Statistical Machine Translation for Greek to Greek Sign Language Using Parallel Corpora Produced Via Rule- Based Machine Translation
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Sign Language Typology Series
SIGN LANGUAGE TYPOLOGY SERIES The Sign Language Typology Series is dedicated to the comparative study of sign languages around the world. Individual or collective works that systematically explore typological variation across sign languages are the focus of this series, with particular emphasis on undocumented, underdescribed and endangered sign languages. The scope of the series primarily includes cross-linguistic studies of grammatical domains across a larger or smaller sample of sign languages, but also encompasses the study of individual sign languages from a typological perspective and comparison between signed and spoken languages in terms of language modality, as well as theoretical and methodological contributions to sign language typology. Interrogative and Negative Constructions in Sign Languages Edited by Ulrike Zeshan Sign Language Typology Series No. 1 / Interrogative and negative constructions in sign languages / Ulrike Zeshan (ed.) / Nijmegen: Ishara Press 2006. ISBN-10: 90-8656-001-6 ISBN-13: 978-90-8656-001-1 © Ishara Press Stichting DEF Wundtlaan 1 6525XD Nijmegen The Netherlands Fax: +31-24-3521213 email: [email protected] http://ishara.def-intl.org Cover design: Sibaji Panda Printed in the Netherlands First published 2006 Catalogue copy of this book available at Depot van Nederlandse Publicaties, Koninklijke Bibliotheek, Den Haag (www.kb.nl/depot) To the deaf pioneers in developing countries who have inspired all my work Contents Preface........................................................................................................10 -
Critical Inquiry in Language Studies New Directions in ASL-English
This article was downloaded by: [Gallaudet University], [Adam Stone] On: 26 August 2014, At: 09:23 Publisher: Routledge Informa Ltd Registered in England and Wales Registered Number: 1072954 Registered office: Mortimer House, 37-41 Mortimer Street, London W1T 3JH, UK Critical Inquiry in Language Studies Publication details, including instructions for authors and subscription information: http://www.tandfonline.com/loi/hcil20 New Directions in ASL-English Bilingual Ebooks Adam Stonea a Gallaudet University Published online: 22 Aug 2014. To cite this article: Adam Stone (2014) New Directions in ASL-English Bilingual Ebooks, Critical Inquiry in Language Studies, 11:3, 186-206, DOI: 10.1080/15427587.2014.936242 To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15427587.2014.936242 PLEASE SCROLL DOWN FOR ARTICLE Taylor & Francis makes every effort to ensure the accuracy of all the information (the “Content”) contained in the publications on our platform. However, Taylor & Francis, our agents, and our licensors make no representations or warranties whatsoever as to the accuracy, completeness, or suitability for any purpose of the Content. Any opinions and views expressed in this publication are the opinions and views of the authors, and are not the views of or endorsed by Taylor & Francis. The accuracy of the Content should not be relied upon and should be independently verified with primary sources of information. Taylor and Francis shall not be liable for any losses, actions, claims, proceedings, demands, costs, expenses, damages, and other liabilities whatsoever or howsoever caused arising directly or indirectly in connection with, in relation to or arising out of the use of the Content. -
3D Symbol Base Translation and Synthesis of Czech Sign Speech
SPECOM'2006, St. Petersburg, 25-29 June 2006 3D Symbol Base Translation and Synthesis of Czech Sign Speech Zdenekˇ Krnoul,ˇ Jakub Kanis, Milosˇ Zeleznˇ y,´ Ludekˇ Muller¨ and Petr C´ısarˇ University of West Bohemia, Department of Cybernetics Univerzitn´ı 8, Plzen,ˇ 306 14, Czech Republic fzdkrnoul, jkanis, zelezny, muller, [email protected] Abstract synthesis of animation makes the parsing of symbols and also uses geometric model of human for the final rendering. Anima- This paper presents primary results of translation spoken tion technique enables the complete articulation of all fingers Czech to Signed Czech and a synthesis of signs by the com- and both arms. puter animation. The synthesis of animation employs a sym- bolic notation. An automatic process of synthesis generates the articulation of hands from this notation. The translation system 2. Related works of translation and is built on the statistical ground. For the notation of the new synthesis systems signs, the graphic editor is designed. In principle, there are two ways how to solve the synthesis of 1. Introduction sign language by the computer. The first of them can be called data driven synthesis and the second synthesis from the sym- The barrier in the communication between hearing and deaf bolic formulation. The principles of the translation system can people should make everyday complication. The problem is that be divided in similar way. We can either implement the trans- hearing people have bad familiarity of sign language and deaf lation of written word to sequences of signs by set of linguistic with the structure of spoken language. -
Prayer Cards | Joshua Project
Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Abkhaz in Ukraine Abor in India Population: 1,500 Population: 1,700 World Popl: 307,600 World Popl: 1,700 Total Countries: 6 Total Countries: 1 People Cluster: Caucasus People Cluster: South Asia Tribal - other Main Language: Abkhaz Main Language: Adi Main Religion: Non-Religious Main Religion: Unknown Status: Minimally Reached Status: Minimally Reached Evangelicals: 1.00% Evangelicals: Unknown % Chr Adherents: 20.00% Chr Adherents: 16.36% Scripture: New Testament Scripture: Complete Bible www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Apsuwara - Wikimedia "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Achuar Jivaro in Ecuador Achuar Jivaro in Peru Population: 7,200 Population: 400 World Popl: 7,600 World Popl: 7,600 Total Countries: 2 Total Countries: 2 People Cluster: South American Indigenous People Cluster: South American Indigenous Main Language: Achuar-Shiwiar Main Language: Achuar-Shiwiar Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Main Religion: Ethnic Religions Status: Minimally Reached Status: Minimally Reached Evangelicals: 1.00% Evangelicals: 2.00% Chr Adherents: 14.00% Chr Adherents: 15.00% Scripture: New Testament Scripture: New Testament www.joshuaproject.net www.joshuaproject.net Source: Gina De Leon Source: Gina De Leon "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 "Declare his glory among the nations." Psalm 96:3 Pray for the Nations Pray for the Nations Adi in India Adi Gallong in India -
"Machine Translation Evaluation Through Post-Editing…"
©inTRAlinea & Anna Fernández Torné (2016). "Machine translation evaluation through post-editing measures in audio description", inTRAlinea Vol. 18. Permanent URL: http://www.intralinea.org/archive/article/2200 inTRAlinea [ISSN 1827-000X] is the online translation journal of the Department of Interpreting and Translation (DIT) of the University of Bologna, Italy. This printout was generated directly from the online version of this article and can be freely distributed under the following Creative Commons License. Machine translation evaluation through post-editing measures in audio description By Anna Fernández Torné (Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain) Abstract & Keywords English: The number of accessible audiovisual products and the pace at which audiovisual content is made accessible need to be increased, reducing costs whenever possible. The implementation of different technologies which are already available in the translation field, specifically machine translation technologies, could help reach this goal in audio description for the blind and partially sighted. Measuring machine translation quality is essential when selecting the most appropriate machine translation engine to be implemented in the audio description field for the English-Catalan language combination. Automatic metrics and human assessments are often used for this purpose in any specific domain and language pair. This article proposes a methodology based on both objective and subjective measures for the evaluation of five different and free online machine translation systems. Their raw machine translation outputs and the post-editing effort that is involved are assessed using eight different scores. Results show that there are clear quality differences among the systems assessed and that one of them is the best rated in six out of the eight evaluation measures used. -
A Finite-State Morphological Analyser for Sindhi
A Finite-State Morphological Analyser for Sindhi Raveesh Motlani1, Francis M. Tyers2 and Dipti M. Sharma1 1FC Kohli Center on Intelligent Systems (KCIS), International Institute of Information Technology Hyderabad, Telangana, India 2 HSL-fakultehta, UiT Norgga árktalaš universitehta N-9019 Romsa [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] Abstract Morphological analysis is a fundamental task in natural-language processing, which is used in other NLP applications such as part-of-speech tagging, syntactic parsing, information retrieval, machine translation, etc. In this paper, we present our work on the development of free/open-source finite-state morphological analyser for Sindhi. We have used Apertium’s lttoolbox as our finite-state toolkit to implement the transducer. The system is developed using a paradigm-based approach, wherein a paradigm defines all the word forms and their morphological features for a given stem (lemma). We have evaluated our system on the Sindhi Wikipedia, which is a freely-available large corpus of Sindhi and achieved a reasonable coverage of about 81% and a precision of over 97%. Keywords: Sindhi, Morphological Analysis, Finite-State Machines [ɓ] ٻ [ɲ] ڃ [ŋ] ڱ Introduction .1 [ɠ] [ʄ] [bʱ] ڀ ڄ ڳ Morphology describes the internal structure of words in a [dʱ] ڌ [cʰ] ڇ [k] ڪ language. A morphological analysis of a word involves [ɗ] ڏ [ʈʰ] ٺ [ɳ] ڻ ,describing one or more of its properties such as: gender [ɖ] ڊ [ʈ] ٽ [pʰ] ڦ number, person, case, lexical category, etc. Morphological [ɖʱ] ڍ [tʰ] ٿ [ɽ] ڙ -analysis of a word thus becomes a fundamental and cru cial task in natural-language processing for any language. -
Multi-Script Morphological Transducers and Transcribers for Seven Turkic
Multi-script morphological transducers and transcribers for seven Turkic languages Jonathan Washington, Francis Tyers, Oğuzhan Kuyrukçu Swarthmore College, Indiana University / Высшая Школа Экономики, Boğaziçi Üniversitesi [email protected], [email protected], [email protected] This paper describes ongoing work to augment morphological transducers for seven Turkic languages with support for multiple scripts each, as well as respective IPA transcription systems. Evaluation demonstrates that our approach yields coverage equivalent to or not much lower than that of the base transducers. Background. A morphological transducer converts between form and analysis, e.g. алмалардан ↔ алма<n><pl> <abl>, where the form-to-analysis task is termed “morphological analysis” and the analysis-to-form task is termed “morphological generation”. Existing Free/Open-Source morphological transducers for Turkic languages (Wash- ington et al. 2020) are implemented in only one orthography, despite a number of the languages being currently written in two or more orthographies, or having a large body of text written in an orthography that was recently switched away from. This paper builds on work in which Cyrillic support was added to a transducer for Crimean Tatar which had been implemented in the Latin script (Tyers et al. 2019). We leverage morphological transducers for Kazakh (imple- mented in the Cyrillic script), Kyrgyz (Cyrillic), Turkmen (Latin), Qaraqalpaq (Latin), Uzbek (Latin), and Uyghur (Perso-Arabic), and add support for analysis and generation in additional scripts that are currently or have recently been used for the languages. Specifically, we add Cyrillic support to Turkmen, Qaraqalpaq, Uzbek, and Uyghur transducers; Perso-Arabic support to the Kazakh and Kyrgyz transducers; Latin script to the Kazakh and Uyghur transducers; and IPA support to all of them. -
Negation in Kata Kolok Grammaticalization Throughout Three Generations of Signers
UNIVERSITEIT VAN AMSTERDAM Graduate School for Humanities Negation in Kata Kolok Grammaticalization throughout three generations of signers Master’s Thesis Hannah Lutzenberger Student number: 10852875 Supervised by: Dr. Roland Pfau Dr. Vadim Kimmelman Dr. Connie de Vos Amsterdam 2017 Abstract (250 words) Although all natural languages have ways of expressing negation, the linguistic realization is subject to typological variation (Dahl 2010; Payne 1985). Signed languages combine manual signs and non-manual elements. This leads to an intriguing dichotomy: While non-manual marker(s) alone are sufficient for negating a proposition in some signed languages (non- manual dominant system), the use of a negative manual sign is required in others (manual dominant system) (Zeshan 2004, 2006). Kata Kolok (KK), a young signing variety used in a Balinese village with a high incidence of congenital deafness (de Vos 2012; Winata et al. 1995), had previously been classified as an extreme example of the latter type: the manual sign NEG functions as the main negator and a negative headshake remains largely unused (Marsaja 2008). Adopting a corpus-based approach, the present study reevaluates this claim. The analysis of intergenerational data of six deaf native KK signers from the KK Corpus (de Vos 2016) reveals that the classification of KK negation is not as straightforward as formerly suggested. Although KK signers make extensive use of NEG, a negative headshake is widespread as well. Furthermore, signers from different generations show disparate tendencies in the use of specific markers. Specifically, the involvement of the manual negator slightly increases over time, and the headshake begins to spread within the youngest generation of signers. -
Developing Morph-Analyzer for Urdu Using Apertium: Some Issues
Developing Morph-Analyzer for Urdu Using Apertium: Some issues Shahid Mushataq Bhat [email protected] Linguistic Data Consortium for Indian Languages (LDCIL) CIIL, Mysore Content: Introduction Morphological features of Urdu Apertium (LT-toolbox): Some background Computing Noun-morphology using LT Toolbox Split-Orthography of Urdu Conclusion Introduction: Automatic morphological analysis is the fundamental task in NLP that can be employed in enhancing the accuracy of POS-taggers, Chunkers, Parsers and Information retrieval systems. Computational morphology models the internal structure of words i-e the way; words are built out of minimal units called morphemes. Most of natural languages construct words by concatenating morphemes together in strict orders. Such Concatenative morphotactics is highly productive, particularly, in agglutinative languages like Tamil, Kannada, Manipuri, etc but in some languages like Hebrew and Arabic (Semitic languages) infixation is the main morphological operation (instead of concatenation), constituting Non-Concatenative (Templatic or Root & Pattern) morphology. Continues …… Beyond this Concatenative and Non-Concatenative polarity, Urdu nouns (unlike nouns of other Indian Languages) show the interplay of both types of morphologies. So, morphological structure of Urdu like Tagalog (a language of Philippines) can’t be computed adequately unless dual nature of its morphology is not taken into account. “The morphotactic limitations of the traditional implementations are the direct result of relying solely -
Arxiv:2012.11981V1 [Cs.HC] 22 Dec 2020 That Deaf People Can Use in Order to Communicate in a Sign Language [6]
Speak with signs: Active learning platform for Greek Sign Language, English Sign Language, and their translation Maria Papatsimouli1, Lazaros Lazaridis1, Konstantinos-Filippos Kollias1, Ioannis Skordas1, and George F. Fragulis1;∗ 1Laboratory of Robotics, Embedded and Integrated Systems, Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Hellas Abstract. Sign Language is used to facilitate the communication between Deaf and non-Deaf people. It uses signs-words with basic structural elements such as handshape, parts of face, body or space, and the orientation of the fingers-palm. Sign Languages vary from people to people and from country to country and evolve as spoken languages. In the current study, an application which aims at Greek Sign Language and English Sign Language learning by hard of hearing people and talking people, has been developed. The application includes grouped signs in alphabetical order. The user can find Greek Sign Language signs, English sign language signs and translate from Greek sign language to English sign language. The written word of each sign, and the corresponding meaning are displayed. In addition, the sound is activated in order to enable users with partial hearing loss to hear the pronunciation of each word. The user is also provided with various tasks in order to enable an interaction of the knowledge acquired by the user. This interaction is offered mainly by multiple- choice tasks, incorporating text or video. The current application is not a simple sign language dictionary as it provides the interactive participation of users. It is a platform for Greek and English sign language active learning. Keywords: Deaf, Sign Language, Greek Sign Lan- 1.1 Deaf and Sign Languages guage, English Sign Language, Learning, Interaction, Ac- tive Learning, Open Source software. -
Estudio Comparativo De Tres
TRABAJO DE FIN DE GRADO FACULTAD DE CIENCIAS HUMANAS Y SOCIALES GRADO EN TRADUCCIÓN E INTERPRETACIÓN ESTUDIO COMPARATIVO DE TRES TRADUCTORES AUTOMÁTICOS EN LÍNEA : DEEP L, YANDEX Y APERTIUM Autora: Mónica Adán Soriano Directora: Profesora Mª Luisa Romana García Madrid, junio 2019 Resumen : Este trabajo tiene la finalidad de comparar traductores automáticos en línea para así determinar cuál es el traductor más avanzado para un texto técnico. Para ello, primero, habrá un análisis de la evolución histórica de la traducción automática y sus usos, así como los programas desarrollados para ello. Se explicarán además los diferentes sistemas de traducción automática que existen y cómo funcionan. En la parte experimental, se escogerá un texto de carácter técnico en español y de oraciones que supongan un reto para un traductor y se procesará en los tres traductores automáticos escogidos según su modalidad para realizar una traducción al inglés. Una vez obtenidas las respuestas, se analizarán los errores cometidos por los traductores automáticos, concluyendo así con los errores más comunes y el mejor traductor automático en línea así como los usos que se le pueden dar. Palabras clave: traducción automática, sistemas basados en estadística, Yandex, sistemas neuronales, DeepL, sistemas basados en reglas, Apertium, errores de traducción. Abstract : The aim of this dissertation is to do a comparative research analysis on three automatic translation programs available on the internet to determine which is the most advanced for a technical text. First, we will do an analysis on the historic evolution of automatic translation and the several uses given to it, as well as the diverse programs developed for it and how they work. -
Sign Language Legislation in the European Union 4
Sign Language Legislation in the European Union Mark Wheatley & Annika Pabsch European Union of the Deaf Brussels, Belgium 3 Sign Language Legislation in the European Union All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted by any person or entity, including internet search engines or retailers, in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, scanning or by any information storage and retrieval system without the prior written permission of the authors. ISBN 978-90-816-3390-1 © European Union of the Deaf, September 2012. Printed at Brussels, Belgium. Design: Churchill’s I/S- www.churchills.dk This publication was sponsored by Significan’t Significan’t is a (Deaf and Sign Language led ) social business that was established in 2003 and its Managing Director, Jeff McWhinney, was the CEO of the British Deaf Association when it secured a verbal recognition of BSL as one of UK official languages by a Minister of the UK Government. SignVideo is committed to delivering the best service and support to its customers. Today SignVideo provides immediate access to high quality video relay service and video interpreters for health, public and voluntary services, transforming access and career prospects for Deaf people in employment and empowering Deaf entrepreneurs in their own businesses. www.signvideo.co.uk 4 Contents Welcome message by EUD President Berglind Stefánsdóttir ..................... 6 Foreword by Dr Ádám Kósa, MEP ................................................................