DOCSLIB.ORG

Stringhamite, a New Hydrous Copper Calcium Silicate from Utah

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text

Load more

American Mineralogist, Volume 61, pages 189-192, 1976 Stringhamite,a newhydrous copper calcium silicate from Utah Jnuss R. HINnunN Department of Geology and Geophysics Uniuersity of Utah, Sslt Lake City, Utah 84112 Abstract Stringhamite,CuCaSiOo.2HrO, is a new mineral speciesfound in the Bawana mine at the southern end of the Rocky Range, Beaver County, Utah. The mineral occurs as crystals and botryoidal fracture fillings in a diopside-magnetite skarn and is associatedwith thaumasite, tenorite. kinoite. and calcite. The spacegroup is P2r/c wtth ao : 5.028,b, : 16.07,co : 5.303A,and B : 102.58'.The five strongestpowder diffraction lines are: 8.05 (35), 3.928(34),3.236 (39),2.768 (100)' and 2.523(40\. Crystalsare monoclinic and are dominated by {011}and {l0l}, with {010}and {ll1} also present.The coloris azuriteblue and the mineralis transparentto translucent.Crystals are biaxial(+) witha = 1.709(lightgrey blue), 0: 1.717(light blue), andT : 1.729(dark blue); 2V.^r.: 80'; X -- b and Y A c : 2.5'. The mineralis namedin honorof BronsonF. Stringham(1907-1968), latechairman of the Departmentof Mineralogyat the Universityof Utah. Introduction more recentlydeveloped into the Bawana open pit. A more completediscussion of the geologyand miner- During examinationof specimensof diopside-mag- alogy of the areamay be found in Hintze and Whelan netite skarn collected from the Bawana mine, near (1e73). Milford, Utah, a mineral resembling azurite was Crystalsof stringhamiteusually occur with crystal- found associated with thaumasite. Further in- line thaumasiteon fracture surfacesin the diopside- vestigationof the mineral indicatedthat it was a new magnetite skarn. Small radial aggregatesof minute copper calcium silicate.Though severalof the speci- crystalsalso occur with bornite and chalcopyritedis- menscollected in 1969contained this mineral, it was seminatedin granular diopside.From examinationof not until recently that single crystals suitable for the limited number of specimensavailable, it seems spacegroup determination were located at the type that stringhamite formed by the reaction of copper locality. bearingsolutions with diopside.Other mineralsasso- The mineral is named in honor of Bronson F. ciated with stringhamiteare tenorite,kinoite, and an Stringham(1907-1968), late chairman of the Depart- undescribedsilico-carbonate of copper and calcium. ment of Mineralogy at the University of Utah. (Love- Although over twenty specimenscontaining string- ring, 1970). The speciesand name have been ap- hamite have been found, there is probably not more proved by the Commission on New Minerals and than a gram of the mineral present in the samples, Mineral Names,IMA. and only a few milligrams were recoverablefor study' Occurrence Chemistry Stringhamite is found in a diopside-magnetite The composition of stringhamiteis primarily cal- skarn formed at the contact of a quartz monzonite culated from electron microprobe analyses.Initial with Toroweap limestone(Permian) in the Bawana qualitative analysis indicated that copper, calcium, mine, 4 miles northwest of Milford, BeaverCounty, and silicon were the only major detectableelements. Utah. This deposit was originally worked as the Old Quantitativeanalysis was performed usingcrystals of Hickory mine in the early part of the century and shattuckite and dioptase as standards for copper. 189 190 JAMES R. HINDMAN Other elementswere measuredusing analyzedpyro- TnsLr I . Electron microprobe chemical analysisof stringhamite xenes,olivines, and feldsparsas standards. Water was determined on a 2 mg sample using cuo at.es1 .zz1' 33.41( .82) 34.10(-89) 34.32 thermogravimetricanalysis. A weight loss 12 per- Cao 24.64( .28) 2s.40( .58) 26.97(.80) 24.20 of r4s0 .s4(.12) .01(.04) .e4(.97) cent was measured. After heating to 900'C the final Feo .23( .04) .77( .3s) N.D. A1203 .03(.04) .0i (.13) .07(.06) decomposition product was identified by X-ray dif- si02 28.42(2.i1 26.95(5.48) 27.46(.67',) 25.93 nzoli. 14.s2 13.39 10.46 t5.55 fraction as a mixture of wollastonite and tenorite. H;o'* tz. J- | )ErrngnamrEe; ootryoroaI lncrustatton. Initial examination of 100microprobe data points 5-2 Stringhamite;crystal fragments. yielde&a s-3 ltlineralF, Crestmre Quarry,California. formula of Cu.roCa.r,SiOs.E.2.llHrO. This * Standarddeviations are given in parenthesis. formula was based H20 determinedby difference. on using the difference between *** H20 detemined by themogravimetric analysis. the sum of analyzedoxides and 100percent to obtain a value for water. Magnesium was extremely vari- beenhand picked for purity. The spectrais able, with MgO ranging from 2.3 percentin massive shown in Figure 2.The presenceof (HrO) was verified peaks material to trace amounts in crystal fragments. Con- by at 3150 2890, peaks sequently,26 of the initial set of data points having and cm-l, while the other are indicative of the lowest magnesium content were used for the cal- SiO;'. The density culation of copper, calcium, and magnesium.An in- of stringhamite was measured on 100-200 mesh grains which dependent set of 104 data points was used in the had first been concen- trated magnetically.Due determination of iron, aluminum, and silicon. The to similaritiesin both den- sity properties, resultsof the analysesare presentedin Table l. and magnetic pure samples of stringhamitecould only be obtained by hand sorting from a concentrate of approximately 20 percent Crystal geometry and X-ray diffraction stringhamite and 80 percent diopside. Repeated measurementsof densitiesof Weissenburgphotographs were taken of a crystal stringhamite-diopside suspensionsin methylene iodide indicates rotated about its a- and b-axes. Systematic extinc- that the density of stringhamitespans tionsof (0k0),k :2n t l; and (ft0l),I :2nI l;were a range of 3.16 to 3.18 gm/cms at 20'C. This measured density is appre- observedindicating a spacegroup of P2r/c. Several ciably lessthan the densityof 3.67calculated crystals were examined to find one suitable for in- from X- ray data. Becauseof this discrepancy, tensity measurements,but all of the crystalsexam- all the material used for thermogravimetric, ined were multiply twinned. Reflectionswere made infrared, and density de- up by as many as 13 closelyaligned segments. terminations was veriffed by X-ray diffraction before the determinations A powder pattern was made using a Debye-Scher- were made. The rer camerawhich had brasspins placed to cast fidu- density and measured refractive indices cial marks at 0 and 180 degrees.The pattern was were deciding factors in choosing a final formula of . indexed using cell parameters from the Weissenberg CuCaSiO* 2H2O.If the TGA value for water of l2 percent photographs, and these parameterswere refined with is used in calculating the chemical formula, a formula of CurCarSiros. a least squaresfit of 19 high angle lines. The cell 3HrO would be obtained.A parameters thus obtained for stringhaffiite : are: ao T r,stB 2. X-ray data for stringhamite* 5.028(5), bo: 16.07(2), co:5.303 (6) A, andp : 102.58' (9). The calculatedcell volume is 418.204s. The X-ray powder pattern is presented in Table 2. 4.884 2l 100 4.907 132 4.687 20 ilo 4.693 081 4.370 9 021 4.351 260 4.182 20 -Iil120 4.-188 152 Physical and optical properties 3.928 34 3.905 251 3.618 21 130 3.618 1.657 lt 162 I .656 Stringhamite is deep azurite blue in color, with 39 t3t 3.218 l.614 23 202 1.614 2.768 100 r3l 2.764 I .595 14 33r | .592 fragmentsbeing transparent 2.690 l0 to translucent.Crystals 150 2.689 '|1.551 19 281 1.549 are biaxial(+) with = : : 2.609 t9 002 2.588 .530 5 271 1.530 a 1.709,B 1.717,and 7 40 l4r 2.516 1.482 l9 332 1.482 1.729 for sodium light;2V"^r" : : '14 80o, X:b, Y A c 2.48'l 022 2.463 1.429 143 1.427 2.5'. The : a.4Jl t8 210 2.425 L 385 262 1.382 mineral is pleochroic with a light grey 2.344 'I : l8 220 2.347 . 347 291 1.347 blue, p light blue, 7 : dark blue. 2.222 16 231 2.2',t4 t.334 351 I .33i 2.O89 l5 112 2.090 '|1.310 083 1.309 The infrared spectrumwas obtained from a potas- it 211 sium bromide disccontaining stringhamite which had STRINGHAMITE, A NEW HYDROUS COPPER CALCIUM SILICATE l9l Tlnre 3. Comparisonof stringhamiteand Mineral F 8.049 35 020 8.013 32 020 4.884 2l 100 4.928 20 100 4.687 20 ll0 4.69',1 l8 ll0 4.370 9 02] 4.363 14 021 4.182 20 120 4.220 5 120 3.928 34 Tlt 3.951 3l l ll 3.6',1I 21 r30 3.611 23 130 3.236 39 T3l 3.242 s5 T3l 2.768 100 l3l 2.770 100 l3l 2.344 18 220 2.355 22 220 2.003 1I 080 1.996 16 080 : = 1.875 17 081 1.876 35 081 Frc.L Typicalhabit of a stringhamitecrystal. d (l0l); w ',l 260 = I .805 I 260 'L7I3l.8ll 12 (0ll);b = (010);0 (Tl1). 1.729 I 251 l0 251 ].614 23 202 1.602 62 202 I z8r mean refractiveindex was calculatedfor both for- 'II .551 19 281 .530 5 271 I .521 18 '143271 mulas,using specific refractive energies listed in Lar- 1.429 l4 143 1.437 20 1.347 I 291 senand Berman(1934) and Mrose(1965). Using a are densityof 3.I 8, the calculatedz's are I .701and I .685 respectively.The measured0 of 1.717for stringham- extent.This typicalhabit is shownin Figurel. Size ite is in good agreementwith the first valueof 1.701. doesnot exceed0.lmm for crystalsthus far observed.
Recommended publications
  • Charlesite, a New Mineral of the Ettringite Group, from Franklin, New Jersey

    Charlesite, a New Mineral of the Ettringite Group, from Franklin, New Jersey

    American Mineralogist, Volume 68, pages 1033-1037,1983 Charlesite, a new mineral of the ettringite group, from Franklin, New Jersey PBre J. DuxN Department of Mineral Sciences SmithsonianInstitution, Washington,D. C. 20560 DoNero R. Peecon Department of GeologicalSciences University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109 PBrnn B. LBavBNs Departmentof Geology Universityof Delaware, Newark, Delaware l97ll eNo JonN L. Beuu Franklin Mineral Museum Franklin. New Jersey 07416 Abstract Charlesite,ideally C4(AI,Si)z(SO4)2(B(OH)4)(OH,O)r2.26H2Ois a member of the ettrin- gite group from Franklin, New Jersey, and is the Al analogueof sturmanite. Chemical analysisyielded CaO27.3, Al2O3 5.1, SiO2 3.1, SO3 12.8,B2o33.2, H2O 48.6, sum : 100.1 percent.-Charlesiteis hexagonal,probable spacegroup P3lc, with a = ll.16(l), c = 21.21(2)4. The strongest lines in the X-ray powder difraction pattern (d, IlIo, hkl) are: 9.70,100, 100;5.58, 80, 110;3.855,80, ll4;2.749,70,304;2.538,70,126;2.193,70,2261 404. Charlesite occurs as simple hexagonal crystals tabular on {0001} and has a perfect {10T0}cleavage. The densityis 1.77glcm3 (obs.) and 1.79glcms (calc.). Optically, charlesite is uniaxial( -) with a : | .492(3)and e : 1.475(3).It occurswith clinohedrite,ganophyllite, xonotlite, prehnite, roeblingite and other minerals in severalparageneses at Franklin, New Jersey. Charlesite is named in honor of the late Professor Charles Palache. Introduction were approved, prior to publication, by the Commission Minerals and Mineral Names. I. M. A. The An ettringite-like mineral was first described from on New specimenwas divided into three portions.
  • Understanding Fluid–Rock Interactions and Lixiviant/Oxidant Behaviour for the In-Situ Recovery of Metals from Deep Ore Bodies

    Understanding Fluid–Rock Interactions and Lixiviant/Oxidant Behaviour for the In-Situ Recovery of Metals from Deep Ore Bodies

    School of Earth and Planetary Science Department of Applied Geology Understanding Fluid–Rock Interactions and Lixiviant/Oxidant Behaviour for the In-situ Recovery of Metals from Deep Ore Bodies Tania Marcela Hidalgo Rosero This thesis is presented for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Curtin University February 2020 1 Declaration __________________________________________________________________________ Declaration To the best of my knowledge and belief, I declare that this work of thesis contains no material published by any other person, except where due acknowledgements have been made. This thesis contains no material which has been accepted for the award of any other degree or diploma in any university. Tania Marcela Hidalgo Rosero Date: 28/01/2020 2 Abstract __________________________________________________________________________ Abstract In-situ recovery (ISR) processing has been recognised as a possible alternative to open- pit mining, especially for low-grade resources. In ISR, the fluid–rock interaction between the target ore and the lixiviant results in valuable- (and gangue-) metal dissolution. This interaction is achieved by the injection and recovery of fluid by means of strategically positioned wells. Although the application of ISR has become more common (ISR remains the preferential processing technique for uranium and has been applied in pilot programs for treating oxide zones in copper deposits), its application to hard-rock refractory and low-grade copper-sulfide deposits is still under development. This research is focused on the possible application of ISR to primary copper sulfides usually found as deep ores. Lixiviant/oxidant selection is an important aspect to consider during planning and operation in the ISR of copper-sulfide ores.
  • Minerals in Cement Chemistry: a Single-Crystal Neutron Diffraction and Raman

    Minerals in Cement Chemistry: a Single-Crystal Neutron Diffraction and Raman

    American Mineralogist, Volume 97, pages 1060–1069, 2012 Minerals in cement chemistry: A single-crystal neutron diffraction and Raman spectroscopic study of thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)·12H2O G. DIEGO GATTA,1,2,* GARRY J. MCINTYRE,3 JULIA G. SWANSON,4 AND STEVEN D. JACOBSEN4 1Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita’ degli Studi di Milano, Via Botticelli 23, I-20133 Milano, Italy 2CNR-Istituto per la Dinamica dei Processi Ambientali, Milano, Italy 3The Bragg Institute, Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, Locked Bag 2001, Kirrawee DC, New South Wales 2232, Australia 4Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, U.S.A. ABSTRACT Thaumasite, Ca3Si(OH)6(CO3)(SO4)⋅12H2O, is recognized as a secondary-alteration mineral and indicator of sulfate attack in Portland cement in contact with sulfate-rich groundwater, especially in cold regions. The hydrogen positions in thaumasite have been determined from single-crystal neutron diffraction structure refinements at 300 and 22 K. No phase transitions occur within the temperature range investigated. The structure of thaumasite is largely held together by hydrogen bonding. The major structural units [CO3 groups, SO4 tetrahedra, Si(OH)6 octahedra, and Ca(OH)4(H2O)4 polyhe- dra] are interconnected via 10 distinct hydrogen bonds. Analysis of the difference-Fourier maps of the nuclear density reveals the positions of all 10 hydrogen atoms in the structure, and the hydrogen bonding becomes shorter (stronger) upon decreasing temperature to 22 K. The SO4 tetrahedron ex- pands upon decreasing temperature (i.e., negative thermal expansion at the molecular level), driven 4+ by shortening of the hydrogen bonding between [Ca3Si(OH)6(H2O)12] columns.
  • Bentorite Ca6(Cr, Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 • 26H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1

    Bentorite Ca6(Cr, Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 • 26H2O C 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, Version 1

    Bentorite Ca6(Cr, Al)2(SO4)3(OH)12 • 26H2O c 2001-2005 Mineral Data Publishing, version 1 Crystal Data: Hexagonal. Point Group: 6/m 2/m 2/m. As stout hexagonal prisms, {1010}, {1011}, {0001}, to 0.25 mm; commonly in fibrous masses, granular aggregates, and thin films. Twinning: On {1010} as composition plane. Physical Properties: Cleavage: {1010}, perfect; {0001}, distinct. Hardness = 2 D(meas.) = 2.025 D(calc.) = 2.021 Optical Properties: Transparent. Color: Bright violet. Streak: Very pale violet. Luster: Vitreous. Optical Class: Uniaxial (+). Pleochroism: O = nearly colorless; E = pale violet. Absorption: O < E. ω = 1.478(2) = 1.484(2) Cell Data: Space Group: P 63/mmc. a = 22.35 c = 21.41 Z = 8 X-ray Powder Pattern: Hatrurim Formation, Israel. 9.656 (100), 5.592 (40), 1.942 (20), 3.60 (10), 3.23 (10), 2.772 (10), 3.89 (8) Chemistry: (1) SO3 14.99 CO2 6.70 SiO2 2.50 Al2O3 1.01 Fe2O3 0.10 Cr2O3 7.48 MgO 0.00 CaO 29.90 H2O 37.70 Total 100.38 (1) Hatrurim Formation, Israel; by AA, SO3 by gravimetric analysis, CO2 and H2O by TGA; after deduction of CaO and CO2 as calcite and CaO, SiO2, H2O as truscottite, the remainder 3+ • (about 80%) corresponds to Ca5.88(Cr1.61Al0.32Fe0.02)Σ=1.95(S1.02O4)3.00(OH)11.97 28.06H2O. Mineral Group: Ettringite group. Occurrence: In low-temperature hydrothermal veins in black calcite–spurrite marble. Association: Calcite, thaumasite, truscottite, vaterite, jennite, tobermorite, brownmillerite, mayenite, melnikovite, “chlorite”. Distribution: In a marble quarry in the Hatrurim Formation, near the Arad-Sodom road, Negev Desert, Israel.
  • Characterization & Modification of Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application As Absorber Material in Silicon Base

    Characterization & Modification of Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application As Absorber Material in Silicon Base

    Characterization & Modification of Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application as Absorber Material in Silicon based Thin Film Solar Cells Maurice René Nuys Member of the Helmholtz Association Member of the Energie & Umwelt / Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Energy & Environment Band/ Volume 291 Band/ Volume 291 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Band / Volume 291 Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Institute of Energy and Climate Research Photovoltaics (IEK-5) Characterization & Modification of Copper and Iron Oxide Nanoparticles for Application as Absorber Material in Silicon based Thin Film Solar Cells Maurice René Nuys Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment Band / Volume 291 ISSN 1866-1793 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek. The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.d-nb.de. Publisher and Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Distributor: Zentralbibliothek 52425 Jülich Tel: +49 2461 61-5368 Fax: +49 2461 61-6103 Email: [email protected] www.fz-juelich.de/zb Cover Design: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Printer: Grafische Medien, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH Copyright: Forschungszentrum Jülich 2015 Schriften des Forschungszentrums Jülich Reihe Energie & Umwelt / Energy & Environment, Band / Volume 291 D 82 (Diss. RWTH Aachen University, 2015) ISSN 1866-1793 ISBN 978-3-95806-096-8 The complete volume is freely available on the Internet on the Jülicher Open Access Server (JuSER) at www.fz-juelich.de/zb/openaccess. Neither this book nor any part of it may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
  • Calcium-Aluminum-Silicate-Hydrate &#X201c

    Calcium-Aluminum-Silicate-Hydrate “

    Cent. Eur. J. Geosci. • 2(2) • 2010 • 175-187 DOI: 10.2478/v10085-010-0007-6 Central European Journal of Geosciences Calcium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate “cement” phases and rare Ca-zeolite association at Colle Fabbri, Central Italy Research Article F. Stoppa1∗, F. Scordari2,E.Mesto2, V.V. Sharygin3, G. Bortolozzi4 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Università G. d’Annunzio, Chieti, Italy 2 Dipartimento Geomineralogico, Università di Bari, Bari, Italy 3 Sobolev V.S. Institute of Geology and Mineralogy, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia 4 Via Dogali, 20, 31100-Treviso Received 26 January 2010; accepted 8 April 2010 Abstract: Very high temperature, Ca-rich alkaline magma intruded an argillite formation at Colle Fabbri, Central Italy, producing cordierite-tridymite metamorphism in the country rocks. An intense Ba-rich sulphate-carbonate- alkaline hydrothermal plume produced a zone of mineralization several meters thick around the igneous body. Reaction of hydrothermal fluids with country rocks formed calcium-silicate-hydrate (CSH), i.e., tobermorite- afwillite-jennite; calcium-aluminum-silicate-hydrate (CASH) – “cement” phases – i.e., thaumasite, strätlingite and an ettringite-like phase and several different species of zeolites: chabazite-Ca, willhendersonite, gismon- dine, three phases bearing Ca with the same or perhaps lower symmetry of phillipsite-Ca, levyne-Ca and the Ca-rich analogue of merlinoite. In addition, apophyllite-(KF) and/or apophyllite-(KOH), Ca-Ba-carbonates, portlandite and sulphates were present. A new polymorph from the pyrrhotite group, containing three layers of sphalerite-type structure in the unit cell, is reported for the first time. Such a complex association is unique.
  • Zeolites in Tasmania

    Zeolites in Tasmania

    Mineral Resources Tasmania Tasmanian Geological Survey Record 1997/07 Tasmania Zeolites in Tasmania by R. S. Bottrill and J. L. Everard CONTENTS INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… 2 USES …………………………………………………………………………………… 2 ECONOMIC SIGNIFICANCE …………………………………………………………… 2 GEOLOGICAL OCCURRENCES ………………………………………………………… 2 TASMANIAN OCCURRENCES ………………………………………………………… 4 Devonian ………………………………………………………………………… 4 Permo-Triassic …………………………………………………………………… 4 Jurassic …………………………………………………………………………… 4 Cretaceous ………………………………………………………………………… 5 Tertiary …………………………………………………………………………… 5 EXPLORATION FOR ZEOLITES IN TASMANIA ………………………………………… 6 RESOURCE POTENTIAL ……………………………………………………………… 6 MINERAL OCCURRENCES …………………………………………………………… 7 Analcime (Analcite) NaAlSi2O6.H2O ……………………………………………… 7 Chabazite (Ca,Na2,K2)Al2Si4O12.6H2O …………………………………………… 7 Clinoptilolite (Ca,Na2,K2)2-3Al5Si13O36.12H2O ……………………………………… 7 Gismondine Ca2Al4Si4O16.9H2O …………………………………………………… 7 Gmelinite (Na2Ca)Al2Si4O12.6H2O7 ……………………………………………… 7 Gonnardite Na2CaAl5Si5O20.6H2O ………………………………………………… 10 Herschelite (Na,Ca,K)Al2Si4O12.6H2O……………………………………………… 10 Heulandite (Ca,Na2,K2)2-3Al5Si13O36.12H2O ……………………………………… 10 Laumontite CaAl2Si4O12.4H2O …………………………………………………… 10 Levyne (Ca2.5,Na)Al6Si12O36.6H2O ………………………………………………… 10 Mesolite Na2Ca2(Al6Si9O30).8H2O ………………………………………………… 10 Mordenite K2.8Na1.5Ca2(Al9Si39O96).29H2O ………………………………………… 10 Natrolite Na2(Al2Si3O10).2H2O …………………………………………………… 10 Phillipsite (Ca,Na,K)3Al3Si5O16.6H2O ……………………………………………… 11 Scolecite CaAl2Si3O10.3H20 ………………………………………………………
  • Metals from Ores: an Introduction

    Metals from Ores: an Introduction

    CRIMSONpublishers http://www.crimsonpublishers.com Mini Review Aspects Min Miner Sci ISSN 2578-0255 Metals from Ores: An Introduction Fathi Habashi* Department of Mining, Laval University, Canada *Corresponding author: Fathi Habashi, Department of Mining, Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Laval University, Quebec City, Canada Submission: October 09, 2017; Published: December 11, 2017 Introduction of metallic lustre. Of these about 300 are used industrially in the chemical industry, in building materials, in fertilizers, as fuels, etc., chemical composition, constant physical properties, and a A mineral is a naturally occurring substance having a definite characteristic crystalline form. Ores are a mixture of minerals: they are processed to yield an industrial mineral or treated chemically and are known as the industrial minerals Figure 3. to yield a single or several metals. Ores that are generally processed for only a single metal are those of iron, aluminium, chromium, tin, mercury, manganese, tungsten, and some ores of copper. Gold ores may yield only gold, but silver is a common associate. Nickel ores are always associated with cobalt, while lead and zinc always occur together in ores. All other ores are complex yielding a number of metals. before being treated by chemical methods to recover the metals. Ores undergo a beneficiation process by physical methods and grinding then separation of the individual mineral by physical Figure 2: Metals and metalloids obtained from ores. Beneficiation processes involve liberation of minerals by crushing methods (gravity, magnetic, etc.) or physicochemical methods pyrometallurgical, and electrochemical methods. Metals and (flotation) Figure 1. Chemical methods involve hydrometallurgical, metalloids obtained from ores are shown in Figure 2.
  • Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County

    Minerals Found in Michigan Listed by County

    Michigan Minerals Listed by Mineral Name Based on MI DEQ GSD Bulletin 6 “Mineralogy of Michigan” Actinolite, Dickinson, Gogebic, Gratiot, and Anthonyite, Houghton County Marquette counties Anthophyllite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirinaugite, Marquette County Antigorite, Dickinson, and Marquette counties Aegirine, Marquette County Apatite, Baraga, Dickinson, Houghton, Iron, Albite, Dickinson, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Kalkaska, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Monroe and Marquette counties counties Algodonite, Baraga, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Aphrosiderite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette Ontonagon counties counties Allanite, Gogebic, Iron, and Marquette counties Apophyllite, Houghton, and Keweenaw counties Almandite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, and Marquette Aragonite, Gogebic, Iron, Jackson, Marquette, and counties Monroe counties Alunite, Iron County Arsenopyrite, Marquette, and Menominee counties Analcite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Atacamite, Houghton, Keweenaw, and Ontonagon counties Anatase, Gratiot, Houghton, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Augite, Dickinson, Genesee, Gratiot, Houghton, Iron, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Ontonagon counties Andalusite, Iron, and Marquette counties Awarurite, Marquette County Andesine, Keweenaw County Axinite, Gogebic, and Marquette counties Andradite, Dickinson County Azurite, Dickinson, Keweenaw, Marquette, and Anglesite, Marquette County Ontonagon counties Anhydrite, Bay, Berrien, Gratiot, Houghton, Babingtonite, Keweenaw County Isabella, Kalamazoo, Kent, Keweenaw, Macomb, Manistee,
  • Cosmetic Minerals of Ancient Egypt

    Cosmetic Minerals of Ancient Egypt

    Cosmetic Minerals of Ancient Egypt Minerals have been used for adornment for millennia. The Egyptians made an extensive use of many familiar minerals, and, according to recent discoveries, synthesized other compounds using relatively sophisticated chemical techniques. Egyptians were fond of eye and face coloration of white, green and black. Generally these were mineral powders mixed into pastes with fats. Minerals commonly used to make black powders were galena (PbS), manganese oxides such as pyrolusite, magnetite (iron oxide), cuprite and tenorite (copper oxides), and stibnite (antimony sulfide). Green eye paints used malachite (copper carbonate) and chrysocolla (hydrated copper silicate). White face paint often came often from cerussite (lead carbonate). One might speculate on the health effects of spreading such poisonous compounds thickly over one's face! The above mentioned minerals are common in deposits accessible to the Egyptians. Recent work on cosmetic powders preserved in their original containers and stored in the Louvre has turned up several rare minerals used as pigments. These minerals were either very rare or are unknown in Egyptian deposits. These are phosgenite (a lead chlorocarbonate) and laurionite( a lead chlor-hydroxide). Both would be suitable for white pigments, if found in quantity. Laurionite is a famous mineral from the ancient deposits at Laurium Greece, where it formed by the action of salty water on slags. It also occurs rarely in other oxidized zones over ore deposits, such as in Cornwall, England. Phosgenite is a bit more common, and can form with laurionite and other minerals in oxidized zones. The conditions of preservation of these minerals in Egyptian cosmetics make it unlikely that they are the effects of subsequent weathering of the cosmetics, but were originally pigment components.
  • Preliminary Model of Porphyry Copper Deposits

    Preliminary Model of Porphyry Copper Deposits

    Preliminary Model of Porphyry Copper Deposits Open-File Report 2008–1321 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey Preliminary Model of Porphyry Copper Deposits By Byron R. Berger, Robert A. Ayuso, Jeffrey C. Wynn, and Robert R. Seal Open-File Report 2008–1321 U.S. Department of the Interior U.S. Geological Survey U.S. Department of the Interior DIRK KEMPTHORNE, Secretary U.S. Geological Survey Mark D. Myers, Director U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2008 For product and ordering information: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov/pubprod Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS For more information on the USGS—the Federal source for science about the Earth, its natural and living resources, natural hazards, and the environment: World Wide Web: http://www.usgs.gov Telephone: 1-888-ASK-USGS Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report. Suggested citation: Berger, B.R., Ayuso, R.A., Wynn, J.C., and Seal, R.R., 2008, Preliminary model of porphyry copper deposits: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2008–1321, 55 p. iii Contents Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................1 Regional Environment ...................................................................................................................................3
  • A Exam Summary Document

    A Exam Summary Document

    ADAPTATIONS OF URANIUM HYDROMETALLURGY: CASE STUDIES IN COPPER IN SITU LEACHING AND SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS A Dissertation Presented to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Cornell University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Laura Katherine Sinclair May 2018 © 2018 Laura Katherine Sinclair ADAPTATIONS OF URANIUM HYDROMETALLURGY: CASE STUDIES IN COPPER IN SITU LEACHING AND SUPERCRITICAL EXTRACTION OF RARE EARTH ELEMENTS Laura Katherine Sinclair, Ph. D. Cornell University 2018 ABSTRACT In this work, two uranium hydrometallurgical processes were adapted for other metals: in situ leaching was adapted to copper and supercritical extraction was adapted to rare earth elements. In situ leaching offers a way to extract copper from the subsurface without costly fragmentation. Applicability of in situ leaching is limited to deposits where sufficient permeability and leachable copper mineralogy exists. A computational copper in situ leaching model was developed to forecast recovered solution composition. This requires incorporating chemical reaction kinetics, mass transfer, and hydrology. These phenomena act over a range of length scales from centimeters up to hundreds of meters. Laboratory-scale leaching of ore provided data which was used to develop a list of geochemical reactions and associated rate laws. The risk of short-circuiting was treated probabilistically through geostatistical analysis of hydrophysical flow profiles, fracture spacing from Florence Copper's drill core database, and pumping tests. The geochemical reaction set and the geostatistical characteristics of hydraulic conductivity were brought together in a MATLAB model with a plugin to link to Geochemist's Workbench for computing chemical reaction pathways.