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Gypsum and Carbon Amendment's GYPSUM AND CARBON AMENDMENT’S INFLUENCE ON SOIL PROPERTIES, GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS, GROWTH AND NUTRIENT UPTAKE OF RYEGRASS (Lolium perenne) DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Maninder Kaur Walia, M.S. Environment and Natural Resources Graduate Program The Ohio State University 2015 Dissertation Committee: Warren A. Dick, Advisor Rattan Lal Brian K. Slater Frederick C. Michel,Jr. Copyrighted by Maninder Kaur Walia 2015 Abstract Gypsum is a source of calcium and sulfur that improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil. With the benefits associated with gypsum use and the increased availability of synthetic gypsum, its application to soil in Ohio and the Midwest is increasing. Several studies have focused on the effect of gypsum on soil properties. However, little is known about how gypsum affects C stocks in soils. In this study, in addition to gypsum, we also treated the soil with glucose to create a high level of CO2 in the soil profile, and contrasted that with the more slowly released C from plant residues. The overall goal of this dissertation research was to evaluate the effect of plant residues, glucose and gypsum on the growth and nutrient uptake of ryegrass, chemical properties (including total and inorganic C stock) and physical properties of two contrasting soils in Ohio (Wooster silt loam and Hoytville clay loam). Specific objectives of this research were to quantify the effect of (1) gypsum and plant residues on greenhouse gas emissions, (2) gypsum and C amendments on quality of leachate water, (3) gypsum and C amendments addition on C fractions in soils, (4) gypsum, plant residues and glucose addition on soil fertility, growth and nutrients concentrations of ryegrass and (5) gypsum, glucose and plant residues on selected soil physical properties and aggregate-associated C and N. ii Emissions of greenhouse gases were significantly less from the silt loam soil as compared to the clay loam soil. Gypsum reduced the CO2 emissions from only the Hoytville soil as compared to the untreated control. Addition of gypsum resulted in significant increases in Ca, and S concentrations in leachates as compared to control for both soils, and decreases in P and Fe concentrations significantly in the Hoytville soil only. Also, no significant differences were observed between the low gypsum rate (8.9 Mg ha-1) and the high gypsum rate (26.9 Mg ha-1) on reduction in P concentrations in leachate water. There were no significant effects were observed in above- and below-ground biomass with addition of any of the inputs. Addition of glucose and residue increased total C significantly only in the top 4 cm and 25 cm of soil depth, respectively (P<0.10) as compared to untreated controls. Glucose addition resulted in a significant increase in the calcite (CaCO3) level in the 0-2 cm soil layer only. Gypsum addition, as compared to the untreated control, increased calcium carbonate equivalent significantly by 32% in the 25-40 cm soil layer only in the Hoytville soil. Plant residues addition resulted in a significant increase in pH to a depth of 10 cm. Inclusion of gypsum decreased Bray P-1 in the soil surface layer (0-2 cm) by 40% and also decreased K and Mg concentrations in soils as compared to no addition. A significant reduction in bulk density with inclusion of glucose and plant residues in soils was observed. Addition of glucose alone or along with gypsum (26.9 Mg ha-1) and/or crop residue resulted in more water stable aggregates, mean weight diameter and geometric mean diameter as compared to other treatments. iii The results from the study revealed that the use of gypsum as a soil amendment affects soil quality by improving the physical properties such as aggregate stability, increasing inorganic carbon in the 25-40 cm soil layer in Hoytville soil only, increasing availability of exchangeable calcium and its uptake by ryegrass, and improving water quality by reducing soluble P concentrations. Although additional research is needed, this work indicates that the use of gypsum as a soil amendment by crop producers can be encouraged to improve the sustainable use of soil and water. iv Acknowledgments At the very outset, with folded hands, I bow my head with reverence and dedicatedly accord my gratitude to the ‗Almighty‘ Lord, the merciful and compassionate, whose grace glory and blessing gave me the courage in odd critical times for the successful completion of this degree. With a great sense of gratitude, I earnestly wish my profound and heartfelt thanks to my esteemed advisor Dr. Warren A. Dick for his consistent motivation, support, unending encouragement, creative suggestions and invaluable guidance throughout the tenure of this investigation. I consider myself fortunate to be in his discipline. I express my deep sense of gratitude to the respected members of my committee Dr. Rattan Lal, Dr. Brian K. Slater and Dr. Frederick C. Michel for their help during the tenure of my study. I would also like to thank Dr. David A. Kost, Dr. Liming Chen and Clay Dygert for helping me in soil sampling. I am also grateful to visiting scholar Thiago Massao Inagaki (Brazil), summer intern Kendrick Schwendeman (ATI student) and Shantal Tummings for helping me in greenhouse. I would also like to thank Dr. Pierre Jacinthe for running the gas chromatograph analysis for greenhouse gases. Many thanks to Kevin Jewell (Star laboratory, OARDC) for running my samples well in time. I am extremely grateful to Mr. Sandy Jones, for his assistance and guidance on running my samples in v the soil characterization laboratory, OSU, Columbus. I would also like to acknowledge Dr. Jose Guzman for his feedback whenever I needed. I would also like to thank administrative staff especially Amy Schmidt, Bev Winner, Annie Bingman in SENR for providing me all the support I needed during the entire time. No appropriate words could be traced in the present lexicon to convey my sublime obeisance to especially my husband Mr. Prabhjot Singh Walia, for sacrificing his business to fulfill my dream and come here with me, amazing son Divjot Singh Walia, parents and other family members. Their unfold sacrifices, persistent inspiration and emotional attachment always catalyzed my efforts. Also their blessing and patience were constant source of encouragement to attain this goal. Words are too few to express my thanks to my friends especially Dr. Harit Kaur Bal, her husband Amuldeep, Dr. Sakthi Subburayalu and his wife Bhuma for their support and encouragement during my study period. I also like to thank my colleagues Aditi Sengupta and Taniya Burgos Hernandez for sharing some of their experiences with me. The financial help in the form of a University Fellowship and an OARDC Fellowship provided by The Ohio State University, USDA-NIFA ―Cropping Systems Coordinated Agricultural Project (CAP): Climate Change, Mitigation and adaptation in Corn-based Cropping Systems‖ during the course of investigation, is gratefully acknowledged. vi Vita December 10, 1982 Born, Ludhiana, Punjab, India June, 2005 B.S.(Agriculture), Punjab Agricultural University, India July, 2007 M.S.(Agronomy), Punjab Agricultural University, India 2007-2008 Research Fellow, Department of Agronomy, Punjab Agricultural University, India 2011-2013 Graduate Fellow, The Ohio State University 2013-Present Graduate Research Associate, The Ohio State University Publications Walia, M. K., Walia, S. S. and Dhaliwal, S. S. 2008. Effect of manuring and fertilizer on micronutrient uptake by rice under rice-wheat system. J. R. Punjab Agric. Uni. 45: 121-125. Walia, M. K., Walia, S. S. and Dhaliwal, S. S. 2010. Long term effect of Integrated nutrient management on properties of Typic Ustopchrept after 23 cycles of an irrigated Rice (Oryza sativa) - Wheat (Triticum aestivum) system. J. Sust. Agric 34: 1-20. Walia, M. K. and Walia, S. S. 2011. Long term effect on Integrated nutrient management on rice productivity after 22 cycles of rice - wheat cropping system. Indian J. Ecol. 38: 30-34. Dhaliwal, S. S., Walia, M. K. and Phutela, R. P. 2012. Effect of inorganic fertilizers and manures application on macro and micronutrients distribution under long term rice-wheat system. J. Pl. Sci. Res. 28: 117-130. vii Dhaliwal, S. S., Walia, S. S., Walia, M. K. and Manchanda, J. S. 2013. Build up of macro, micro and secondary plant nutrients in site specific nutrient management experiment under rice-wheat system. Internat. J. Sci. Env. Tech. 2: 236-244. Walia, M. K., Walia, S. S. and Dhaliwal, S. S. 2014. Long term impact of chemical fertilizers and organic manures on weed dynamics of rice in rice-wheat system. Internat. J.Sci. Env. Tech. 3: 1260-1267. Walia, M. K., Walia, S. S., Sharma, S. and Dhaliwal, S. S. 2014. Effect of integrated nutrient management approach on nutritional quality of rice grain. J. Plant Sci. Res. 30: 33-38. Fields of Study Major Field: Soil Science viii Table of Contents Abstract………………………………………………………………………. ii Acknowledgements…………………………………………………………... v Vita………………………………………………………………………….... vii Table of Contents…………………………………………………………….. ix List of Tables…………………………………………………………………. xii List of Figures………………………………………………………………... xv Chapter 1: Introduction……………………………………………………… 1 1.1 Objectives……………………………………………………………... 4 1.2 References……………………………………………………………... 6 Chapter 2: Greenhouse gas emissions as influenced by soil type, gypsum and crop residue application……………………………………………………… 8 Abstract…………………………………………………………………….
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