara ritual kebo-keboan merupakan ritual yang dalam pelaksanaannya masih memunculkan dimensi sakral. Secara umum pelaksanaan upacara adat keboan ini memiliki beberapa tahapan, diantaranya adalah : 1) Selametan pembuka, 2) Pembuatan gapura pala pendem dan pala wija, 3) Slametan latar, 4) ater-ater, 5) pawai ider bumi, 6) penanaman padi, 7) pertunjukan wayang kulit, 8) selametan penutup. Upacara keboan ini tidak lepas dari pemanfaatan tanaman sebagai simbol 12 | Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains, Teknologi dan Analisis Ke-1 2018 yang diterapkan dalam sesaji maupun acara selametan. Pemanfaatan tanaman oleh masyarakat lokal sebagai bahan pemenuh kebutuhan baik makanan, obat-obatan, ataupun ritual disebut dengan etnobotani. Pengetahuan etnobotani masyarakat Alas malang Kecamatan Singojuruh terhadap tanaman yang dimanfaatkan untuk ritual upacara adat keboan ini hanya berkembang dikalangan tetua adat ataupun pelaksana ritual saja dan berkembang secara lisan saja, sehingga perkembangannya tidak merata. Melalui penelitian etnobotani tanaman ritual kebo-keboan ini diharapkan dapat menggali pengetahuan etnobotani tanaman ritual kebo-keboan di Alas Malang secara mendalam. Sehingga dapat memberi pengetahuan kepada generasi muda untuk turut serta dalam upaya konservasi tanaman khas yang bermanfaat pada ritual tersebut. METODE PENELITIAN Penelitian dilaksanakan pada bulan Maret sampai Mei 2018 di Desa Alas Malang Kecamatan Singojuruh. Alat dan bahan yang digunakan adalah; 1) alat tulis, 2) kamera, 3) alat perekam, 4) sasak, 5) oven, 6) tanaman bermanfaat pada lokasi terpilih, 7) alkohol 70%. Desain penelitian adalah deskriptif eksploratif dengan metode gabungan kualitatif dan kuantitatif. Data kulitatif dilakukan dengan observasi. Pengambilan sampel dan informan dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling dan Snowball Sampling. Pemilihan informan dilakukan dengan pertimbangan bahwa orang tersebut dianggap lebih tahu tentang tanaman yang digunakan sebagai ritual. Tokoh yang digunakan sebagai informan adalah tokoh adat dan pelaku budaya. Tahapan penelitian meliputi ; 1) studi pendahuluan, 2) survey etnobotani, 3) pengumpulan data, 4) pengolahan data dan analisis data, 5) pembahasan. Penentuan sampel dilakukan untuk mengetahui jumlah responden yang akan diwawancarai. Jumlah responden ditentukan berdasarkan rumus Umar (2000) : 푁 푛 = 1 + 푁(푒)2 Keterangan : n : Jumlah sampel N : Jumlah Kepala Keluarga di daerah penelitian e : Nilai kritis (batas ketelitian) yang diinginkan Pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan wawancara semi terstruktur dan menggunakan pertanyaan terbuka. Analisa Data Analisa data yang dilakukan pada penelitian ini meliputi: a. Klasifikasi Ragam Tanaman untuk Ritual (Nama ilmiah dan famili) Tanaman ritual yang sudah didapat dari lokasi penelitian di identifikasi di laboratorium Biologi Universitas PGRI Banyuwangi b. Presentase Pengetahuan Penggunaan Tanaman Presentase pengetahuan penggunaan tanaman untuk ritual dihitung menggunakan rumus : 푎 푋 = × 100% 푛 Keterangan : X : Angka rata-rata a : Total jawaban terkait tumbuhan yang diketahui digunakan untuk ritual kebo-keboan n : Jumlah responden c. Presentase Penggunaan Bagian dari Tanaman Presentase pemanfaatakan bagian tanaman untuk acara ritual kebo-keboan dihitung menggunakan dengan rumus : 13 | Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains, Teknologi dan Analisis Ke-1 2018 ∑ 푂푟푔푎푛 푡푎푛푎푚푎푛 푡푒푟푡푒푛푡푢 푃푟푒푠푒푛푡푎푠푒 푂푟푔푎푛 푇푎푛푎푚푎푛 = × 100% ∑ 푆푒푙푢푟푢ℎ 표푟푔푎푛 푡푎푛푎푚푎푛 d. Presentase Habitus Presentase habitus disajikan untuk memberikan informasi tentang besarnya suatu habitus tertentu yang digunakan terhadap semua habitus. Rumus yang digunakan adalah : ∑ 퐻푎푏푡푢푠 푡푎푛푎푚푎푛 푡푒푟푡푒푛푡푢 푃푟푒푠푒푛푡푎푠푒 퐻푎푏푡푢푛 푇푎푛푎푚푎푛 = × 100% ∑ 푆푒푙푢푟푢ℎ ℎ푎푏푡푢푠 푡푎푛푎푚푎푛 e. Deskripsi Cara Pemanfaatan Tanaman untuk Kegiatan Ritual Tanaman yang sudah diperoleh digali dari responden terkait cara pemanfaatannya untuk kegiatan ritual. f. Deskripsi Tanaman yang Dimanfaatkan untuk Ritual Tanaman yang telah diperoleh dideskripsikan morfologinya yang meliputi habitus, batang, daun, bunga, buah, biji dan sistem perakaran serta cara perolehannya. HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN Ragam Tanaman yang Digunakan untuk Upacara Kebo-keboan Upacara ritual kebo-keboan merupakan upacara adat khas daerah Alas malang kecamatan singojuruh. Pelaksanaan ritual ini memanfaatkan ragam tanaman sebagai sesaji maupun sajian makanan diantaranya 1) sesaji racik kinangan, 2) sesaji pitung tawar, 3) sesaji gebratan, 4) gapura pala wija, pala pendem dan pala gumantung. Hasil kuisioner dan wawancara dalam proses penelitian menunjukkan bahwa identifikasi tanaman yang digunakan dalam acara ritual kebo-keboan sebanyak 24 jenis tanaman dan 16 famili. Tabel 1. Tumbuhan yang digunakan pada Ritual Kebo-keboan Tanaman Bagian yang Famili Jenis Sesaji Nama Lokal Nama Ilmiah digunakan Sirih/ Suruh Piper betle L Piperaceae Daun Racik Kinangan Gambir Uncaria gambir H Rubiaceae Getah Racik Kinangan Pinang/Jambe Areca cetachu L Arecaceae Buah Racik Kinangan Tembako/mbak Nicotiana tabacum Solanaceae Daun Racik Kinangan o Puring Codiaeum variegatum Euphorbiaceae Daun Sesaji Pitung Tawar L Mawar Rosa sp. Rosaceae Bunga Sesaji Pitung Tawar Melati Jasminum sambac L Oleaceae Bunga Sesaji Pitung Tawar Pecari/Kanthil Magnolia x alba L Magnoliaceae Bunga Sesaji Pitung Tawar Wongso/Kenan Cananga odorata Annonaceae Bunga Sesaji Pitung Tawar ga Kunyit/Kunir Curcuma domestica L. Zingiberaceae Rimpang Sesaji Pitung Tawar Padi/Pari Oryza sativa Poaceae Bulir Biji Sesaji Pitung Tawar, Gabratan, gapura pala wija Ketan Oryza glutinosa L Poaceae Bulir Biji Jenang sengkala Pandan/suji Dracaena angustifolia Ruscaceae Daun Pelengkap jenang L sengkala Kelapa Cocos nucifera L Arecaceae Buah Sesaji racik pinangan, jenang sengkala Ketela Ipomoee batatas L Convolvulaceae Umbi Gapura pala pendem rambat/sabrang Ketela Manihot esculenta L Euphorbiaceae Umbi Gapura pala pendem pohon/sawi/poh ung Kentang Solanum teberosum L Solanaceae Umbi Gapura pala pendem 14 | Prosiding Seminar Nasional Sains, Teknologi dan Analisis Ke-1 2018 Jagung Zea may L Poaceae Tongkol biji Gapura Pala wija Pisang/gedhang Musa paradisiaca Musaceae Buah Gapura pala gumantung Kangkung Ipomoee aquatica L Convolvulaceae Daun Selametan Gebratan Lembayung/Kac Vigna cylindrica L. Papilionaceae Daun Selametan gebratan ang panjang Kecipir Psopocarpus Fabaceae Buah Selametan gebratan tetragonolobus L. Semanggi Marsilea crenata
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