Many Individuals Deserve My Thanks and Gratitude, Especially, My Wife

375 Acknowledgments

Many individuals deserve my thanks and gratitude, especially, my wife, partner and colleague Pat, who consistently managed to see the bright side through thick and thin. Special recognition is due Dr. Sid Frissell, chairman of my graduate committee, and later, Dean, UM School of Forestry, my other committee members, and subsequently my colleagues at UM: Drs. James Flabeck (Plant Ecology), James Lowe (Forest Entomology), Phillip Wright (Ornithology), and my fifth committee member Curt Halvorson (USFS Wildlife Biologist). School of Forestry Deans Arnold Bolle and Robert Wambach encouraged my graduate work and my application for a faculty position. ing my tenure at the Sch°ol of Forestry, Dr. W. Leslie Pengelly, UM Professor of Wildlife Management, was my mentor. He was a persistent advocate of Aldo Leopold's land ethic. Les was characteristically outspoken; his comments were incisive and insightful His depth of knowledge in natural history and literature helped him create persuasive viewpoints He set high ethical standards for himself, his students, and his associates. Dr. James IJabeck, Professor of Plant Ecology, exhibited a deep and abiding appreciation for GNP’s landscapes and particularly its flora. I am grateful for his invaluable moral support during my conflict with Superintendent Briggle. Jim was never shy about publicly criticizing NPS decisions that he believed were inconsistent with honest and ecologically sound management. He wrote many excellent opinion piecesMissoulian in the and authored numerous scientific journal articles on plant ecology, and the effects of wildfire. Journalist and conservation writers Dale Burk and Michael Frome gave us written media support throughout our ordeal. Dale, a Nieman Fellow, wrote outdoor columns supporting our position,Missoulian in the newspaper. Michael was the conservation editor for tield and Stream Magazine from 1968-72, when he was dismissed for being too critical of certain politicians and businesses. Both Dale and Michael have authored numerous books that are classic contributions to conservation causes. In addition to the AFGE individuals to whom MalloyS tC (Davis> Nogler, and Rosa), I thank Lou Pellerzi, Kevin Grile, and Raymond Ranger Jack Hughes organized the PRO, which sought to preserve the integrity of NPS ranger positions. Jack, and wife Jane Hughes, also established the Glacier Defense Fund which provided support for us throughout the 13-year legal ordeal. In doing so, Jack willingly subjected himself to much criticism from the NPS hierarchy. Through the Defense Fund, many people contributed financial aid that assisted with our legal expenses. Bob Taylor ’ (former Naturalist at Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area) provided much moral support through his frequent correspondence and insights. Former GNP, Administrative Officer Ken Beck was one of the first casualties of Briggle s schemes; Beck had been forced to transfer,to Washington, D.C. Even from D C Ken was outspoken and fully supportive of our cause. Chief Naturalist’s Secretary Paula ” Dustm, was an invaluable ally in confronting the machinations of Superintendent Briggle. GNP seasonal naturalist Joan Deveraux Watson and her husband Tom (seasonal ranger) were outspoken m support of my position at the onset of the conflict with Briggle. They both had 107^ m t^n'7Sornmern of 1967~70' 0ther commitments had prevented their return in 1971, but in spring 1972 initially they were accepted in GNP again, Joan as a naturalist and Tom as a ranger. By late spring 1972, Briggle was retaliating against anyone who had been outspoken in my support. He intervened in the seasonal hiring process and prevented Joan’s m to m S ? However, he was unable to completely undo the NPS commitment to hire them. They reluctantly accepted seasonal positions (bizarrely funded by GNP) in Grand Teton National Park, being excluded from their beloved GNP. Most of the people who openly supported me were subjected to Briggle’s vindictiveness. At a union meeting in 1971; Dave Shea had testified in support of my position. Briggle saw to it that Dave lost his assignment to a favored backcountry station in 1972. Briggle instructed that Dave be stationed at Walton, a ranger station located a few hundred 376 feet from heavily traveled U.S. Highway 2. Briggle saw this as less desirable duty for Dave, but Dave made the most of patrolling the Middle Fork backcountry. GNP seasonal naturalist Charlie Scribner wrote letters to his Wisconsin senators and representatives, urging an investigation of Briggle’s personnel management practices. Seasonal naturalists Art Sedlack, Fred Goodsell, Lew Sabo, and Dave Casteel were always available for support. Trail crew personnel Bill Hutchison and Don Burgess were outspoken in the criticism of Briggle’s attempt to staff the Park only with “Yes” men and women. Biologist and Museum Curator Roberta Seibel always supported our cause. Becky and Larry Williams were steadfast friends and supporters through all the years of turmoil. Becky was the epitome of a dedicated, knowledgeable, and sharing naturalist. Larry, in addition to his fine work as a seasonal ranger, received many accolades for his expertness and accomplishments as superintendent of schools in several Montana and Iowa cities. It often occurred to me that if Larry had been GNP’s superintendent, management problems with natural resources and personnel would have been resolved rather than created. Dave and Janet Downey, Loren and Mary Kreck, and Bob and Laurie Muth were friends that provided unreserved support in our days of controversy. GNP District Ranger Bob Frauson was a lifetime friend and ally. Also in GNP, Ranger Jerry DeSanto was the epitome of a knowledgeable ranger and was an unwavering friend since our days together in YNP. 1 am grateful for the friendship and collegiality provided by GNP wildlife biologists Kate Kendall and Steve Gniadek (Steve transferred to GNP after I retired and provided us with a shared interest in GNP’s natural resources), and GNP geographer Carl Key. Seasonal wildlife biologist Dave Shea provided companionship on many hikes and shared in striving to better understand and appreciate GNP’s flora and fauna. Assistant Chief Naturalist John Tyers set a thoughtful and professional example for all those who worked for and with him. We had the exceptional honor of serving with John, wife Idessa, and their boys Mark and Dan, in both YNP and GNP. GNP Archivists Deirdre Shaw and Ann Fagre, and GNP Librarian Sheree West, provided invaluable assistance in locating relevant documents. Dr. James Habeck, Dave Shea, Mary McFadzen, Pat McClelland, and Mary T. McClelland offered valuable suggestions after their careful reading of these memoirs. 377

Literature cited

Arno, S. F. 1968. The ladybug: intrepid mountaineer.National Parks Magazine 42:10-12. Beaver, R. G. 1975. Logan Pass wooden walkway study: effects of pentachlorophenol on alpine [sic] fir. Ecological Services Bulletin No. 4, U. S. Dept, of Interior, National Park Service, Washington, D.C. 21 pp. Bratton, S. P. 1985. National Park management and values.Environmental Ethics 7:117-133. Brock, T. D. 2003. The Yellowstone Field Research Expeditions: Winter Research in the Interior, Part 1.Yellowstone Science 10(4):2-12. Brock, T. D. 2004. The Yellowstone Field Research Expeditions: Winter Research in the Interior. Part 2.Yellowstone Science 11(1): 10—17. Buchholtz, C. W. 1976. Man in Glacier. Glacier Natural History Association, Inc. 88 pp. Carlson, C. E. and J. E. Dewey. 1971. Environmental pollution by fluorides in Flathead National Forest and Glacier National Park. USDA Forest Service, Northern Region Headquarters, Division of State and Private Forestry, Forest Insect and Disease Branch. Missoula, MT 57 pp. Carson, R. 1962. Silent spring. Houghton Mifflin Riverside Press, Boston. 368 pp. Chapman, J. A., J. I. Romer, and J. Stark. 1955. Ladybird beetles and army cutworm adults as food for grizzly bears in Montana.Ecology’ 36( 1): 156—158. Chase, Alston. 1986. Playing God in Yellowstone. Atlantic Monthly Press, NY. 446 pp. Despain. D., D. Houston. M. Meagher, and P. Schullery. 1986. Wildlife in transition. Roberts Rhinehart, Inc. Publishers. Boulder CO. 142 pp. Dewey, J. M. 1985. The propagation of sound from the eruption from Mt. St. Helens on 18 May 1980.Northwest Science. 59( 2):79-92. Douglas, W. O. 1965. A wilderness bill of rights. Little, Brown, and Co. Boston. 192 pp. Drury, N. B. 1949. The national park concept.National Parks Magazine 3(97):28-34. Edwards, J. G. 1960. A climbers guide to Glacier National Park. The Sierra Club. 141 pp. Escano, R. E. F. 1983. Historical DDT use in the Northern Region. Wildlife and Fish Habitats Program. Northern Region, USFS. Unpublished Report. 11 pp. Foresman, K. 2012. Mammals of Montana. Mountain Press Publishing Co., Missoula, MT. 429 pp. Frome, M. 1992. Regreening the national parks. The University of Arizona Press. 289 pp. Garrison, L. A. 1983. The making of a ranger: forty years with the national parks. An Institute of the American West Book. Howe Bros. Salt Lake City, UT. 310 pp. Gore, A. 2006. An inconvenient truth: the planetary emergency of global warming and what we can do about it. Rodale Press, Emmaus, PA. 328 pp. Habeck, J. R. 1970. The vegetation of Glacier National Park, Montana. Dept, of Botany, University of Montana. 132 pp. Habeck. J. R. 1970. Fire ecology investigations in Glacier National Park. Dept, of Botany, University of Montana. 80 pp. Habeck, J. R. 1972. Glacier's Logan Pass: a case of mismanagement.National Parks and Conservation Magazine 46(5): 10-14. Hampton, H. D. 1971. How the U.S. Cavalry saved our national parks. Indiana Univ. Press, Bloomington. 246 pp. Hartley, E. 2000. Thirty-year monitoring of subalpine meadow vegetation following a 1967 trampling experiment at Logan Pass, Glacier National Park, Montana. USDA Forest Service Proceedings RMRS-R-15-Vol-5:124-132. Herrero, S. 1985. Bear attacks: their causes and avoidance. Lyons and Burford. Publishers. NY. 287 pp. Ise, J. 1961. Our national park policy: a critical history. Resources for the Future, Inc. The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, MD. 701 pp. Jenkins, M. 2000. The White Death. Random House, New York. 228 pp. 378

Johnson, A. 1980. Grinnell and Sperry Glaciers, Glacier National Park, Montana: record of vanishing ice. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 11 80. Leopold, A. S., et al. 1963. Wildlife management in the national parks.Transactions o f the North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference 28:28-45. Leopold, A. S. 2013. Dynamic processes that don't stop: a speech to the National Park Service Western Region Superintendent's Resource Management Seminar, April 28, 1975. Pages 202-211 in The George Wright Forum 30(2). McClelland, B. R. 1968a. Yellowstone Field Research Expedition VIII. pp. 124-127 in V. J. Schaefer, ed. Interim report, eighth Yellowstone Field Research Expedition, January 9-February 6, 1968. Pub. No. 68, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany. (Technical Report). McClelland, B. R. 1968b. The ecosystem—a unifying concept for management of natural areas in the national park system.Rocky Mountain High Plains Parks and Recreation Journal. Occasional Paper No. 3, Part 2, pp. 1-155. (Master’s Degree Professional Paper). McClelland. B. R. 1969. Yellowstone field research expedition IX. Pages 43—47 in V. J. Schaefer, ed. Interim report. Ninth Yellowstone Field Research Expedition, January 14-28, 1969. Pub. No. 89, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center, State University of New York at Albany. McClelland. B. R. 1971. Resources Management Plan, Glacier National Park, USDI. National Park Service, Glacier National Park. Mt. 142 pp. (unpublished agency document). Olsen, J. 1969. Night of the grizzlies. G. P. Putnam's Sons. Reprinted by Signet Books in 1971. Pengelly, W. L. 1963. Thunder on the Yellowstone.Naturalist 14:18-25. Pengelly, W. L. 1988. Can we implement Leopold’s land ethic?Northwest Wildlifer 3:2-3. Peter, L. J. and R. Hull. 1969. The peter principle: why things always go wrong. New York: Wiiliam Morrow & Company, Inc., 179 pp. Proescholdt, K. 2013. Guardians not Gardeners. Wilderness Watcher. 24(1): 1,3-4. Reeves, B. O. K. 2003. The archeology of Waterton-Glacier International Peace Park. Vol. 1, unpublished report. Sellars, R. W. 1997. Preserving nature in the national parks: a history. Yale University Press, New Haven. 380 pp. Shea, D. S. 1973. A management-oriented study of bald eagle concentrations in Glacier National Park. M.S. thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula. 78 pp. Shea, D. S. 1978. Bald eagle concentrations in Glacier National Park. Western Birds 9:35-37. Shea, I). S. 2010. Chief Mountain: home of the thunderbird. Thomas Printing, Inc., Kalispell, MT. 42 pp. Sumner. L. 1983. Biological research and management in the National Park Service: a history,"The George Wright Forum 3/4:3—27. [Sumner’s original report was distributed to NPS field biologists in 1967 with a cover letter dated 23 June], Townsend, R. 1970. Up the organization. Fawcett Publications. 174 pp. Yates. R. E., B. R. McClelland. P. T. McClelland. C. H. Key, and R. E. Bennetts. 2001. The influence of weather on golden eagle migration in northwestern Montana. Journal o f Raptor Research 35:81-90. Yokums, M. J. 2003. Snow machines in the gardens: the history of snowmobiles in Glacier and Yellowstone National Parks. Montana.The Magazine o f Western History 5 3 (3): 2-15. Young, L.S. 1983. Movements of Bald Eagles associated with autumn concentrations in Glacier National Park. M.S. thesis, Univ. Montana, Missoula. 102 pp. 379 MEMOIRS PART 2. INDEX AFGE = American Federation of Government Employees; CSU = Colorado A & M College through 1956, Colorado State University thereafter; GNP = Glacier National Park; MDFWP = Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks; MSPB = Merit System Protection Board; NFFE = National Federation of Federal Employees; NPS = National Park Service; ONP = Olympic National Park; PRO = Professional Rangers Organization; RMNP = Rocky Mountain National Park; WLNP = Waterton Lakes National Park; WBNP = Wood Buffalo National Park; UM = University of Montana; USFS = U.S. Forest Service, USGS — U.S. Geological Survey; YFRE = Yellowstone Field Research Expedition; YNP = Yellowstone National Park PEOPLE Not all of the names that appear within the memoirs are listed in this index. The index includes individuals with whom I shared a special experience(s) or whose action (s) affected my life or attitude. Characterizations that follow the names represent the primary context within which I knew the individual, or for historic figures whom I did not know personally, their well-known roles.

Abbey, Ed (author, environmental raconteur).... 224 235 238 363, 369 ' Aderhold, Mike (MDFWP)...... 32 q Alicia, Sister (Catholic Nun, fellow mammalogy student, CSU)...... Allen, Dr. Durward (Chairman, "Special Task Force [1981] of the National Park System Advisory Board" ) ...... 282 Allen, Harriet (wildlife biologist)...... 313, 320, 321 Andrus, Cecil (Secretary of Interior)...... 242 24 3 ' 245-247 255-257, 269 Anions, Doug and Marilyn (Park Warden family in WBNP, living at Fort Smith, NWT; they provided housing for us on several of our eagle migration tracking trips)....298, 317 Baker, Bill (Ranger-Naturalist, NPS, YNP)...... 58* 366 Baldwin, Dr. Keith (Professor of Ornithology, CSU)...... '...69 Barrett, Steve (School of Forestry student, UM)...... 306 Baucus, Max (Senator, Montana)...... 243, 245, 247, 257

Beal, M. David (Acting Director, NPS, Midwest Region) . . . 28 ' 216 Beaton, Scotty (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 342-344 Beaver, • Gary (Eastern Montana College, study of the Logan Pass Boardwalk impacts)...... 141 377 Beck, Ken (Administrative Officer, NPS, GNP) 16 75 '153 179, 187, 223, 224, 230, 375 ' ' ' Bengtson, Clarence (Maintenance Foreman, NPS, GNP)...... 75 Bennetts, Dr. Rob (ecologist, UM student)...295, 320, 323-325, 32 7, 378 Berzak, William P. (Chairman, CSC Appeals Review Board) 231 Best, Reverend Tom (conservationist, hiker, skier) 127 153, 198, 338 ' 380

Blaylock, Kenneth T. (National President, AFGE)...242, 280, 281 Bolle, Dr. Arnold (Dean, School of Forestry, UM) 190, 375 Boyer, Dick (Superintendent, NPS, Lassen Volcanic National Park)...... 184-187 Brant, Buck (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 75 Briggle, William J. (Superintendent, NPS, GNP) iii, 74, 77, 78, 81, 83, 104-106, 114, 115, 117, 121-127, 129, 131, 132, 134-136, 138, 139, 142, 143, 147-150, 152, 153, 158-160, 162-167, 170, 172-174, 178-181, 183, 187, 189, 192, 193, 195, 198-203, 205, 206, 208-210, 212, 213, 215-217, 223-230, 232, 237, 238, 240-242, 245, 246, 256, 259-261, 274, 328, 365, 375, 376 Buchholtz, Curt (fire control and blister rust work, NPS, GNP)...... 105, 293, 334, 335, 337, 340, 363, 377 Bunney, Gary (fire control, NPS, GNP)...... 75, 122, 152, 153 Burgess, Don (trail crew, NPS, GNP)...... 126, 153, 376 Burk, Dale (Nieman Fellow, journalist, author, conservationist)..... iii, 130, 131, 136, 172, 173, 190, 192, 193, 226-228, 230, 257, 258, 375 Burnett, Gary (wildlife biology student, UM)...... 306 Bury, Dr. Richard (management evaluation contract GNP) 149 Butts, David (Fire Management, NPS)...... 71 Cain, Steven (wildlife biology student, UM)...... 306 Campbell, Hugh and Sheila (Canadians living near Edmonton; they provided housing during several of our eagle migration tracking trips) 313, 316 Campbell, Kirk (pilot, Fort Smith Air, NWT) 314, 316 Carlson, Clint (biologist, USFS) 84, 377 Caton, Dr. Elaine (UM Zoology student) 296, 306, 320, 323, 324, 327 Chaffin, Steven L. (Presiding Official, Merit System Protection Board)...... 259, 262-264 Chase, Alston (author, self-proclaimed expert on Yellowstone management)...... 308 Clyde, Norman (early climber of GNP peaks)...... 4 Cole, Glen (Biologist, NPS, YNP)...... 49, 181, 182, 307, 308 Cole, Rick and Linda (Canadians living in Yellowknife, NWT; they provided housing during several of our eagle migration tracking trips)...... 313 Colony, Willie (Sub-District Ranger, then Fire Control, NPS, GNP)...... 16, 70, 80 Contor, Roger (Superintendent, NPS, RMNP)...... 162, 163, 208 Cook, Al. R. (Alberta Wildlife Service, arranged funding for1 eagle tracking flights in AB)...... 314 Crenshaw, Jay (wildlife biology student, UM)....295, 306, 313, 315, 320, 321, 323 Dale, Larry (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP) 3, 16, 31 Darling, Dr. Fraser (Vice President, The Conservation Foundation)...... 55, 56 Davis, Morton J. (National Vice President, AFGE) iii, 167, 168, 170, 223, 226, 242, 246, 248, 252, 253, 280, 289, 375 381

DeSanto, Jerry (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)..... 3, 12, 15, 17, 21, 22, 25, 31, 32, 70, 74, 77, 78, 80, 81, 83, 84, 89, 90, 92, 95, 102, 103, 147, 149, 160, 225, 332-334, 336, 345, 349, 353, 354, 356, 364, 366, 376 Devereaux (Watson), Joan (Ranger-Naturalist, NPS, GNP) 38, 40, 84, 350, 375 Dickenson, Russell (Director, NPS)...... 238, 263, 273, 274 Dobzhansky, Theodosius Dr. (Geneticist)...... 57 Dodd, Jack (Assistant Superintendent, NPS, GNP) 16, 40, 75 Douglas William O. (Justice, U.S. Supreme Court) 308, 377 Downey, Dr. Dave (hiking companion, mountain climber) 103, 153, 293, 331, 335, 337, 338, 345, 346, 348-350, 353, 361, 365, 367, 376 Downey, Janet (hiking companion)..... 118, 153, 293, 335, 337, 338, 345, 349, 350, 353, 365, 376 Drury, Newton (Director, NPS) ii, 377 Dugwyler, Jack (glaciologist, U.S. Geological Survey).7, 9, 10 Dustin, Paula (Secretary to Chief Naturalist, NPS, GNP)...153, 198, 240, 241, 274, 275, 375 East, Ken (Superintendent, WBNP, NWT, Canada)...... 314 Edgar, Max (Chief Engineer, NPS, GNP)...... 16 Elliot, Frank (Chief of Maintenance, NPS, GNP) ... 122-125, 129, 135, 158 Elmore, Francis (Chief Naturalist, NPS, GNP) 2, 4, 13, 22, 29, 40, 75 Erickson Gary L. (Alberta Wildlife Division, provided information and logistical assistance for our eagle tracking in AB)...... 314 Evans, Brock (League of Conservation Voters)...... 70, 169 Evans, H. Frank (local North Fork curmudgeon)...... 277 Everhardt, Gary (Director, NPS)...... 232, 237 Farrell, Tim (pilot, Fort Smith Air, NWT)...... 314, 318 Fauley, Clyde (Park Ranger then Resources Management Specialist, NPS, GNP)...... 122, 124, 234 Feather, Karen (friend, advocate for the environment)...... 153 Fewlass, Jack (District Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 73, 75 Floyd, Elbert (Appeals Examiner, Civil Service Commission) 222, 224-226, 232, 241, 242 Foggin, Dr. W. Thomas III (UM PhD student, teacher,)...... 321 Follett, Doug (Seasonal Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 2, 15 Fraley, John (biologist, MDFWP)...... 320 Frauson, Robert (East District Ranger, NPS, GNP) ...16, 17, 30, 31, 75, 77, 80, 122, 124, 143, 149, 153, 346, 376 Friedman, Bob (letter writer)...... 128 Frissell, Dr. Sidney (Professor then Dean, School of Forestry, UM)...... 190, 300, 308, 366, 375 Frome, Michael (author, conservationist)...iii, 109, 156, 162, 170, 184, 194-197, 220, 237, 257, 279, 368, 369, 375, 377 Garrett, Nancy (Associate Director, Administration, Washington D.C., NPS)...... 265, 269 382

Garrison, Lemuel A. (Supervisor, Albright Training Center, Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona, NPS, and visiting professor at Texas A & M University)...... 178-181, 183, 184, 189, 206, 377 Gawletz, Bill (La Ronge flight scheduler, Yellowknife, NWT) 314 , 320 Gildart, Bert (Seasonal Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 41 Giles, Robert (Assistant Director, Midwest Region, NPS) ...... 162, 170, 171 Gingery, Maury (head plumber, NPS, GNP)...... 75 Gniadek, Steve (wildlife biologist, NPS, GNP)...... 376 Goodsell, Fred (Seasonal Ranger, NPS, GNP) 38, 80, 89, 92, 95, 335, 376 Gould, Dr. George (family physician, Kalispell) . . .70, 330, 331 Grile, Kevin (Staff Counsel, AFGE)....259, 262, 266, 280, 284, 287, 289, 375 Gunzel, Les (Fire Control, NPS, Saguaro National Park)...... 37 Habeck, Dr. James (Professor of Plant Ecology, UM)...iii, 105, 107, 109, 115, 116, 129, 130, 132-134, 136-39, 181, 184, 208, 209, 216, 217, 261, 308, 375-377 Hagen, Kerel (Seasonal Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 40, 41 Haraden, Robert (Superintendent, NPS, GNP)...... 276, 282, 369 Harlow, Dan (Seasonal Museum Curator, NPS, GNP)...... 3, 14 Harris, Dr. John (Associate Professor of Wildlife Biology, UM)...... 308 Harris, Mary (UM wildlife biology graduate student)...... 306 Hart, Ruben (Chief Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 15, 61, 74, 75, 81, 106, 107, 117, 122, 148, 149, 163, 167, 210 Hartley, Dr. Ernest (alpine ecologist)...... 116, 117, 120 Hartman, Cyril (pilot, Echo Bay Mines, Port Radium, NWT) 314, 315 Hartzog, George (Director, NPS)...... 17, 61, 73, 148, 153, 178-186, 189, 194, 195, 197, 198, 223, 254, 260, 282 Henninger, Jim (pilot, Fort Smith Air, NWT) 314, 317 Henry, Gil (Personnel Officer, NPS, GNP)...... 61, 164 Hensler, Dr. Gene (Physician, Kalispell)...... 1 Hensler, Bob (Wildlife Biologist, USFS, Flathead National Forest)...... 300 Herrero, Dr. Steven (Bear Biologist)...... 38, 377 Hervey, Dr. Donald (Professor of Range Management, CSU) 66 Hoover, Alton (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 6, 16, 22, 25 Hoover, Charles (Chief, Division of Appeals, Civil Service Commission, Denver, Colorado)...... 162 Hughes, Jack (Park Ranger, NPS, ONP; Chairman, Professional Rangers Organization)....iii, 14, 94, 98-100, 107, 168, 169, 173, 174, 177, 184, 191, 200, 232, 233, 346, 348, 375 Hutchison, Bill (trail crew, NPS, GNP) 126, 153, 192, 198, 230, 376 Iversen, Philip (Superintendent, NPS, GNP)...... 224, 234, 241, 265, 276, 277, 365 Jackson, Henry (Senator, Washington state)...... 168, 198, 214 383 Jackson, Dr. David (Professor of Forest Economics and management, School of Forestry, UM)...... 308 Johnson, A. M. (Seasonal park naturalist, NPS, GNP)...... 31 Johnson, Arthur (Glaciologist, U.S. Geological Survey)...7, 9, 377 Johnson, Lon (Cultural Resource Specialist, NPS, GNP).. 342 368 Jonkel, Dr. Chuck (Professor of Wildlife Research, UM Research Professor; Director, Border Grizzly Proj ect)...... Kendall, Glenn (NFFE Representative from Spokane, WA)..162-167 Kendall, Kate (Bear Biologist, USGS, GNP)...... 376 Key, Carl (Geographer, USGS, GNP)...... 306, 327, 376, 378 King Jr., Martin Luther (human rights icon, orator)....58, 152 Kleppe, Thomas (Secretary of Interior)...... 238 Klinger, Dr. Bruno (Professor of Botany, CSU)...... 69 Kreck, Dr. Loren (conservation leader, hiking companion) ... 71, 84, 103, 153, 331, 338, 346, 348, 352-355, 361, 362, 365, 376 Kreiser, Rose (Administrative Assistant, NPS Centennial Office, Washington D.C., NPS)...... 191 Ladd, Benjamin (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 117, 345, 353 Lange, Dr. Robert (Professor of Dendrology, School of Forestry, UM) 222, 306 Lawton, Mary (Attorney, U.S. Department of Justice)...255, 256 Lechleitner, Dr. Richard (Professor of Mammalogy, CSU)...... 48 Lester, Amy (UM, wildlife graduate student)...... 300, 306, 367 Lieff, Bernie (Superintendent, WBNP, NWT, Canada) 314, 315 Linn, Dr. Robert (Chief Scientist, NPS)..132, 134-136, 181-183 Lowe, Alex (mountain climber extra ordinaire) 365, 371 Lowe, Dr. James (Professor, School of Forestry, UM). "296 300, 308, 365, 367, 371, 375 Lukens, Bill (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP) 12, 13, 16-18, 21, 24 Lukiwiski, George (Park Warden, WBNP)...... 314 Lusk, Gilbert (Superintendent, NPS, GNP)...... '.'.'.369 Malloy, Raymond (Assistant General Counsel, AFGE). 235 238-242, 244, 246-248, 251, 256, 375 Mangers, Charles (lead author of NPS Report on Briggle's management style) 200, 225, 230, 238, 239, 256, 257, 259, 2 60 Mansfield, Mike (Senator, Montana) 129, 133, 134, 168, 170 Marble, Don (attorney, conservationist, human rights activist) .. .iii, 200, 207, 213, 215, 216, 222-227, 230, 231, 234-236, 238, 239, 241-243, 245-249, 251, 253, 254, 259, 264, 280, 286, 289, 367 Marks, Jeff (wildlife biology student, UM)...... 306, 367 Martinka, Clifford (Chief Research Biologist, NPS, GNP)

274°_307 431375' 81' 103' 105' 106' 122' U 4 ' 136' 149' 15°' Martinus, Don (Communications Specialist, NPS, GNP)...... 75 Masson, Gordie (Fire Management Specialist, WBNP)...... 314 384

Mattson, Ursula (wildlife biologist)...... 295, 320 Mauff, John (GNP advocate)...... 175, 176 McClelland Mary Teresa (daughter) 1, 7, 13, 20, 57, 77, 94, 219, 221, 328, 345, 349, 364, 366, 367, 370, 376 Kevin (son) 1, 7, 13, 15, 20, 31-34, 57-59, 73, 74, 76, 77, 84, 93, 94, 102, 103, 328, 333, 334, 337, 338, 341, 352, 366, 376 Jane (daughter)..... 1, 20, 31, 32, 34, 57, 60, 73, 76, 77, 83, 93, 94, 96, 102, 103, 219, 221, 328, 330, 332, 337, 341, 349, 350, 352, 364, 367, 370 Kerry (son)....l, 20, 59, 69, 73, 76, 93, 94, 96, 102, 328, 331, 334, 345, 349, 350, 352, 363 Terence (son)..... 7, 8, 13, 20, 30, 57, 59, 70, 83, 85, 93, 94, 96, 293, 294, 328, 330, 332, 334, 345, 349, 350, 352, 359, 363, 364, 367, 371 McDowell, Lyle (Chief, Branch of Resources Management, Washington D.C., NPS)...... 15, 16, 43, 44, 46-48, 50, 51, 53-55, 58, 61, 63, 64, 67, 71, 106, 153, 156, 225 McFadzen, Mary (UM, zoology graduate student)....320, 326, 376 McKune, John (Director, Organization and Personnel Management, Department of Interior)...... 210 Menning, Ed (Environmental Impact Specialist, Midwest Regional Office, NPS)...... 168, 171, 172, 189, 208 Metcalf, Lee (Senator, Montana; wilderness champion)...... 115, 129, 132, 135, 168, 177, 213, 229 Mintzmyer, Lorraine (Director, Rocky Mountain Region, NPS) 282 Mish, Cindy (curator, NPS, GNP)...... 366, 373 Montgomery, C. P. (Assistant Director, Administration, NPS, Washington D.C.)...... 43 Moody, Joe (Chairman, Science Department, Columbia Falls Junior High School)...... 153, 195 Morton, Rogers (Secretary of Interior) 198, 202 Muth, Bob (hiker, conservationist, philosopher)..... 128, 153, 349, 352, 353, 358, 367, 371, 376 Muth, Laurie (hiker, conservationist) 153, 349, 352-355, 358, 376 Neilson, Keith (Superintendent, NPS, GNP)...... 16, 17, 37, 48, 49, 58, 61, 62, 66-69, 73-75, 110, 114 Nelson, Alan (Ranger-Naturalist, NPS, GNP)...... 93, 335, 337 Nelson, Dan (Management Assistant, NPS, GNP)..16, 75, 153, 198 Nixon, Richard (37th President of the United States).. 198, 245 Nogler, Robert (Regional Representative, AFGE)...... iii, 167, 170, 173, 189, 190, 198, 213, 223, 226, 248, 250, 278, 280, 289, 375 O'Brien, Dan (Fire Control, NPS, GNP)...... 77 O'Gara, Dr. Bart (Head, Montana Cooperative Wildlife Research Unit)...... 308 Olmstead, Ed (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 70, 88, 103, 332 Olsen, Jack (author)...... 38, 40-42, 378 385 Ostrom, George (local media mudslinger) 42, 349, 350 Padgham, Dr. Bill (Indian and Northern Affairs, Geology Division, Yellowknife, NWT, Canada)...... 314 Palmer, John (Assistant Chief Naturalist, NPS, GNP)..... 2, 16 Parker, Jill (UM wildlife Biology graduate student)...... 306 Parker, Rachel (Administrative Assistant, NPS, GNP)...153, 198 Parratt, Monte (hiker, GNP advocate) 29, 337, 340 Pellerzi, Lou (General Counsel, AFGE)...... 234-236 '246 '247 250-253, 375 ' Pengelly, Dr. W. Leslie (UM, Professor; Director, UM Wildlife Biology Program, President of The [National] Wildlife Society, 1978-79)..... 307, 308, 310, 365, 375, 378 Perry, John (Seasonal Park Ranger, NPS, GNP) 1 5 3 , 198 Pletscher, Dr. Dan (UM, Professor, Director, Wildlife Biology Program)...... 308 Potter, Rachel (botanist, conservationist)...... 117 Pratt, Henry (Personnel Officer, Midwest Region, NPS) ]59 203, 206...... ' ' Pratt, John H. (U. S. District Judge)...... 239, 240, 257 Purdy, Rob (pilot, La Ronge Air, Yellowknife, NWT) ' "314 316, 317 ..... Ream, Dr. Cathy (wildlife biology professional)...... 371 Reeves, Dr. Barney (Archeologist)...... 332, 368, 374, 378 Reiss, Richard (President, NFFE Local 456)...... !.165-167 Rensel, Richard (Ranger-Naturalist, NPS, GNP, West Glacier Elementary School Principal...... 2, 3, 190, 210, 219 Ries, Joe (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... '....11, 81 Ritchie, Rand (pilot, Alberta Government Flight Service, Edmonton)...... 333 3-^4 Reynolds, Harry V. (Assistant Chief Ranger, NPS, GNP) ...... 16 Robb, Judge (Tenth Circuit Court judge who wrote dissenting opinion in our case)...... 255 256 Robbins, Richard (Attorney, Division of Parks and Recreation, Office of the Solicitor, Department of Interior, Washington, D.C.)--- 198, 205, 216, 225, 245, 255 259, 261, 262, 264, 266, 268 Robertson Lorraine (Secretary to Chief Naturalist Elmore, NPS, GNP)...... 153, 198 Rosa, James (General Counsel, AFGE)....iii 252 254-256 ^259 261-269, 280, 284, 285, 287, 289, 375 Ross, Chuck (pilot, Loon Air, Yellowknife, NWT)...... 314 Ross, Harry and Marjorie (eagle observers, Calgary)...... 313 Rothfuss, Edwin (Chief Naturalist, NPS, GNP) 122-125*' 148 158, 162, 225 ' ' ' Roye, Ralph (Fire Control, NPS, GNP)...... 16 Ruder, Mel (Editor, Hungry Horse News) 78, 192 Russell, Charlie (pilot, Fort Smith Air, NWT)...... 314^ 315 Rumberg, Joseph (NPS Mangers-Rumberg Report)...200 225 226 230, 238, 239, 256, 257, 259, 260 ' Sabo, Lou (Ranger-Naturalist, NPS, GNP)...... 376 386

Schaefer, Dr. Vincent (Leader, Yellowstone Research Expeditions)...... 57, 73, 80, 377, 378 Schwarz, A1 (Administrative Officer, under Briggle, NPS, GNP)...... 164, 167 Scribner, Charlie (Ranger-Naturalist, NPS, GNP)...... 376 Sedlack, Art (Ranger-Naturalist, Bear Management Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 153, 198, 225, 330, 331, 338, 352, 363, 376 Seibel, Roberta (Seasonal Museum Curator, NPS, GNP) ...... 14, 117, 140, 142, 153, 198, 330, 376 Sellers, Robert (West District Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 12, 16, 21, 22, 24 Shannon, Dr. Richard (Professor of Policy Administration, School of Forestry, UM)...... 308 Shaw, Keith and Shirley (Canadians living in Cardston, AB; they provided housing during several of our eagle migration tracking trips)...... 313 Shea, Dave (wildlife biology student, UM; then wildlife biologist, NPS, GNP)..... 3, 32, 41, 42, 102, 103, 149, 153, 198, 294, 310, 313, 320, 321, 323, 325, 330-335, 342-346, 348, 350, 352-354, 357, 363, 364, 367, 368, 369, 375, 376, 378 Sheridan, Lawrence (Sanitary Engineer, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration) 109, 110 Shier, Jack and Phyllis (Canadians living near Cayley, AB; they provided housing during several of our eagle migration tracking trips)...... 313 Shoup, Richard G. (U.S. House of Representatives, Montana) 134, 168, 213 Sloan, Martha (Secretary for the Chief Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 75, 153, 198, 210 Smith, Jane Kapler (fire ecologist, USFS)...... 366, 367 Snashall, Robert (Administrative Law Judge) 198, 199, 202, 241 Sonstelie, Dr. Lawrence (Environmental Biologist) 114, 115 Sowl, Helen (Supt. Briggle's secretary, NPS, GNP)...... 124 Spettigue, Elizabeth (wildlife biologist) 320, 321, 367 Steinhoff, Dr. Harold (Professor of Wildlife, School of Forestry, CSU)...... 66 Strand, Mike (pilot, owner of Strand Aviation)...... 314 Stump, Marvin (Chief of Maintenance, NPS, GNP)...... 225 Sullivan, Arthur (Superintendent, NPS, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area) 159, 196 Sumner, Dr. Lowell (Chief Biologist, Washington D.C., NPS)...... 31, 32, 378 Swygert, Judge (Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals - concurred with Chief Judge Wright's majority opinion) 255, 256 Tamblyn, Hugh (Vice President, Echo Bay Mines Ltd., Canada)...... 314 Taylor, Bob (Park Naturalist, NPS, Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area; forced to transfer to Herbert Hoover's Birthplace National Historic Site)...... 175, 195, 196, 375 387

Taylor, Dan (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 367 Tesmer, Claude (Facility Manager, NPS, GNP)...... 75, 124 Thompson, James (Deputy Director, Rocky Mountain Regional Office, NPS)...... 265 Thompson, John (Blister Rust Survey Assistant)...334, 335, 337 Toole, Dr. K. Ross (UM, Professor of History)...... 308 Tyers, Dan (family friend, now Grizzly Bear Habitat Coordinator, USFS)...... Tyers, John (Assistant Chief Naturalist, NPS, GNP) 22 28 29, 73, 75, 349, 376 ' Tyers, Mark (family friend)...... 9 3 , 3 3 3 , 349 Verkler, Jerry (Staff Director for Senator Henry Jackson) 168, 198, 214 Volz, Leonard (Director, Midwest Region, NPS)...161, 162 167 170-172, 184, 188, 200, 204, 206, 210, 211, 213, 217, 218, 224-229, 232, 239, 240, 260 Wagar, Jack Vernon Knox (Professor and Department Head, Forest Recreation, CSU)...... 66 WaJ*®r ' Ronald (Director, NPS)... 198, 200, 209,' ’ 213," " 216," " 223,

Wambach, Dr. Robert (Dean, School of Forestry, UM) 190 300, 375 ' Wasem, C. Robert (Management Biologist, NPS, GNP)...... 3 4 14-16, 21, 31, 32, 39-42, 49, 6 6 , 67, 70, 77, 83, 86,"’i49 Watson, Tom (Seasonal Ranger, NPS, GNP)...... 84, 8 8 , 331 375 Wedum, Dave (MDFWP) ' ' 7 Werner, Bill (pilot, Strand Aviation, Kalispell).!]!3i4 Whalen, William (Director, NPS)...... 257 263 Whyte, Scott (pilot, Fort Smith Air, NWT)...... 3 1 4 ' 315 Wilcox, Dr. Arthur (Head, Department of Recreation and Watershed Resources, CSU)...... 66 Williams, Becky (Ranger-Naturalist, NPS, GNP) 3 84 ' 88 294, 363, 368, 376 Williams, Larry (Seasonal Park Ranger, NPS, GNP)... 3 84 88 363, 368, 376 ' ' ' Wolgamott, Dr. John (Pediatric Orthopedic Specialist, Great Falls, MT) ...... 8 Wood, Bob (Park Ranger, NPS, GNP) . . ! ...... 16," * 42 Wright, Dr. Phil (Professor of Zoology, UM)...... 308," 375 Wright, George Melendez (known as the "Father of Natural Resource Management" in the national parks)...... 32, 378 Wright, J. S. (Chief Judge, Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals; wrote the majority decision in our case) 242, 255, 256 Yates, Rick (wildlife biology graduate student, UM; then'" wildlife biologist, NPS, GNP)...306, 320, 323, 324, 327, 378 Wright, Vita (eagle project volunteer; UM grad student)....320 Young, Leonard (wildlife biology graduate student, UM) „ jj 1...... 306, 313, 320, 321, 323, 378 Zollar, Lawrence (Chief of Manpower Development, Washington D.C., NPS) ..... 178-181, 183, 184, 189, 206 Zurloff, Larry (Latham Island Air, Yellowknife, NWT)...... 314 388

ANIMALS American dipper 21, 330, 345, 353 American marten..... 21, 81, 306, 330, 332, 346, 353, 354, 358 army cutworm moth...... 364, 377 bald eagle...... 12, 21, 71, 105, 106, 149, 150, 209, 294-296, 298, 306, 309-313, 315-327, 350, 367, 369, 378 baldpate...... 18 barred owl...... 70, 290, 296, 342 Barrow's goldeneye...... 310 beaver...... 310, 317, 318, 331, 354 bear management...... 4, 7, 28, 38, 40-42, 61, 81, 103, 148, 377, 386 black bear....4, 28, 84, 88, 102, 295, 296, 317, 318 332-334, 338, 367 black-billed magpie...... 69 310 black-capped chickadee...... 353 black-headed budworm...... 78 bobcat...... 2! 103 Bonaparte's gull...... 310 boreal chickadee...... 318 brown creeper...... 300 302 butflehead...... 18 bull trout...... 3, 74, 76, 77, 84, 102, 333 337 bushy-tailed woodrat...... 22, 102, 332, 335 364 California gull...... 310 Canada goose...... 18, 290 310 canvasback...... 18 carpenter ant...... 84, 88 301 cavity-nesting birds...... 300, 301, 366 369 chestnut-backed chickadee...... 300 Christmas Bird Count...... 21, 23, 105 367 cliff swallow...... 17, 31, 93 208 Columbian ground squirrel...... 141 common loon...... 296, 318 333 common merganser...... 18, 310, 330 333 common nighthawk...... 316 coyote...... 71, 73, 104, 310, 330-332, 352 353 deer (species unidentified)...13, 81, 103, 104, 330, 332, 333, 338, 352, 353 eagle migration...... 294, 306, 309-318, 321-325, 327, 378 eared grebe...... 30 elk..... 14, 21, 22, 41, 73, 103, 104, 296, 307, 308, 330-334, 338, 346, 352, 353, 359, 369 golden eagle...... 323, 326, 327, 369, 378 goldeneye sp...... 330, 354 go;>shawk...... 70 gray wolf...... 318, 319 great blue heron...... 306, 310 great horned owl...... 338 green-winged teal...... 18 389 grizzly bear...3, 4, 7, 12, 28, 38, 40-42, 73, 81, 88, 89, 94, 102, 103, 147, 148, 293-299, 310, 315,328, 332-334, 337, 338, 350, 358, 363, 364, 369, 377, 378, 383, 387 grouse s p ...... 4Q^ 338

hairy woodpecker...... ' 333 Harmonica (pet cat) / / ’ ’ 12 / 30 / 4 8 / 57 / 219 harvestman (daddy longlegs)...... 102 hermit thrush...... 13 hoary marmot...... 77, ' 94 " 139 " ' 141 kokanee salmon...... 12, 294, 295, 297, 309, 310,'313/320 321, 23-325, 327 ' Laddie (pet dog) 31, 48, 57, 69^ 74; 77 219 ladybird beetle...... 364, 377 lake whitefish...... 77, 294 least weasel...... 369 lesser scaup...... 1! little brown bat...... 2 9 *"30 long-eared owl...... ////'////// 306, ' 367 long tailed weasel...... 104 332 353 lynx .12, 13, 22, 27, 28, 77, 103 / 104 / 310 / 330,'331,'346, 353, 358 meadow lark...... "...... gg

moose . 21, 22 r 81, 84, 104, 293, 330-333, 335, 342, 345 346, 353, 354, 359 monkey (hiker's "pet")...... 296 mountain chickadee...... 304 ”"305 mountain lion...... 13,” 2 i / 23 / 103," 104 / 33/ 332 mountain pme beetle 300, 306, 365, 367, 372 mule deer...... 13, 70, 342, 369 muskrat...... 32q One-Ear (grizzly)...... 295 297 opossum shrimp...... " " 32/ 324 pj/ a -;': — ...... 77/ s/ 94,' 102 pileated woodpecker...... 70, 290, 293, 300, 301, 303 338 p me grosbeak...... 345 pine siskin. 345 pintail.... . 18 porcupine... 15, 102 py9my owl...... 296, 330 raccoon...... 33 red—breasted nuthatch 304 305 345 red-cockaded woodpecker...... ' ' 3gg red-necked grebe...... /.'/' ...... ■" ' 2 8 red squirrel ...... 81^ 33Q_332 red naped sapsucker...... 293, 304, 305 ring-billed gull...... 31 n river otter...... 31 n ruddy duck " ...... saw-whet owl...... 3^g Serendipity (bald eagle A -8 9) ./'//////"//// 315 snowshoe hare...... 21, 22, 73, 330-332/ 33 8 / 353 390

Sparkles (pet pony)...... 57, 59, 69 spruce budworm...... 78 spruce grouse...... 102 103 starling...... 18 Stretchy (pet rabbit)...... 13 striped skunk...... 29, 81 Swainson's thrush...... 15 290 toad, (boreal) 88, 89 92 Toot (pet dog)...... 298 299 tree swallow...... 293 trumpeter swan...... 310 Tuffy (pet dog)...... 368 Tundra (pet dog)...... 299 368 tussock moth...... 78 varied thrush...... 346 358 westslope cutthroat...... 3, 83, 84, 85, 102, 333, 334 352 whistling swan...... 74 310 whitefish sp...... 78 white-tailed deer 13, 70 369 white-tailed jackrabbit...... 335 white-tailed ptarmigan...... 94 white wolf...... 318 319 wolverine...... 12, 18, 81, 310, 332, 337, 346, 353, 354 358 woodpecker (species unidentified)...... 70, 290, 300, 307 367 Yellowstone cutthroat...... 334 342 Zoomie (pet dog)...... 298

PLANTS alder...... 93, 342 alpine poppy...... 31 alpine timothy, 117, 121 aster...... 117 beargrass...... 342 black cottonwood...... 15, 301, 303, 309 clover...... 28 dandelion...... 2, 28 Douglas-f ir...... 30, 70, 78, 125, 129, 300,^301 Douglasia...... 7 4 fairy slipper orchid...... 359 glacier lily...... 117, 349 grand fir...... 301 huckleberry...... 94 , 33 8 , 365, 368 Jones' columbine...... 3 1 , 334 Labrador tea...... 316 lady's slipper orchid...... 333 laurel...... 316 lodgepole pine...... 293, 300, 306, 309, 342, 367, 372 Lewis's (purple) monkeyflower...... 113 mountain ash...... 102 paper birch...... 304, 305 ponderosa pine...... 301, 303 391

sedge 117, 318 sibbaldia...... 117 speedwell...... 117 subalpine fir...... 13, 140, 141, 142, 377 subalpine larch.. 89, 337 trembling aspen 103, 293, 301, 304 tufted hairgrass...... 117 western larch...... 15, 70, 293, 300, 301, 303, 304, 309, 323 western redcedar 13, 70, 309 western white pine...... 301 whitebark pine...... 334 windflower...... 117 wood rush...... 117

LANDSCAPE FEATURES Adair Ridge...... 333 Alder Trail...... 42, 93 Almost-a-Dog Pass...... 361, 362 alpine meadow...... 124, 125, 129-132, 134^ 138 alpine ecosystem...... 110, 114, 115, 117, 126, 128-130, 133, 134, 136-140, 142, 169 Apgar Mountains...... 4, 6 , 37, 290, 293, 328, 332, 355, 359 Arrow Lake...... 21, 24, 333, 342 ash fall (Mt. St. Helens Volcano, WA) ...... 290, 292 Aster Park...... 31 Autumn Creek...... 330, 353, 365, 371 Avalanche Lake...... 2, 74, 77 Baring Creek...... ! 31, ' 102 Baring Falls...... 29 Beaver Woman Lake...... 338 Bear Mountain...... 348, 367 Belly River..... 14, 15, 17, 20, 31, 41, 77, 81, 8 8 , 331,# 332, 335, 337, 346, 348, 349, 351, 358, 359, 363, 364, 367-369 Bighorn Peak...... 89 92 Big Creek...... 290, ' 338 Big Mountain...... 1 3 , 22, 26, 106, 345 Blackfoot Glacier...... 361 Boulder Creek...... t 337, 340 Boulder Pass...... 337 341 Boundary Trail (East)...... 334 Boundary Trail (Middle Fork)...... 8 6 , 103, 104, 338, 342, 345, 350, 358 Boundary Trail (North)...... 335 Bowman Creek...... 93 337 Bowman Lake...... 4, 78, 93, 102-104, 333, 337, 338," 342,' 352, 359, 364 Buffalo Woman Lake...... 333 Buttercup Park...... 83 Camas Creek 21, 293, 333, 342 Camas Lake...... Camas Entrance Overlook...... 3 , 5 , 290, 292 392

Carter Glaciers...... 93, 95 Chief Mountain...... 32, 36, 90 349, 350 378 Clements Mountain...... 4 112, 118 337 Coal Creek...... 103, 104, 338, 342 350, 353 367 Columbia River...... 306 366 Como Pass...... 7, 12 93 Cosley Cave...... 81 332 Cosley Lake...... 14, 17, 81, 148, 332 346, 367 369 Curley Bear Mountain...... 334 Cutbank Pass...... 31 334 Dancing Lady Mountain...... 103, 334 336 Dawn Mist Falls...... 14, 31, 332, 346 359 Dawson Pass...... 3 334 Debris Creek...... 148 Divide Mountain...... 3 33 East Flattop...... 32 Elizabeth Lake...... 14, 17, 81, 88, 332, 335, 346, 364 370 Elk Mountain...... 353 Fawn Creek...... 87 Fern Creek...... 354 Fifty Mountain.... 77, 79, 89, 93, 103, 148, 335, 354, 356 357 Firebrand Pass...... 15, 334 353 Fish Creek..... 22, 28, 30, 11, 104, 295 323 Fish Lake...... 2, 330 334 Flathead River, Middle Fork.... 1, 12, 13, 15, 74, 83 93, 102-104, 210, 293, 298, 299, 309, 328, 330, 331, 338 342, 343, 345, 347, 349, 350, 352, 353, 366, 367 Flathead River, North Fork.... .4, 12, 21, 22, 37-39, 87, 103, 104, 293, 333. 338, 343, 359, 372 Flathead River System 309 Flattop Creek...... 358

Flathead Lake...... 12 , 309, 321, 323, 324 Garden Wall Cave...... 102 Glacier View Mountain...... 13, 39," 292, 368, 369 Glenns Lake...... 14, 81 Grace Lake...... 296 Granite Park (including the chalet' 7, 17, 19, 38, 40- 42, 88, 89, 93, 169, 335, 350, 367 Grinnell Glacier...... 7, 10, 93, 96, 148, 335, 377 Grinnell Lake...... 96 Gunsight Pass...... • 93, 94, 350, 361 Gyrfalcon Lake...... 89, 92 Harrison Creek...... 103 Harrison Lake...... 293, 330, 331, 345, 347, 352, 367

Hidden Lake 93, 97, 118, 122 , 124-126, 128, 130, 134, 136, 142, 337, 369 Howe Lake...... 84 Howe Ridge...... 21, 22, 24 333, 342, 353 Huckleberry Mountain...... 37, 39 Ipasha Lake...... 337 Jackson Creek...... 330 393

Jackson Glacier...... 104, 361 Jefferson Pass...... 93 Jonah's Bowl (Lake of the Seven Winds)...... 334 John's Lake...... 21, 23, 103 Katoya Lake...... 32 Kennedy Creek...... 335 King Edward Peak (BC)...... 25 Kinnerly Peak & Glacier...... 366 Kintla Lake...... 22, 78, 104, 148, 337, 366 Kintla Lake (Upper)...... 3 3 7 , 366 Kintla Peak...... 366 Kishenehn Creek...... 22, 25 Kootenai Lakes...... 335 354 Kootenai Pass...... 89 Lake Creek...... 333-335 Lake Ellen Wilson...... 7 , 350 Lake Evangeline...... 342 Lake Frances...... 103, 337 Lake Isabel...... 3 Lake Mary Baker...... 97 Lake McDonald.... 2, 7, 12, 18, 28, 30, 73, 74, 76, 78, 84, 94, 103, 104, 172, 209, 306, 309, 325, 330, 331, 333, 342, 343, 345, 350, 353, 355, 358 Lake Nooney...... 335 Lee Ridge 3 3 5 , 3 5 7 , 368 Lena Lake...... 334 Lincoln Creek & Lake...... 103 Loneman Mountain...... 347 Logan Creek...... 3 4 5 , 3 5 3 , 356-358 Logan Glacier...... 362 Logan Pass Area 2, 11, 17, 31, 32, 42, 77, 93, 94, 109-117, 121, 122, 125-141, 143, 144, 147, 192, 208, 337, 349, 350, 358, 361, 365-367, 377 Logging Creek 37 333 Logging Lake 37 296 Logging Ridge...... 296^ 342 Long Knife Peak...... 366, 373 Longs Peak (CO)...... (...... 30 Lunch Creek...... McClintock Peak...... 334 McDonald Creek, Lower. .12, 71, 73, 83, 85, 104’’105," 116,” 129, 133, 208, 209, 293-295, 297, 309-311, 313, 320, 321, 323, 324, 326, 328, 333, 343, 350, 367, 374 McDonald Creek, Lower (Oxbow)...... 71, 83, 293-295, 297, 310, 311, 328, 367 McDonald Creek, Upper...21, 28, 70, 72, 77, 8 8 , 103, 330, 335, 342, 353, 358 McGee Meadow...... 203 Medicine Grizzly Lake...... '.'.'.'.102 Midvale Fire Trail...... " " ' " 3 3 4 Mineral Creek 13, 103, 358 394

Mokowanis Lake...... 337 Mokowanis River...... 14, 81 M t . Carter...... 79, 90, 364 M t. Cleveland...... 20, 80, 82, 90 M t . Gould...... 367 M t . Logan 4 , 361, 362 Mt. Merritt...... 32, 35, 90 Mt . Morgan...... 334 M t . Oberlin...... 17, 32, 117, 349 Mt. Reynolds...... 349 Mt . St. Helens (WA)(eruption & sound propagation).290-292, 377 Mt. St. Nicholas...... 342 Mt . Stimson...... 342, 349 Muir Creek...... 103, 338, 342 Nahsukin Lake...... 89 Nahsukin Mountain...... 79 Natoas Peak...... 346 No Name Lake...... 334 Nyack Creek and Valley 103, 331, 334, 338, 342, 346, 349, 350, 352 Nyack Lakes...... , 334 Old Man Lake...... , 334 Old Sun Glacier...... 32 Ole Creek...... 15, 332, 338 342 Ole Lake...... , .15 Otokomi Lake...... , 337 Ouzel Peak...... 366 Pacific Creek...... 338 Park Creek...... 3, 103, 104, 331 338 Peril Creek...... 342 350 Piegan Creek...... 77 Piegan Mountain...... 366 Piegan Pass...... 32 Pinchot Creek...... 342 350 Pitamakin Lake & Pass...... 334 Pocket Lake...... 337 Pollock Mountain...... 112 366 Ptarmigan Lake...... 335 Ptarmigan Tunnel...... 335, 364 370 Pyramid Peak...... 338 Quartz Creek...... 89 333 Quartz Lake (Lower)...... 103 333 Quartz Lake (upper)...... 84, 102, 103, 333, 338, 352 359 Quartz Ridge...... 102 359 Rainbow Glacier...... 7 90 Rainbow Peak...... 79, 90 364 Red Eagle Creek...... 334 349 Red Eagle Glacier...... 361 362 Red Eagle Lake...... 31, 334 349 Red Eagle Meadows...... 349, 361 362 Red Eagle Pass...... 349 395

Redgap Creek...... 33 Redgap Pass...... 335 Redhorn Peak...... 79 93

Reynolds Creek 109-111 ' 114 Riverside Mountain ! .103 Seismic Geyser (YNP)...... 73 Sexton Glacier...... , 32 Siyeh Pass 31, 337, 340 Skiumah Lake...... 339 Slide Lake 349 368 Snyder Creek i.24," 33o' 331 Snyder Ridge...... 203 South Logging Trail 333 343 Sperry Chalet...... 2, 7, 12, 15,’ ' 83," 93,’ 94^ 330 Sperry Glacrer...... 7, 9, 12, 15, 18, 93, 94, 97, 377 Sprague Creek 94 339 St. Mary Lake - 29, 30, 73, 102, 10 9-112.," 114 ," 115," 157 , ' 334 , 335 St. Mary Lake (Lower)...... 35 Stanton Mountain...... ’ '3 2 7 Starvation Creek...... ••••^ Starvation Peak...... '*25 Stimson Creek...... 349 Stoney Indian Lake...... 335 Stoney Indian Pass...... 31 337 3fiQ

Stoney Indian Peaks...... ' 90 Street Creek...... 77 subalpine meadow...... ' 117-119 subalpine zone...... 2 2 0, 117," 138,’’ 142, 146 Sue Lake...... 93 Surprise Creek...... !!!!!"" ...... 338 Surprise Pass...... 338 Swiftcurrent Lake...... 335 Swiftcurrent Pass...... 93 Swiftcurrent Ridge...... 32 Teakettle Mountain...... 34 Three Bears Lake...... 353 Three Tops Fire Trail...... 331 747 330 Three Tops Mountain ! . 342 Triple Divide Pass 3 4^ 102, 349 Trout Lake...... 21, 24, 28, 38, 333^ 342,' 353 Two Medicine Lake, Lower...... 204 Two Medicine Lake, Upper...... !!"."!! 15 31 Two Medicine Pass...... * ’ ’ * ’ ’ ’ * * 3' 34 Two Ocean Glacier...... 79 39 93 Valentine Creek...... ' ' 93 Virginia Falls...... !!!!!!!!!...... 94 Vulture Glacier...... 79 39 92 Vulture Peak...... 79f 88-92,'357-360 Waterton Lake (GNP, WLNP)...... 32, 77, 80, 93, 335 337 354 Waterton River...... 8 9 West Flattop Mountain & Trail 89, 103, 335, 358 West Lakes Trail 21, 333, 342

FIRE LOOKOUTS Apgar...... 2, 83, 293, 330, 332, 345, 352-354, 358, 367, 368 Bear Mountain 346, 367 Curley Bear...... 334 Cyclone...... 369 Demers...... 368 Divide Mountain...... 31, 33 Elk Mountain...... 88 Garry...... 13 Heavens Peak...... 342 Huckleberry...... 37 Loneman...... 93, 94 Mount Brown...... 349, 352 Numa Ridge 238, 363 Ouzel Peak...... 366 Porcupine...... 335 Red Eagle...... 31, 34 Reynolds...... 335 Scalplock...... 349 Scotty Beaton's Numa...... 342-344 Swiftcurrent...... 17

FOREST FIRES Flathead River...... 37, 39 Glacier Wall...... 37 Bed Bench...... 37

PATROL CABINS AND RANGER STATIONS RS = Ranger Station; PC = Patrol Cabin) Arrow Lake PC...... 21, 22, 24, 333, 342 Baring Creek RS 29, 102 Belly River RS 14, 17, 81, 331, 332, 335, 346, 349, 351, 358, 363, 364, 367, 369 Boundary Creek PC...... 335 Bowman Lake RS...... 342 Coal Creek PC 103, 104, 338, 342, 353, 367 Cutbank RS...... 31, 84, 102 Fielding PC...... 15, 73, 330-332, 338, 345, 352 Fish Creek RS...... 18 Goathaunt Fire Guard Cabin...... 103 Goathaunt RS...... 32, 80 Granite Park Trail Cabin...... 42 Harrison Lake PC 293, 330, 352 Howe Ridge PC...... 21, 22 Jefferson PC...... 342 Kishenehn RS...... 22, 25, 103 Kootenai PC 89, 354 Lake Creek PC...... 333-335 397

Lake McDonald RS ...... 73 Logan Creek PC ...... 13, 78, 330, 345, 353, 358 Logging R S ...... 342 Lower Logging PC...... 342 Lower Nyack PC...... 338, 345, 346, 352 Lower Park Creek PC 331, 338 Lubec RS ...... 15, 74, 103, 334 Nyack RS 94, 331, 350 Packer's Roost PC...... 103, 335, 342, 358 Paola PC...... 104 Pass Creek PC 354, 369 Quartz Lake PC...... 84, 102, 333, 352, 359 Red Eagle PC...... 334 Sperry Trail Cabin...... 12 St. Mary 1913 R S ...... 29-32 Upper Logging PC...... 296 Upper Nyack PC 334, 338, 349 Upper Park Creek PC...... 3 Walton R S ...... 363, 376

BACKCOUNTRY PUBLIC SHELTERS Fifty Mountain...... 89, 103, 335, 339, 354, 357, 358 Gunsight Pass...... 93 Mokowanis...... 337, 339

NATIONAL PARK SERVICE AREAS Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area(WY) 158, 159, 169, 170, 174, 175, 195, 196, 203-205, 375 Grand Teton National Park (WY)...... 46, 182, 204, 365, 375 Herbert Hoover National Historic Site (IA)...... 175, 195 Jefferson National Expansion Memorial (MO)...... 159, 181 Lake Mead National Recreation Area (NV)...... 224, 238 Mesa Verde National Park (CO)...... 58 Midwest Regional Office (Omaha, NB)...iii, 43, 49, 61, 6 6 , 71, 124, 125, 136, 149, 158, 159, 162-164, 167-172, 174, 178, 181, 183-185, 189, 198-201, 203-208, 212, 213, 216, 217, 222-226, 228, 231, 232, 239, 276 Mt. Rainier National Park (WA)...... 15, 246 Olympic National Park (WA)...iii, 14, 15, 46, 58, 94, 99, 107, 168, 173, 184-186, 346 Ozark National Scenic Riverways (MO)...... 179 Pacific Northwest Regional Office (Seattle, W A ) ...... 246 Rocky Mountain National Park (CO)...30, 46, 58, 135, 204,. 208, 265, 276, 328 Rocky Mountain Regional Office (Denver, CO)...... 282 Southwest Regional Office (Santa Fe, NM)...... 181 Voyageurs National Park (MN)...... 183 Yellowstone National Park (YNP) (WY) . . iii, 1, 2, 7, 12, 15, 46, 50, 57, 6 6 , 73, 80, 81, 83, 93, 94, 131, 152, 178, 180-183, 197, 204, 208, 217, 263, 265, 298, 307, 308, 328, 346, 363, 364, 366, 376-378 398

CANADA AB = Alberta; NWT = Northwest Territories; SK = Saskatchewan; WLNP = Waterton Lakes National Park; WBNP = Wood Buffalo National Park Air Tindi (Yellowknife, NWT)...... 320, 322 Arctic Circle...... 315 Athabasca Sand Dunes (SK)...... 316 Baton Lake (NWT)...... 320 Birch Delta (WBNP)...... 314 Cameron Lake (WLNP)...... 335 Carlson Landing (WBNP)...... 314 Columbia Ice Field (AB)...... 3 Convair (aircraft)...... 315 Coppermine River and village (NWT)...... 315 Cree Lake (SK)...... 316, 318 Crypt Lake (WLNP)...... 32 Fort Chipewyan (AB)...... 314 Fort Franklin (NWT)...... 315 Fort Good Hope (NWT)...... 315 Fort Smith (NWT)...... 313-318 Fort Smith Air (NWT)...... 314-318 Gordon Lake (NWT) ...... 317-319 Great Bear Lake (NWT)...... 314, 315, 317 Great Bear Lake, Echo Bay (NWT)...... 310, 313-315 Great Bear Lake, Keith Arm (NWT)...... 315 Great Bear Lake, Leith Peninsula (NWT) 315, 317 Great Bear Lake, McVicar Arm (NWT)...... 315 Great Bear Lake, Port Radium (NWT)...... 314, 315 Great Bear Lake, Richardson Island (NWT)...... 315 Great Slave Lake (NWT)...... 315, 317, 320, 322 Great Slave Lake, East Arm (NWT) 315, 320 Great Slave Lake, Pethei Peninsula (NWT)...... 320 Great Slave Lake, Taltheilei Narrows (NWT) 320, 322 Grizzly Bear Mountains (NWT)...... 315 Hay Camp (WBNP)...... 314 Hill Island Lake...... (NWT)...... 312, 318 Holgar Lake (SK)...... 316 Indin Lake (NWT)...... 320 Kootenay National Park (BC)...... 3, 14 Lac la Martre, (NWT)...... 320 Lake Athabasca (AB and SK)...... 316 Lake Claire & Sweetgrass (WBNP)...... 314 Lake Linnet (WLNP)...... 368 La Ronge (SK)...... 316 La Ronge Air (La Ronge, SK, and Yellowknife, NWT)....314, 316, 317, 320 Loon Air (NWT)...... 314 Lupine (gold mine, NWT)...... 315 Mackenzie River (NWT)...... 313, 315, 316 Mackenzie River Ferry (NWT)...... 314, 315, 317 MacFarlane River (SK)...... 316 399

Methleka Lake (NWT)...... Morin Lake and River (SK)..... Peace River & Landing (WBNP)... 31 4 Pilot Lake (NWT)...... Prince Albert (SK)...... 316 Saskatoon (SK)...... 316 Scented Grass Hills (near Great Bear Lake, NWT) . . 315 Slave Lake (town and Lake) (AB) . 317 Snowdrift (native community on the East Arm Great Slave Lake, NWT ...... Taltson River (NWT)...... 317 Uranium City (SK)...... 318 Waterton Lake (WLNP, GNP)....31 , 32, 77, 80 , 93, 335, 337, 354 Waterton Townsite (WLNP)...31, 32, 77 , 93, 103, 335, 337, 354, 356, 357, 369 WBNP (NWT and AB)...... 298 , 310, 313, 314, 315, 317 WLNP (AB)...... 14, 15, 32 , 93, 349, 368, 378 Yellowknife (NWT)...... 313 -317, 320, 322

FIRING, GRIEVANCES. HEARINGS. APPEALS. LITIGATION. & REINSTATEMENT ISSUES academic training...... 4 3 ^ 49 administrative and judicial appeals...ii, 162, 164, 174, 190, 195, 198, 200-202, 208, 210, 213, 216, 222, 224-226, 228, 230-232, 239-249, 251, 252, 255-257, 259, 263, 264, 269, 280, 284, 289, 298 American Federation of Government Employees (AFGE)...iii, 167, 168, 170, 173, 174, 189, 190, 198, 200, 223, 226, 231, 234-236, 238-242, 244, 246-248, 250-255, 259, 261-269, 278, 280, 281, 284, 285, 287-289, 375 AFGE Legal Defense Fund...... 240 Appeals Review Board (Civil Service Commission) 225, 226, 230, 231, 257 backpay...... 269, 270, 280, 284 basement cabin (West Glacier)...... 210, 219, 221 Board of Labor Appeals 222, 224 Bureau of Standards and Evaluations. (USDI)...... 149 cabin tent (West Glacier)...... 219, 221 Chief Judge (10th Circuit Court of Appeals).242, 249, 255^ 256 Civil Service Commission (CSC)...... 99, 162, 172, 213, 216, 222-228; 230-233, 241, 242, 251, 255-257, 259 Code of Ethics...... 288 Conservation Foundation...... '...56 East District Naturalist...... 2, 38, 149, 226 East District Ranger...... 17 149 153 ecologist...iii, 55, 58, 64, 67, 115, 117, 129, 142 / 153 / 208, 243, 265 ecosystem 12, 43, 55, 57, 58, 64, 69-71, 80, 104, 106, 116, 129, 134,139, 142, 147, 148, 157, 209, 254, 300, 307, 324, 326, 329, 378 Environmental Assessment (EA)’...... 125, 126, 142, 143, 208 400

Environmental Impact Specialist...... 170, 204, 213, 223, 225, 226 Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) ... 122-125, 143, 164, 171, 172, 184, 196, 204, 208, 209, 217 Environmental Management Coordinating Committee...... 122-124 Environmental Policy Act of 1969...... 196, 204 Field and Stream Magazine...... 162, 170, 194, 197, 375 Glacier Defense Fund...... iii, 168, 169, 171, 173, 174, 177, 184, 185, 191, 200, 232, 233, 375 grievance 132, 147, 149, 162, 164, 166, 167, 170, 172-175, 178, 179, 181-185, 190, 198-203, 205-208, 210, 216, 223, 227, 242, 288 grooming standards (GNP)...... 150, 151 Hungry Horse News...... 4, 73, 78, 81, 102, 104, 110, 115, 125-128, 149, 150, 172, 192, 247, 272, 277 Ladder of Success...... 50, 98, 153-156 Leopold Report 12, 31, 78 Master's Degree 40, 43, 61, 104, 149, 378 Management Ecologist...... 58, 64, 67 Missoulian (newspaper)..... 74, 78, 94, 104, 129-132, 134-139, 172-174, 181, 183, 190, 192, 193, 208, 209, 216, 217, 225-228, 230, 257, 258, 276, 277, 363, 375 Merit System Protection Board (MSPB)...... 259, 261-264 National Academy of Sciences (NAS) Committee and Report...... 12, 31, 78 National Federation of Federal Employees (NFFE)...... 162-167, 174, 200, 288 negotiated final settlement...... 261-264, 269, 270, 280 tentative grievance settlement...... 178, 179, 181-183, 206 position abolishment..iii, 2, 7, 148, 149, 158, 159, 174, 180, 182, 204, 205, 225, 241, 245, 263, 265 Professional Rangers Organization (PRO)....iii, 94, 99, 100, 107, 108, 177, 184, 185, 200, 375 reinstatement.147, 178, 189, 192, 206, 207, 224-226, 228, 232, 241, 242, 246, 248, 249, 262-266, 269, 271, 274, 276, 277 Resources Management Plan....12, 64, 69, 70, 81, 107, 147-149, 158, 204, 205, 378 Resources Management Specialist.... 61, 65, 107, 149, 153, 158, 159, 163, 170, 226, 228, 241, 298 U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals..iii, 239-244, 248-252, 254-258, 263, 269, 274, 280, 289 wilderness ranger position, GNP...... 150

MANAGEMENT ISSUES aluminum plant...... 74, 84, 87 bulldozer...... 37, 39, 50, 70, 72, 83, 115 DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane) 78, 377 Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)...... 133, 143 fluoride...... 84, 87, 107, 133, 377 garbage dumps...... 4, 6, 7, 17, 19, 38, 41 Granite Park Chalet trash dump...... 17, 19, 38, 41 401

helicopters...... 40, 77, 80, 8 8 , 94, 125, 143, 314, 328, 365 herbicides...... 7 7 , 78, 140, 1 4 1 , 1 6 9 incinerator at GNP...... ice ablation stake...... 7 iq ]_2 International Boundary & Commission...... 7 7 , 103, 331, 366 Logan Pass Boardwalk...... 118, 122-146, 169^ 192^ 377 Logan Pass fecal fountains 110 114 Logan Pass Hidden Lake Trail...93, 118, 122, 124-26," " 128 / 130 134, 136, 142, 337, 369 Logan Pass septic tank...... 109-112, 114, 115 Logan Pass sewage spray field. 109, 110, 112, 114-116^ 169,' 208 Logan Pass, sewage tank trucks...... 115, 129, 136 Logan Pass sod stripping...... 116-121, 129 Logan Pass, use of sweeping compound...... 138, 145 Logan Pass Visitor Center..7, 17, 109, 110, 114, 115," ' 117-120 130, 131 Lower McDonald Creek sewage spray field...... 208, 209 Lower McDonald Creek open pit sewage dump...113, 116 129' 133 Master Plan...... 9 3 , 1 3 3 f 1 3 4 [ 208 Mission 6 6 ...... iii, 1 , 7 , 15, 18, 27, 30, 31, 58, 70, 73 Mount Cleveland search...... 30 82

mystique...... 5 8 3 2 9 natural resource management 7, 12, 43, 46, 58, 61, 64,' 65 69-71, 94, 106, 107, 147, 149, 153, 159, 169, 174, 180, 182, 205, 226, 227, 234, 245, 266, 269, 298, 307 natural resource mismanagement... 105, 109, 135 138 143 209 217, 377 natural resource preservation 78, 129, 156, 160, 194, 200, 328 natural resource protection... 69, 99, 104, 127, 128 133 147 148, 177, 228, 321 old-growth forest...... 300, 301, 303, 304 park visitor protection...... 4 3 ^ 9 9 ^ 194 patagial (wing marker on eagles)...310, 312, 313, 315' 324-326 pentachlorophenol (penta)...... 125 138-146 777 plant nutrients...... no, 113," " il4 , ' 147, 157 , 209 pollution..74, 83, 84, 105, 107, 109, 110, 115, 147, 148 157 158, 172, 173, 209, 332, 377 snowmobiling...... 78, 80, 104, 148, 328, 363, 365, 378 Sperry Chalet septic tank...... St. Mary septic tank and pit...... *!!!! 109 St. Mary sewage spray field...... 157 158 State of the Parks Report...... 265^ 266 trail cat (trail maintenance)...... 33 35 trail crew 30, 58, 123, 125-127, 12 9-132135137 ," 138, 153, 169, 192, 198, 230, 333, 337, 342, 364, 365, 376 VIP (Volunteers in the Parks Program) 105, 106 114 1 1 7 298, 315, 367 ' ' water skiing...... 74 West Glacier dump & dumpsters...... 4 5 7 wilderness hearings...... 01 ' jq winter fun (Briggle's winter management objective)...... 104

MISCELLANEOUS Apgar and Fish Creek Amphitheaters...... 2 Apgar Horse Loops 73, 293, 358, 369 Apgar Village 15, 18, 22, 27, 28, 104, 115, 209, 293, 294, 295, 358 Apgar Visitor Center...... 2 aurora borealis...... 30 Beaver aircraft 314-317, 320 Big Mountain Ski Area...... 13, 26, 106 Blackfoot Reservation...... 31, 65 Camas Entrance 3, 5, 37, 39, 290, 292 Camas Road...... 21, 28, 37, 104, 290, 292, 293, 295, 354, 358 Cardston, AB 30, 149, 313, 346 Cessna aircraft...... 38, 77, 314-318, 320, 322 Chief Mountain Customs..14, 31, 32, 77, 81, 88, 331, 335, 337, 349, 358, 359, 363, 364, 367-369 Colorado State University (CSU)...43, 48-50, 57, 71, 104, 149, 159, 180 Coram Experimental Forest...... 255 Crippled Children's Association...... 8 Denver CO 14, 48, 58, 61, 77, 93, 148, 162, 172, 178, 183, 194, 206, 217, 223, 225, 231, 265, 315, 363, 366 ecology..48, 107, 116, 125, 130, 139, 141, 149, 169, 181, 196, 209, 300, 306, 308, 310, 313, 323, 324, 329, 375, 377 flood...... 1, 2, 3, 15, 124,, 209 , 333 , 334 , 350 Fort Collins...... 43, 48, 57, 59, 60, 67,, 69- 71, 74, 77 , 110 Goathaunt..... 31, 32, 77, 80, 89, 93, 103,, 335 , 337 , 354 , 369 Going-to-the Sun (GTS) Road...... 1, 11,, 21- 18 23, 27, 31 , 40, 73, 77, 93, 94, 102, 104, 118, 133, 134, 335, 353, 358, 361 Headquarters (GNP)...... 1, 2, 13-15, 18, 21, 22, 41, 42 , 70, 115, 124, 137, 198, 290, 293, 296, 299, 333, 345, 350, 358 Hidden Valley Ski Area (RMNP)...... 58 hypothermia 364, 365, 370 ice skating 103, 338 Kelly Camp...... 28 Lake Tahoe (CA)...... 158 leg braces (Terence)...... 8 lightning...... 3, 5, 32, 35-38, 83, 359, 360 Loop Trail...... 40, 88, 335, 367 Many Glacier.... 2, 32, 35, 42, 78, 88, 93, 104, 148, 172, 335, 364, 365, 370 Missoula 129, 136, 137, 139, 189, 190, 209, 217, 219, 222, 233, 255, 261, 265, 290, 300, 307, 308, 323, 324, 366, 368, 377, 378 Pacific Ocean...... 14, 15 PhD 117, 178, 181, 182, 190, 222, 300, 306 Polebridge...... 4, 6, 22, 103, 104, 296, 338 Quarter Circle Bridge 12, 18, 102, 115, 309, 333, 367, 368 403 ski patrols..3, 13, 21, 22, 24, 73, 78, 81, 103, 106, 330-333, 338, 345-348, 352, 353, 354-358, 365, 367, 368, 371 Snake River (WA)...... 308 366 Snake River Birds of Prey Area (ID)...... ' 367 St. Mary Area 2, 14, 17, 29-32, 38, 48, 84 , '104 ," 109' ’149, 157, 346 St. Mary Housing 2, 29, 30, 109, 149, 157 St. Mary Visitor Center 15^ 27 37 208 Steamboat Springs Ski Area (CO)...... [ . . 58 stone knives (Indian artifacts)...... ' ^ 368 ' 374 telemetry...... 33' ^74 Tucker Sno-Cat...... ’ ’ ' 2 i 22 Two Medicine Area...... 3, 4, 15, 31,” 78,” 83," 172," ’ 333, ' 334 University of Idaho...... 260 261 University of Montana (UM)...... iii, 105, 130, 136,'181,'182 190, 222, 228, 239, 262, 280, 282, 284, 296, 300, 306, 308,' 310, 323, 324, 353, 366-369, 375, 378 UM School of Forestry...190, 228, 282, 300, 306, 308, 323, 375 Walton ...... 331/ 338? 342, 350, 363, 376 West Glacier 1-4, 6-8, 13, 15, 18, 28-30, 48, 70, 74, 104 115, 117, 125, 137, 189, 198, 209, 210, 213, 219, 241, 276,' 290, 298, 316, 330, 337, 338, 345, 346, 353, 354, 363, 365, 3 67 Yellowstone Field Research Expedition (YFRE)...... 57, 73, 80 Addendum 1, Part 2. Time Line for Riley McClelland’s Grievance, Appeals, and Litigation with the NPS This Addendum is an abbreviated version of Chapter 12, and is not included in the Index. R = Riley McClelland; P = Pat McClelland; GNP = Glacier National Park; CSU = Colorado State University; UM = University of Montana; AFGE = American Federation of Government Employees;

1965, 23 May R entered on duty at GNP as Supervisory Park Naturalist (GS-9, $7,710 per annum).

1967, 8 May Phone call from Lyle McDowell. NPS Chief, Branch of Resources Management to R, asked if R would be interested in applying for a training program that involved a year at CSU to earn a Master’s Degree. The purpose would be to prepare the individual for a new type of “Wildland Resources Management” position in one of the large national parks. McDowell stated: “After completion of the M.S. program and assignment to a large national park, the incumbent would provide continuity to resources management over the long term. The incumbent probably would not transfer again during his career.” R responded enthusiastically that he was interested in applying.

1967, 15 Jun Memo from NPS Assistant Director Montgomery announced selection of R and Robert Barbee (from Big Bend National Park) for NPS training, M.S. Degree program at CSU, Ft. Collins, CO.

1967, 25 Jul R admitted to Graduate School, CSU, M.S. degree program, professional paper option, coordinated by Dr. Wilcox, Head, Department of Recreation and Watershed Resources.

1967, Oct R began research for professional paper focusing on the ecosystem concept.

1968, Jun R completed professional paper entitled: “The Ecosystem: a unifying concept for the management of natural areas in the National Park System,” later published in the Rocky Mountain High Plains Parks and Recreation Journal (1968. Vol. 3, No. 2).

1968, 25 Jul Letter from Superintendent Neilson informed R that he would be returning to GNP as a Staff Park Ranger (Resource Management)(GS-l 1, salary $10,203 per annum).

1968, 23 Aug R graduated with M.S. from CSU.

1968, 9 Sep R and family moved back to GNP. 2

1968, 10 Sep R back in GNP on duty as Staff Park Ranger (Resources Management).

1969, 12 Jul GNP Supt. Keith Neilson transferred to Great Smoky Mountains National Park, as Supt.

1969, 13 Jul William J. Briggle appointed GNP Supt.

1969, Aug Logan Pass “Fecal Fountains” spraying untreated sewage daily on meadow near Logan Pass Visitor Center, overflow into Reynolds Creek, then St. Mary Lake.

1970, Aug Olympic National Park Ranger Jack fJughes established the Professional Rangers Organization (PRO).

1970, Oct Following orders from Supt. Briggle, Chief Ranger Hart instructed R to terminate involvement in any re-seeding experiments near the Logan Pass Visitor Center, or elsewhere. Briggle considered such work inappropriate for the Resources Management Ranger position.

1970, 7 Nov Supt. Briggle’s press release announced a “Winter Fun” program for GNP.

1970, 13 Dec Leonard Volz appointed NPS Midwest Regional Director.

1971, 12 Feb Following orders from Supt. Briggle, Chief Ranger Hart instructed R to end his involvement in Bald Eagle monitoring. Any work on eagles was to be done by Martinka and volunteers.

1971, 16 Aug Supt. Briggle terminated R’s involvement in Logan Pass Boardwalk decisions.

1971, 17 Aug R completed GNP’s first Resource Management Plan and submitted it to C hief Ranger Hart.

1971, 18 Aug Supt. Briggle and Director Hartzog announced a Wilderness proposal for GNP, including an aerial tram from Many Glacier to Grirmell Glacier, and three new backcountry chalets.

1971,20 Aug Supt. Briggle informed R that his Resource Management Ranger position is abolished as of 19 September and that he is reassigned to the East District Naturalist position.

1971, 6 Oct Release of GNP Evaluation Report by NPS Director of Standards and Evaluation Frank Harrison and his associate Earl Hassebrock. Research Biologist Martinka given sole credit for the GNP Resource Management Plan (he made no contribution to the Plan). 3

1972, 25 Feb R received lateral transfer offer from Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area (Interpretive Specialist position); R wrote declination memo to Bighorn Supt. Sullivan.

1972, 28 Feb Midwest Region Personnel Officer Pratt informed R that the transfer to Bighorn is an order, not an offer.

1972, 7 Mar Midwest Regional Director Volz informed R that his declination of transfer to Bighorn is accepted, but replaced with an order to transfer to the Midwest Regional Office as Environmental Impact Specialist.

1972, 8 Mar R requested NFFE for advice and assistance.

1972, 14 Mar Acting Regional Director Contor informed R by phone that if he refuses the order to transfer to Omaha, the NPS will seek a “clean separation” (firing) at an early date.

1972, 20 Mar Memo from NFFE President Richard Reiss, Local 456, to Supt. Briggle, in part: “NFFE Local 456 and NFFE National Representatives agree that Mr. McClelland’s grievance cannot be supported.” Reiss talked only to Briggle, not to R; copies of Reiss’s memo were sent to all GNP employees except R. R received a copy only when a friend “leaked” it to him. NFFE defended management, not labor - great Union!

1972, 23 Mar Letter from R to the President of Local 456, in part: “You did not have the courtesy to inform me of the position your Union was taking. Other employees asked me what I thought about the memo before I even knew of its existence. The content of your memo and the fact that general distribution of copies was made expose the coercive, prejudicial, and unethical nature of NFFE's response. Whether action is the result of intimidation by management only you and your Board of Directors can answer. If nothing else, perhaps each employee will do some soul-searching regarding the value of NFFE and the apparent hopelessness of NFFE playing any useful role in the resolution of serious management-employee disputes.”

1972, 24 Mar R phoned AFGE, requesting assistance with grievance preparation. Regional Representative Bob Nogler (Portland, OR) immediately offered assistance.

1972, 30 Mar Olympic National Park Ranger Jack Hughes established the Glacier Defense Fund.

1972, 1 Apr R submitted Informal Grievance, asking for the transfer order to be rescinded. 4

1972, 1 Apr R wrote to Senators Mike Mansfield and Lee Metcalf, and Representative John Melcher, asking for assistance in the case.

1972, 2 Apr Memo from Regional Director Volz to R informing him that on this date he is reassigned from GNP East District Naturalist to Environmental Impact Specialist, supervised by Midwest Regional Office Environmental Specialist Edward Menning. R allowed to remain in GNP until June, then must move to Omaha.

1972, R in Omaha, as instructed, for discussions with Regional Director 5-6 Apr Volz, Assistant Regional Director Giles, and Environmental Specialist Menning.

1972, 12 Apr Regional Director Volz rejected R’s Informal Grievance.

1972, 15 Apr Attorney Donald Marble offered assistance to R.

1972, 23 Apr Missoulian newspaper article entitled: “Politics supplants regulations in NPS” (narrative regarding R’s case), by Dale Burk.

1972, 25 Apr Missoulian newspaper article entitled: “Glacier Park needs probing,” by Dr. James I labeck, Plant Ecologist, UM.

1972, 25 Apr R submitted Formal Grievance to NPS Director Hartzog, again asking that the transfer order be rescinded.

1972, 26 Apr Missoulian editorial entitled: “Smooth exterior conceals the rot” (regarding R’s case and overall personnel management practices in GNP), by Dale Burk.

1972, May “Glacier’s Logan Pass: A Case of Mismanagement,” by Dr. James Habeck, appeared in Nationalthe Parks and Conservation Magazine.

1972, 15 May Letter from Senator Mansfield to R , stating in part: “I have received your letter of May 9 and enclosed materials. 1 will look them over very carefully and will do my best to see that all of the views expressed are given consideration by the appropriate official.” MM

1972, 16 May As instructed by the Regional Office, R and P (P came on our decision and expense) met in Denver, CO, with Lemuel Garrison (NPS Training Center Supervisor, Grand Canyon) and Assistant Director Lawrence Zollar, to discuss the Grievance. After discussion, Messrs. Garrison and Zollar said that their recommendation to Director Hartzog would be to rescind the transfer order and reinstate R in GNP. 5

1972, 24 May As instructed by Mr. Zollar, R met with NPS Director George Hartzog, at Ozark National Riverway, MO, to discuss resolution of the Grievance. Results were ambiguous.

1972, 6 Jun As instructed by NPS, R met with the NPS Science Advisory Committee (Linn, Sudia, Cheek, and Reed), in Santa Fe, NM. Again, results were ambiguous.

1972, 7 Jun R granted admission to Graduate School, UM.

1972, 12Jun NPS Assistant Director Zollar confirms, by telephone, that R’s transfer to Midwest Regional Office has been rescinded and that he will be reinstated in GNP.

1972, 16Jun Director Hartzog issues a memo stating that R had rejected all attempts to negotiate a Grievance settlement and that a Grievance hearing will be scheduled.

1972, Jul “Why are we ruining our national parks,” by Michael Frome, appeared in Changing Times,The Kiplinger Magazine 26(7):24-27. Article referred to R’s case.

1972, 31 Jul Letter from Michael FromeField and Stream Conservation Lditor to R, advising R to let others (e.g., AFGE) speak for him.

1972, Aug “For the Good of the Service” article, by Michael Frome, appeared in Field and Stream [77(4): 38, 40, 42] magazine. It included R's case.

1972, 3 Aug Letter from George Alderson, Friends of the Earth Legislative Director to R, offering help in the case.

1972, 13 Aug R met with Jerry Verkler (Staff Director, Senate Interior Committee) at our home in Park Headquarters.

1972, Grievance hearing conducted at GNP by Administrative Law Judge 14-15 Aug Snashall; R represented by AFGE Rep. Bob Nogler and Attorney Don Marble. NPS represented by Solicitor Richard Robbins.

1972, 18 Sep R appointed Research Assistant, UM.

1972,31 Dec NPS Director George Hartzog resigned.

1973, 7 Jan Ronald Walker appointed NPS Director.

1973,22 Jan Formal Grievance Law Judge Snashall ruled that R must transfer, but than Supt. Briggle’s management practices should be investigated.

1973,26 Jan AFGE elected by GNP employees to replace NFFE. 6

1973, 30 Jan NPS Director Walker denied R’s Appeal of Grievance Decision.

197 3 ,2 Feb NFS Midwest Regional Director Volz ordered R to physically transfer to the Midwest Regional Office, Omaha NB, no later than 2 March 1973.

1973,5 Feb Attorney, Don Marble filed Appeal to Assistant Secretary of Interior Richard Hite regarding NPS Director Walker’s decision denying the Grievance Appeal.

1973, In accord with recommendation from Law Judge Snashall, NPS 8 -1 0 Feb Associate Director Mangers and Associate Deputy Director Rumberg visited GNP to investigate the management practices and procedure of Supt. Briggle (the Mangers/Rumberg Report).

1973, 12 Feb Attorney Don Marble filed Amended and Expanded Appeal to Assistant Secretary of Interior Hite.

1973,23 Feb R’s order to physically transfer to the Midwest Regional Office deferred by Regional Director Volz pending decision by Department of Interior.

1973, 17 May Supt. Briggle received Department of Interior Meritorious Service Award.

1973,21 May R’s Appeal to Department of Interior denied by John McKune, Director, Organization and Personnel Management.

1973,24 May Regional Director Volz telegrammed R that he must report for duty at the Midwest Regional Office on 11 June 1973, and if he does not, he will be placed on non-pay status and separation (firing) procedure will be initiated.

1 9 7 3 ,4 Jun Memo from Supt. Briggle to R ordered him to be out of government quarters no later than 14 June 1973.

197 3 ,6 Jun Memo from R to Regional Director Volz informed Volz that R will not transfer to Omaha; R offered the following alternatives: 1) Continue to function in a GS-11 position in GNP, 2) Accept demotion to a GS-9 ranger position currently vacant in GNP, 3) Accept demotion to a GS-7 ranger position currently vacant in GNP. 7

1973, 7 Jun Attorney Don Marble wrote to Supt. Briggle informing him that he (Marble) has advised R not to vacate quarters or to “clean out” office,” as ordered. Marble stated: “If you intend to proceed with the eviction, suspension of pay, and removal of office privileges, before completion of an Adverse Action proceeding, so advise me so that we can institute court proceedings.”

1973, 7 Jun Letter from Jerry Verkler (Staff Director, Senate Interior and Insular Affairs Committee): “I am sorry that things could not have worked out more to your satisfaction. It is my hope, however, that the atmosphere in Glacier Park will improve for the benefit of the workers as well as the visitors. I think your efforts toward this end will be a major contribution.”

1973, 15 Jun R Received “Notice of Proposed Removal” from Acting Regional Director Dave Beal.

1973, 1 9 Jun Missoulian Comment article entitled: “He [R] deserves support,” by Dr. James Habeck, UM.

1973,29 Jun Federal District Court Judge Russell Smith, in Missoula, denied R’s request that the NPS place him in pay status while further appeals are pursued.

1973,20 Jul Memo from Regional Director Volz stated that R will be removed (fired) on 27 July 1973.

1973, 4 Aug R and family moved from GNP quarters to one room cabin outside the Park.

1973, 10 Sep R and family moved to Missoula, MT, where R will begin PhD program at UM.

1973, 17 Sep R signed agreement with Attorney Don Marble agreeing to his representation in Civil Service Commission (CSC) Appeal.

1973, 18 Sep R appointed Teaching Assistant, UM.

1973, 2 Oct After a hearing on 27 September, in Missoula, the Montana Department of Labor and Industry awarded R unemployment compensation beginning 8 September 1973, denying compensation for the previous five weeks. Decision will be appealed.

1973, 9 Nov CSC Appeals Examiner Elbert Floyd announced that hearing on R’s Appeal will be held on 19 December 1973, in Helena, MT.

1973, 1 Dec R received a post card: “Dear Riley - Sue the Bastards. Ed Abbey.” 8

1973, 17 Dec CSC Hearing postponed because of Midwest Regional Director Volz’s heart attack.

1974,16 Feb GNP Supt. Briggle transferred to Supt. of Lake Mead National Recreation Area.

1974,17 Feb Phillip Iversen became GNP Supt.

1974, 12 Mar Montana Department of Labor and Industry, Board of Labor Appeals, reversed Dept.’s decision of 2 October and granted R backpay compensation for the five weeks previously denied.

1974, 25 Mar R appointed Instructor, School of Forestry, UM ($733 per month).

1974, 11 Apr CSC Appeals Examiner Elbert Floyd scheduled Appeal hearing for 14 May in Helena.

1974, 17 Apr NPS authorized $7,400 severance pay to R.

1974, CSC Appeals Hearing held in Helena; Regional Director Volz still ill 14—15 May and did not attend.

1974, 29 Jul CSC Appeals Examiner Elbert Floyd found in favor of R, ordered that R be reinstated retroactively to 28 July 1973; Examiner Floyd stated that he had no authority to subpoena the Mangers/Rumberg Report evaluating Supt. Briggle’s management practices.

1974, 7 Aug Solicitor Robbins informed CSC Examiner Floyd that his decision has been appealed to the CSC Appeals Review Board, cancelling reinstatement until the Board’s decision.

1974, 14 Aug Attorney Donald Marble filed a Motion with the CSC Appeals Review Board asking the Board to order the NPS to provide him with a copy of the Mangers/Rumberg report.

1974, 23 Aug Missoulian article “Abuse of Power was a Way of Life in Glacier,” by Dale Burke.

1974, 24 Aug Missoulian article “McClelland Had Little Help in Park Fight,” by Dale Burke.

1974, 24 Sep Attorney Don Marble wrote to the Solicitor, Department of Interior, again requesting a copy of the Mangers/Rumberg Report. 9

1974, 24 Sep Letter from Solicitor Robbins to CSC Appeals Review Board stated that the NPS Director has refused to provide the Mangers/Rumberg Report on the grounds that it is excluded from the requirements of the Freedom of Information Act.

1974, 25 Sep Letter from CSC Appeals Review Board to Attorney Don Marble, stated that the Board has no basis for requiring the NPS to provide the Mangers/Rumberg Report. However, “It is within the agency’s discretion to make this material [Report] available to you at the present time.”

1974, 8 Oct Letter from Edward Passman, AFGE Director, Labor Management Department, to CSC Board of Appeals, provided further support on R’s response to the NPS Appeal to the Board: “ ... we respectfully request that the decision of the Appeals Officer be sustained and the agency be directed to reinstate Mr. McClelland retroactively to the effective date of the letter of removal.”

1974, 25 Nov CSC Appeals Review Board reversed Appeals Examiner Floyd’s decision on a 2 to 1 vote. R remained fired.

1974. 6 Dec Letter from AFGE Representative Bob Nogler to Teddy Merrill, AFGE Deputy Director, Labor/Management Relations Department, stated: “I respectfully request AFGE to proceed with the case to the Commissioners and/or other actions necessary to obtain a reversal of the decision [by the CSC Appeals Review Board] since the principles involved are basic to preservation of the merit system.”

1975, 3 Jan NPS Director Ron Walker resigned.

1975, 13 Jan Gary Everhardt appointed NPS Director.

1975, 30 Jan Letter from GNP AFGE Chief Steward to AFGE National Vice President requested assistance from the AFGE Legal Rights Fund in the further pursuit of R’s appeals.

1975, 30 Jan Letter from R to Attorney Don Marble authorized Don Marble to enter into an agreement with AFGE in which AFGE’s General Counsel would act as co-counsel in R’s further appeals.

1975,31 Jan Letter from Attorney Don Marble to AFGE Director, Labor Management Department, Edward Passman, read in part: “I am looking forward to our working together to overturn the unjust decision of the [CSC] Appeals Review Board.”

1975,1 Feb NPS Midwest Regional Director Volz retired. 10

1 9 7 5 ,2 Feb David Beal appointed NPS Midwest Regional Director.

1 9 7 5 ,5 Feb Letter from Attorney Don Marble to AFGE General Counsel Lou Pellerzi informed him that R has signed a 1/3 contingent agreement with Marble. If successful in appealing to the CSC Board of Appeals to reverse decision, AFGE Legal Rights Fund would receive 1/3 of attorney fee. If successful in a court action. Legal Rights Fund would receive V i of the attorney fee. AFGE will return their share to R.

1 9 7 5 ,5 Feb GNP, Supt. Iversen, reestablished the Resources Management Ranger position (same position that Supt. Briggle abolished in 1971 to get rid of R). Position tilled by Clyde Fauley, who had no academic training in resources management.

1975, 18 Feb Letter from AFGE General Counsel Lou Pellerzi to AFGE Director, Labor Management Department, Edward Passman, stated, in part: “I have carefully reviewed the entire file and in my opinion this is a precedent-setting case which warrants assistance from the Legal Rights Fund.”

1975, 20 Feb Note from Eld Abbey: “Good luck. Fight the Bastards. No acknowledgment desired, but please keep me informed of developments.”

1975, 11 Mar Letter from AFGE General Counsel Lou Pellerzi to Attorney Don Marble. AFGE decided that it would not be fruitful to ask CSC Board of Appeals to reopen the case— better to go directly to Federal District Court. Marble agreed.

1 9 7 5 ,4 Sep Letter from AFGE Assistant General Counsel Raymond Malloy (now preparing an appeal to Federal District Court) to R stated that he will be charged 10% of any backpay recovered in the event of a successful appeal.

1975, 5 Nov Letter from Michael Frome to R confirmed that NPS Director Everhardt will promote William Briggle to Deputy Director.

1975,20 Nov Letter from AFGE Assistant General Counsel Ray Malloy to R, forwarded a copy of the complaint B. Riley McClelland v. Thomas S. Kleppe [Secretary of the Interior], et al., filed in U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia.

1975, 12 Dec Letter from Attorney Don Marble to AFGE Assistant General Counsel Ray Malloy: “I am quite pleased with the complaint.” 11

1976,Jan Article: “NPS ‘hatchet man’ to be rewarded?The In Government Standard, p. 9 (regarding Briggle’s rumored promotion to Deputy Director).

1976, 2 Apr Department of Interior news release announced the appointment of William Briggle as NPS Deputy Director.

1976, 12 Apr Letter from AFGE Assistant General Counsel Ray Malloy to R included of a copy of “Pleading” and “Motion for Summary Judgement” prepared by Malloy and submitted to District Court.

1976, 13 May Federal District Court Judge John Pratt’s decision awarded Summary Judgement to the Government, and denied all of our motions and pleadings.

1976, 1 6 Jun Letter from AFGE Counsel Ray Malloy to R informed him that AFGE has decided to appeal the District Court decision to the 10th Circuit Court of Appeals.

1976, 17 Dec Letter from AFGE Counsel Ray Malloy to R explained his delay in preparing Circuit Court Appeal due to serious injury and illness.

1977, 27 May NPS Director Gary Everhardt resigned.

1977,12Jun R Graduated from the UM with PhD in Forestry (Wildlife Biology emphasis).

1977, 24 Jun Letter from Attorney Don Marble to Representative Max Baucus urged Baucus to ask Secretary of Interior Andrus to review the record and reinstate the CSC Examiner’s favorable decision.

1977, 5 Jul William Whalen appointed NPS Director.

1977,21 Jul 10th Circuit Court issued final extension of time for AFGE Counsel Malloy to file his brief (deadline 1 August 1977).

1977,27 Jul Letter from Representative Max Baucus to Attorney Don Marble informed Marble: “ — at your request, I have written to Secretary Andrus asking that the Department reconsider its opposition to Riley McClelland’s appeal.”

1977, 17 Aug Letter from Conservation Writer Michael Frome to Representative Max Baucus supported Attorney Marble’s request to urge Secretary Andrus to review the case.

1977, 24 Aug 10th Circuit Court dismissed R’s Appeal for failure of Counselor Malloy to file his brief. 12

1977, 26 Aug Letter from Attorney Don Marble to Representative Max Baucus informed him that the review of R’s case by Interior has been drafted and it is adverse.

1977, 12 Sep R promoted to Assistant Professor, School of Forestry, UM (salary $13,860 per annum).

1977, 25 Sep William Briggle transferred from NPS Deputy Director to Supt. Mt. Rainier National Park.

1977,5 Dec Letter from Attorney Don Marble to R: “1 am very sorry to tell you that they [Department of Interior] refused [to reverse the adverse decision of the CSC Board of Appeals]. The D.C. Circuit Appeal is the last hope now.”

1978, 12 Jan At the urging of Attorney Marble, R sent a handwritten letter to the Chief Judge, 10th Circuit Court of Appeals, requesting that the appeal dismissal be reversed and that R’s new AFGE attorney be allowed to carry on with the case.

1978, 19 Jan Letter from AFGE National Representative Bob Nogler informed R that AFGE Counsel Malloy had been fired for failing to file the brief in R’s case and that a different attorney is now handling the matter. The new attorney (unidentified) filed a motion with the 10th Circuit Court to reconsider the dismissal of our appeal.

1978, 10 Feb Letter from AFGE General Counsel Lou Peller/.i to R, stated in part: “ . . . while the failure to fully pursue the appeal [Malloy’s failure to file a brief] is inexcusable, it did not, as a practical matter, materially deprive you of any significant representation as the appeal was filed with the full awareness that it was unlikely to be successful because of the state of the law controlling the appeal.”

1978, 27 Jun 10th Circuit Court reinstated our Appeal and accepts AFGE Brief.

1978,28 Jun Letter from AFGE General Counsel Lou Pellerzi to AFGE National Vice President Mort Davis, with copy to R, stated that AFGE Assistant General Counsel James Rosa will now handle R’s case. The case now is: “B. Riley McClelland, Appellant, v. Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary of the Interior, et al„ Appellees.”

1978, 17 Sep R awarded Tenure on the faculty, School of Forestry, UM.

1979, 8 Mar Phone call from AFGE Counsel Rosa told R that Rosa believes that it is imperative that R be present in the Circuit Court D.C. for the oral arguments on the case, scheduled for 27 March; R immediately made reservations for the trip (his expense). 13

1979, 27 Mar 10,h Circuit Court hearing before a three-judge panel, in Washington D.C. R represented by AFGE Chief Counsel Rosa; Government represented by Solicitor Mary Lawton.

1979, 17 Aug 10th Circuit Court of Appeals decision: 1) judgement of the District Court is vacated, 2) case remand to the District Court with instructions to remand it to the CSC, 3) permit appellant access to the Mangers/Rumberg Report, 4) reopen the record to allow introduction of further evidence, 5) after which the CSC shall reconsider the case on the augmented record and take such further action as may be appropriate.

1979, 14 Sep Order from District Judge John Pratt remanded the case to the CSC, as instructed by the 10th Circuit Court.

1979, 2 Oct Missoulian article by Dale Burk: “A Good Man Wins a Round.”

1980, 29 Feb Letter from Merit System Protection Board (MSPB)(the Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 replaced the CSC with the MSPB) to AFGE Counsel Rosa, stated that the Department of Interior has asserted no claim of privilege with respect to the Mangers/Rumberg Report and sending a copy of the Report to Rosa.

1980, 10 Mar Letter from AFGE Counsel Rosa to MSPB Presiding Official Steven Chaffin requested that a hearing be scheduled for no earlier than 18 April.

1980, 10 Mar Letter from AFGE Staff Counsel Kevin Grile to R enclosing the Mangers/Rumberg Report (see Chapter 12, p. 260 for excerpts from the Report).

1980, 18 Mar Letter from MSPB Presiding Official Chaffin to AFGE Counsel Rosa announced that the hearing on R’s appeal has been rescheduled for 22 Apr 1980, in Missoula, MT.

1980, 19 Mar AFGE Counsel Rosa and Interior Department Solicitor Robbins meet in Washington D.C. to discuss possible settlement of R’s case.

1980, 18 Apr Letter from Interior Department Solicitor Robbins to MSPB Presiding Official Chaffin stated that the parties in R’s case: have reached principal agreement on settlement and that no hearing would be necessary in the matter. Specifically, the Department of Interior has agreed to reinstate Mr. McClelland and to pay back pay to date of the removal less amounts earned by Mr. McClelland during that period.” 14

1980, 24 Apr Letter from MSPB Official Chaffin to AFGE Counsel Rosa stated that if Rosa does not send settlement details by return mail the hearing will be rescheduled.

1980,28 Apr Letter from R to AFGE Counsel Rosa emphasized that reinstatement must be to GNP to make settlement agreement acceptable.

1980, 13 May NPS Director William Whalen resigned.

1980, 15 May Russell Dickenson appointed NPS Director.

1980,28 May Letter from MSPB Official Chaffin to AFGE Counsel Rosa stated that unless Chaffin receives settlement details by 7 June, the hearing will be scheduled, after which he will adjudicate the appeal.

1980, 17Jun GNP Staff Meeting Minutes report Supt. Iversen stated that there have been rumors that R would be reinstated in GNP or YNP. Iversen emphasizes that there is no position available for R in GNP.

1980, 20 Jun MSPB Official Chaffin sent Order stating that settlement documents must be provided by 3 July 1980 or the Hearing will be scheduled.

1980, R in Washington D.C. as requested by AFGE Counsel Rosa, attended 9-11 Jul negotiations on reinstatement details with NPS officials. After much stonewalling and nastiness, NPS agreed to reinstate R in GNP as a Research Biologist.

1980, 15 Jul MSPB Official Chaffin scheduled the Hearing for 12 August 1980, in Denver, CO.

1980,31 Jul Letter from AFGE Counsel Rosa to R enclosing a copy of the settlement agreement.

1980, 7 Aug R signed Settlement Agreement, which had been signed by NPS Associate Director Nancy Garrett. The Agreement began: “In accord with findings of the United States Court of Appeals lor the District ol Columbia Circuit in McClelland v. Andrus, Civ. No. 75-1969 (D.C. Cir. Aug. 17, 1979) and to rectify an unwarranted personnel action, Mr. B. Riley McClelland and the Department of Interior hereby agree to settle Mr. McClelland's case-----” The Agreement stipulated reinstating R in a full-time career research or resource management position in GNP (see Chapter 12, pp. 269-270).

1980, 13 Aug Letter from MSPB Official Chaffin to the settlement parties cancelled the Hearing. 15

1980, 26 Aug Letter from NPS Director Russell Dickenson to R began: “1 am writing to extend a personal welcome back into the ranks of the NPS.”

1980, 26 Aug GNP press release from GNP Supt. Iversen announced that McClelland is being reinstated in GNP as a Research Biologist (Wildlife), with initial responsibility involving Bald Eagle research.

1980,28 Aug Hungry Horse News front page headline: “McClelland wins job fight.”

1980, 30 Aug GNP Supt. Iversen retired.

1980, 1 Sep Personnel Action signed reinstating R in GNP as Research Biologist (W ildlife)(GS-11, $ 12,710 per six months).

1980,4 Sep Hungry Horse News column UP the North Fork, by H. Frank Evans: “Friends are deeply gratified at Riley McClelland’s final success in winning his case and getting his job back.”

1980,5 Sep Letter from R to NPS Director Dickenson, in part: “The altruistic and unique principles that are the foundation of the National Park ’Idea’ have provided a focus for my life and I am proud to have the opportunity to be a part of the Service again. My family and I thank you for your thoughtful letter.”

1980,6 Sep Note from R’s patient and always supportive former secretary, Paula Eid Dustin, in part: “Thank you, Riley, for setting such a shining example, and doing what you had to do.”

1980, 7 Sep Missouilian Editorial PageSCOREBOARD: McClelland 15, That Jerk [Briggle] 0.

1980, 8 Sep Letter from AFGE National Representative Bob Nogler (he was R’s first contact and assistance from AFGE, back in March 1972), read in part: ”1 want to wish you and your wife best of luck in your return to the National Park Service.”

1980, 15 Sep R promoted to Associate Professor, UM (salary $8,215 per six months).

1980, 27 Sep Letter from Conservation writer Michael Frome to R, in part: “Dickenson [NPS Director] mentioned his letter to you and your response, which he appreciated very much.”

1980, 17 Dec Sent check for $1,604.07 to Attorney Don Marble for agreed upon percentage payment for his legal services during the case. 16

1980,28 Dec Robert Flaraden appointed Supt. of GNP.

1981, 16 Feb Letter from R to AFGE National President Kenneth Blaylock, thanked AFGE for their support and particularly commending General Counsel Jim Rosa, Staff Counsel Kevin Grile, Representative Bob Nogler, and Vice President Mort Davis.

1981,25 Feb Letter from AFGE National President Kenneth Blaylock to R, in part: “I appreciate your taking the time to write such a letter. Unfortunately, they are few and far between.”

1981,2 Jul Letter from James Clark, NPS Chief, Division of Finance, to R, enclosed a check for $389.95 and stating in part: “This payment in addition to the $8,212.04 paid in October 1980 ... is considered full and final payment for all back pay due.”

1981, 11 Oct P and R move back into GNP housing (House #10) in headquarters area, to continue long-term research on bald eagle migration.

1982, 13 Jul R signed revised final agreement with NPS Rocky Mountain Regional Director Mintzmeyer and GNP Supt. Haraden. R will be Career Seasonal in GNP (6 months per year, with all benefits) and will continue faculty obligations at UM (2 academic quarters per year on the UM faculty (see Chapter 12, pp. 283-284).

1983, 11 Mar Letter from AFGE Staff Counsel Grile to R, in part: “Enclosed is the Comptroller General’s decision awarding you $1,533.30 in additional pay [backpay] based upon a finding that the Park Service wrongfully deducted fellowship monies from your earlier backpay award. For what its worth, this marks the first time to my knowledge that it has been held that fellowship monies are not to be included in deductions from back pay. Warmest congratulations on your latest success.”

1983, 15 Mar Letter from AFGE General Counsel Rosa to R, read in part: “Congratulations on your award of $1,533.30 from the Comptroller General. I must tell you that I personally found it a pleasure to represent you in your battles with the Park Service ... this office does take pride in securing your reinstatement and a large back pay recovery. I sincerely hope that you have been satisfied with our representation and I wish you best success in future endeavors.” 17

1984, 2 Mar Letter from AFGE Staff Counsel Grile to R, in part: “In the event that you don’t know, Jim Rosa passed away last July [he was 38 yrs old], I couldn’t say with certainty the actual cause of his death. I do know that he had cancer for the year preceding his death. I hope that things have been working out for you at Glacier. It was good to see you on the CBS Evening News several months ago.”

1984, 17 Sep R promoted to Full Professor, UM ($13,537 per six months).

1985, 3 Mar NPS Director Dickenson retired.

1986 4 Jan GNP Supt. Haraden retired.

1986, 3 Mar Supt Gilbert Lusk appointed GNP Supt.

1986, 12 May R promoted to Research Biologist (GS-13, $18,800 per six months).

1990, 30 Nov R retired from NPS.

1991, R re-employed annuitant, NPS, GNP, GS-13, writing scientific 1 Apr-30 Sep publications.

1993 William J. Briggle received the national Pugsley Medal. Honorable Cornelius Amory Pugsley Medals are the most prestigious awards that recognize outstanding contributions to the promotion and development of public parks in the United States (cited from the American Academy of Parks and Recreation Administration). Although the original award, and press releases throughout his career, credited Briggle with a B.S. in Forestry from the University of Idaho, the Registrar’s Office later confirmed: “William Briggle attended the University of Idaho from Spring 1948 through Spring 1949; no degree was earned.” At retirement, William Briggle also received the Department of Interior’s Distinguished Service Award.

1993, 1 July R retired from UM, later granted Emeritus Professor (Wildlife Biology) status by the MT Board of Regents. 1

Addendum 2. Part McClelland2. residences 1965-1993. National Park Service = NPS; Glacier National Park = GNP

Dates LOCATION & BUILDING DESCRIPTION & RENT

22 May 1965- GNP, Headquarters, at the entrance road to the"Mission 66" three-bedroom house, 1 Jun 1967 Community Center; NPS House # 66 rent = $24 per 2 weeks; $43.00 after 27 Feb 1966; $41.00 after 15 Jan 1967

2 Jun 1967- GNP, St. Mary. 1913 Ranger Station, historic ranger station/residence built in 1913, log and frame 7 Sept 1967 NPS House #150 with nice view, seclusion, bat colony in the attic; paid rent for House #66 at Headquarters in lieu of St. Mary housing = $41 per 2 weeks

8 Sep 1967- GNP, Headquarters, back to NPS House #66 $41 per 2 weeks 14 Sep 1967

15 Sep 1967- 3609 Linda Lane Ft. Collins, CO one-year lease on a brick/frame three-bedroom house on the 6 Sep 1968 outskirts of town, about four miles from the Colorado State University campus, with a half-acre horse pasture

8 Sep 1968- GNP, Headquarters NPS House #170 "Mission 66" three-bedroom, at the base of the Belton Hills 17 A pr 1971 $44.00 per 2 weeks

18 A pr 1971- GNP, Headquarters NPS House #16 historic house built in 1938, four-bedroom, two story, with 3 Aug 1973 fireplace and rock chimney extending the height of the building plus four feet $38 per 2 weeks

4 Aug 1973- 500 Sloan Lane. 0.75 miles one-room basement "cabin," 24 ft by 24 ft, we built in 1973 9 Sep 1973 west of West Glacier, MT 2

10 Sep 1973- 1612 Bel Air Place, Missoula, MT purchased four-bedroom, full basement, frame house, two 22 Jul 1992, half blocks from fairgrounds year after 1980

11 Oct 1981- GNP, Headquarters NPS House #10 historic house built in 1938, between the paint shop and the 7 Jun 1984 bank, 60 feet above the Middle Fork of the Flathead River $68.43 per 2 weeks

8 Jun 1984- GNP, Headquarters NPS House #1 historic house built in 1919, two-story, two-bedroom, in the 4 Jul 1991 early days of the Park it was assigned to the assistant superintendent $96.20 per 2 weeks

5 Jul 1991- 150 Edgar Lane, West Glacier, MT built in 1971 by Chief Park Engineer Max Edgar, 1 mile present west of town, three-bedroom frame home on the edge of bank 100 feet above Middle Fork of the Flathead River

1993,22 Jul sold the Missoula house