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SANGLA BHACHHNU: IDENTIFYING and PRIORITIZING KEY BARRIERS to FIGHTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING in NEPAL by Krista D. Nixon June, 2018

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SANGLA BHACHHNU: IDENTIFYING and PRIORITIZING KEY BARRIERS to FIGHTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING in NEPAL by Krista D. Nixon June, 2018 SANGLA BHACHHNU: IDENTIFYING AND PRIORITIZING KEY BARRIERS TO FIGHTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN NEPAL by Krista D. Nixon June, 2018 Director of Thesis: Holly Mathews, PhD Major Department: International Studies Human trafficking is a multifaceted humanitarian crisis affecting millions worldwide. Though a significant number of anti-trafficking entities and organizations are at work in the country of Nepal, there is still a significant problem. This project attempts to shed light on factors preventing progress and determine the most significant barriers to ending human trafficking in the country in order to prioritize strategies for action. Research involved two field trips to Nepal where 14 in-depth interviews were conducted with representatives from United Nations agencies, the US Department of State, the Nepali government, NGOs and INGOs, civil society organizations, and a national network of anti-trafficking organizations. Findings indicate that the most significant factors inhibiting efforts to combat human trafficking in Nepal include confusion in defining trafficking, the tendency of the Nepali government to misattribute cases of trafficking as labor violations, government corruption, and the growing cross-border network. Issues of secondary influence include underlying demographic variables perpetuating vulnerability (including gender, religion, caste, economic need and lack of education), lack of interagency collaboration, and inadequate disaster relief frameworks. Recommendations for change (including ratification of the Palermo Protocol, exposing and rectifying corruption within the government, and improving mechanisms for safe migrant labor) are provided to influence the Nepali government and NGO personnel toward best practices in anti-trafficking efforts. SANGLA BHACHHNU: IDENTIFYING AND PRIORITIZING KEY BARRIERS TO FIGHTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN NEPAL A Thesis Presented To the Faculty of the International Studies Program East Carolina University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in International Studies by Krista D. Nixon June, 2018 © Krista D. Nixon, 2018 SANGLA BHACHHNU: IDENTIFYING AND PRIORITIZING KEY BARRIERS TO FIGHTING HUMAN TRAFFICKING IN NEPAL by Krista D. Nixon APPROVED BY: DIRECTOR OF THESIS: ______________________________________________________________________ Holly F. Mathews, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: ________________________________________________________ Carmine Scavo, PhD COMMITTEE MEMBER: Lester A. Zeager, PhD DIRECTOR, MA in INTERNATIONAL STUDIES: ____________________________________________________ David L. Smith, PhD DEAN OF THE GRADUATE SCHOOL: _________________________________________________________ Paul Gemperline, PhD DEDICATION For Ruth: You are stronger than you know, bahini. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This project would not have been possible without the support of a fantastic group of people. First, I am indebted to my kind, encouraging, thought-provoking thesis advisor, Dr. Holly Mathews. I have appreciated her mentorship since I was a student in her psychological anthropology class my first semester of graduate school, where I discovered my love for anthropology. Second, I am grateful to my additional committee members, Dr. Scavo and Dr. Zeager, whose support and assistance has been highly valued. Additionally, I am ever grateful for Dr. Zeager’s invaluable mentorship and discipleship over the years both academically and in the context of our mutual faith community. Third, I am grateful to my family, friends and faith community for their continual love, support, and encouragement. Fourth, it is simply impossible to express adequate thankfulness to my dear husband for encouraging me to take on this project, and for his Christ-like leadership and self-sacrifice during this project and in all aspects of life. Finally, and most importantly, I give all the glory and credit to God. Any good that comes out of this project is a testament to His goodness. Soli deo Gloria! TABLE OF CONTENTS PREFACE ............................................................................................................................. viii CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................... 1 CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW ............................................................................... 5 2.1: Factors Increasing Vulnerability to Patterns of Trafficking ............................... 5 2.2: Issues of Definitions, Laws, Policies and Reporting Systems ............................ 11 2.3: Globalization, Cross-Border Human Trafficking and Migrant Labor ................ 16 2.4: Disaster, Risk Reduction and Preparedness ........................................................ 20 2.5: Barriers to Interagency Collaboration ................................................................. 22 CHAPTER 3: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ................................................................... 25 3.1: Objectives ........................................................................................................... 25 3.2: Interview Instruments ......................................................................................... 27 3.3: Interview Procedures and Data Analysis ............................................................ 29 CHAPTER 4: FACTORS INCREASING VULNERABILITY TO PATTERNS OF TRAFFICKING ..................................................................................................................... 31 4.1: Gender-Based Violence, Vulnerability and Disadvantage ................................. 31 4.2: Religion, Caste and Ethnicity ............................................................................. 35 4.3: Economic Need ................................................................................................... 37 4.4: Lack of Education ............................................................................................... 39 4.5: The Relation of Health and Disability to Human Trafficking ............................ 41 CHAPTER 5: ISSUES OF DEFINITIONS, LAWS, POLICIES AND REPORTING SYSTEMS ................................................................................................................................................ 45 5.1: Issues of Definition and Ratification .................................................................. 45 5.2: Issues of Migrant Labor and Human Trafficking ............................................... 53 5.3: Conclusions and Positive Movements Forward.................................................. 60 CHAPTER 6: CROSS-BORDER HUMAN TRAFFICKING AND MIGRANT LABOR... 62 6.1: Trends of Cross-Border Trafficking Globally and in Nepal ............................... 62 6.2: Misattribution of Infractions ............................................................................... 69 6.3: Movements Toward Intervention........................................................................ 72 CHAPTER 7: DISASTER, RISK REDUCTION AND PREPAREDNESS ......................... 76 7.1: Earthquake Severity and Statistics ...................................................................... 76 7.2: Causes of Vulnerability in Disaster Situations ................................................... 77 7.3: Impacts on Human Trafficking ........................................................................... 78 7.4: The Case of Rasuwa District .............................................................................. 82 7.5: Frameworks for Disaster Preparedness ............................................................... 84 7.6: Ways Forward ..................................................................................................... 91 CHAPTER 8: BARRIERS TO INTERAGENCY COLLABORATION .............................. 93 8.1: Barriers to Effective Partnership......................................................................... 93 8.2: Facilitators of Effective Collaborations .............................................................. 97 8.3: Progress in Collaboration Among Organizations ............................................... 101 CHAPTER 9: DISCUSSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS ............................................. 106 9.1: Barriers of Primary Significance and Recommendations for Change ................ 106 9.2: Additional Barriers and Correlated Recommendations ...................................... 111 REFERENCES ...................................................................................................................... 116 APPENDIX A: INFORMED CONSENT DOCUMENT ...................................................... 123 APPENDIX B: INTERVIEW INSTRUMENTS ................................................................... 128 Instrument A: For Use with Nepali Government Officials ........................................ 128 Instrument B: For Use with Maiti Nepal and ABC/Nepal ......................................... 129 Instrument C: For Use with District Organizations ................................................... 130 Instrument D: Additional Questions for Use with US Academics, US Department of State Employees and The National Human Rights Council ............................................... 133 APPENDIX C: CODES FOR IDENTIFYING INTERVIEW SOURCES IN THE TEXT .. 135 APPENDIX D: A FAITH-BASED RESPONSE TO HUMAN TRAFFICKING ................. 136 PREFACE I initially became acquainted with the problem of human trafficking in the summer of 2016 while volunteering in a safe house for rescued trafficking
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