World Bank Document

INU- 42 THE WORLD BANK POLICY, PLANNING AND RESEARCH STAFF FILECOPY Public Disclosure Authorized

Infrastructure and Urban Development Department Environment Department

Report INU 42 Public Disclosure Authorized THE USE OF SATELLITE IMAGES FOR URBAN PLANNING

A Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan Public Disclosure Authorized

by Marie-Agnes Bertaud A

May 1989

Public Disclosure Authorized TECHNICALNOTE

This is a document publishedinformally by the World Bank.The views and interpretationsherein are thoseof the author and should not be attributedto the World Bank,to its affiliatedorganizations, or to any individualacting on their behalf. Copyright 1989 The WorldBank 1818H Street,N.W.

All RightsReserved First PrintingMay 1989

This is a documentpublished informally by the World Bank. In order that the informationcontained in it can be presentedwith the least possibledelay, the typescript has not been preparedin accordancewith the proceduresappropriate to formal printedtexts, and the WorldBank accepts no responsibilityfor errors. The World Bank does not acceptresponsibility for the views expressedherein, which are those of the authorand shouldnot be attributedto the World Bankor to its affiliatedorganizations. The findings,interpretations, and conclusionsare the resultsof researchsupported by the Bank;they do not necessarilyrepresent official policy of the Bank. The designationsemployed, the presentationof material,and any maps used in this documentare solely for the convenienceof the reader and do not implythe expressionof any opinionwhatsoever on the partof the WorldBank or its affiliatesconcerning the legal statusof any country,territory, city, area,or of its authorities,or concerningthe delimitationsof its boundariesor nationalaffiliation. This reportwas preparedby PADCO,Inc. Ms. Marie-AgnesBertaud was the mainauthor, assisted by Mr. CharlesPill of PADCO.Ms. Lorna Paceand Ms.Jennifer Allen providedmuch neededsupport in the operation of the World Bank'sremote sensing facilities. Guidance,comments and assistancewas providedby Ms. Jane Prattand Messrs.Lynn Holstein,Per Ljung,Wayne Luscombe, Steve Mayo, Glenn Morgan and PhilipeVillagram. TheWorld Bank

The Use of Satellite Images for Urban Planning

A Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan

TECHNICALNOTE

PREFACE

This report Is one elementof ongoing researchin the application of new technologiesfor urbanplanning and management,the analysisof urban land use and reconnaissanceof physicalInfrastructure.

Its preparationwas jointly sponsored by the Infrastructureand Urban DevelopmentDepartment and the EnvironmentDepartment of the World Bank, and supported by a World Bank research project (RPO 674/66). The report also draws heavilyon PADCO'swork on an UNCHS- executedand UNDP-fundedproject (PAK/86/029)to supportthe Karachi DevelopmentAuthority in Pakistan: *Strengthening the Karachi Master PlanningProcess, 1986-2000." In the Karachiproject, PADCO is associated with Pakistan Environment Planning & ArchitecturalConsultants, Ltd. (PEPAC).

THE USE OF SATELLITEIMAGES FOR URBANPLANNING Tableof Contents

PageNo INTRODUCTION 1

PART1. REMOTESENSING AND SATELLITEIMAGERY 3 A. FromAerial Photography To SatelilteImages 3 B DifferentRemote Sensing Satellite Systems 5 1 LANDSAT4 5 2 LANDSAT5 5 3 SPOTI 5

PART2. VARIOUSTYPES OF MEDIAAND WAYS OF PROCESSING 11 ANDINTERPRETING SATELLITE IMAGES A ProcessingSPOT Satelilte Images From Panchromatic 11 PhotographicPrints B Processingof SPOTSatellite Images From Multispectral 16 PhotographicPrints C ProcessingSatellite Images from Digital Tapes 20 D CostComparison Between Different Satelilte Image 20 ProcessingTechniques E CostDifference Between SPOT Satellite Images and 24 AerialPhotos PART3. USINGSATELLING IMAGES FOR URBAN PLANNING 25 AND URBANMANAGEMENT. KARACHI CASE STUDY A KarachiUrban Development from 1943to 1988 27 B ComputerizedMapping and GIS System 31 C MappingLand Use and Road Networks from Satellite 33 ImagesStarting an UrbanDatabase Useof SatelliteImages for MappingPurposes 33 ConvenientScales of PhotographicPrints made 33 from SatelliteImages VisualInterpretation of UrbanFeatures 33 MapsDerived from SatelliteImages 38 OtherMap Overlays 38 UrbanMapping and Urban Data Integration 38 D Establishinga HousingTypology Using "SPOT" 48 SatelliteImages and a set of AerialPhotographs

CONCLUSION 69 ANNEXES Annex I COMPUTEREQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR PROCESSING SATELLITE IMAGESFOR MAPPING AND FOR URBANMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 71 A HardwareNeeded to ProcessSatellite Images B SoftwareNeeded to ProcessSatellite Images C HardwareNeeded for Mappingand Data ManagementSystems D SoftwareNeeded for Mappingand Data ManagementSystems E RegisteredTrademarks

Annex II HOW TO ACQUIRESPOT SATELUTE IMAGES 77

Annex III KARACHIHOUSING TYPOLOGY PLANSDATA AND PHOTOGRAPHSOF DIFFERENTDWELLING UNITS 81

GLOSSARY 99

REFERENCES 107 FIGURES

Figure1 1 ChronologicalLaunch and RetirementHistory of the LANDSATand 4 SPOTSeries of Satellitesfrom 1972to 1989 Figure1 2 Off-NadirViewing 7 Figure1 3 SPOT Off-NadirRevisd Capabilities 8 Figure 1 4 StereoscopicViewing Capabilities 9 FIgure1 5 DiagramIllustrating the SpatialResolution of 10 Three DdferentSatelide Images Figure2 1 'SPOT' SatelliteImage PanchromaticFilm, Scale 1 400,000 12 Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 2 Identfflcationof DdferentPatterns of Development 13 From "SPOr PanchromaticPhotographic Print at Scale 1 100,000,Karachi, Pakistan Figure2 3 'SPOT' PanchromaticPhotographic Print at Scale 1 24,000 14 Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 4 "SPOT"Panchromatic Photographic Pnnt at Scale 1 6,000 15 Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 5 Identdicationof DdferentUrban FeaturesFrom 17 'SPOT' MuitispectralPnnt, Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 6 PhotographicPrint made from "SPOTrMultispectral Film 18 Image beforeEnhancement, South Jakarta,Indonesia Figure2 7 PhotographicPrint made from "SPOT' MultispectralFilm 19 EnhancedImage, South Jakarta,Indonesia Figure2 8 RemoteSensing Satellite Image Data Processingand 22 Their ApplicationsIn Regional& Urban Planning Figure2 9 "SPOT" SatelifteImage Products- ProcessingCost 23 and ResultingOutput Figure2.10 Cost Comparisonfor Mappingwith AerialPhotos and 24 SPOTSatellite Images - iii -

Figure3.1 KarachiOld City Map - 1885 26 Figure3.2 KarachiRegion 28 Figure3.3 KatchiAbadi or SquatterSettlement - Karachi 30 Figure3.4 GeographicInformation System 32 Figure3.5 Use of SatelliteImages in Urban Planningand Urban 35 Management Figure3.6 Identificationof DifferentUrban Featuresfrom "SPOT" 36 PanchromaticPhotographic Print - Karachi,Pakistan Figure3.7 DifferentTypes of ResidentialDevelopment, 37 Karachi,Pakistan Figure3.8 ThematicLand Use Map with Major Road Network, 39 Karachi,Pakistan Figure3.9 KarachiRoad Network 40 Figure3.10 KarachiWater-Supply Network 42 Figure3.11 KarachiSewerage Network 42 Figure3.12 KarachiDrainage Network 43 Figure3.13 Land Use Type and Area Attributesare Listedon Map 44 Figure3.14(A) Attributes or Data Listed on "AUTOCAD"Map are 45 DirectlyImported to Databaseand LOTUSSpreadsheet. AUTOCADData Figure3.14(B) Attributes or Data Listed on "AUTOCAD"Map are 46 DirectlyImported to Databaseand LOTUSSpreadsheet. dBASEProgram Figure3.14(C) Attributes or DataListed on "AUTOCAD"Map are 47 DirectlyImported to Databaseand LOTUSSpreadsheet. LOTUS1-2-3 Figure3.15 Type A - SquatterSettlement 49 'SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.16 Type B - High Density 50 *SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.17 Type C - MediumDensity 51 "SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.18 Type D - Low Density 52 "SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.19 Identificationof DifferentHousing Types 54 on Aerial Photographat Scale 1:4,000 Figure3.20 DifferentResidential Types of Development 55 Figure3.21 DifferentResidential Types of Development 56 Figure3.22 DifferentResidential Types of Development 57 Figure3.23 SpaceAccommodation per PersonAmong Different 60 HousingTypes Figure3.24 Plot Size Comparisonof SelectedDwelling Units 61 Figure3.25 SquatterSettlements Along Railwaysand on 63 SwampLand Figure3.26 KatachiAbadies Locations and Projected 64 Expansionby the Year 2000 Figure3.27 HousingTypology and Land Use Map - 65 Karachi1988 Figure3.28 KatachiPopulation Distribution by 67 HousingType - iv -

TABLES

Table 3 1 AverageDensities Among DifferentTypes of 53 ResidentialDevelopment Table 3 2 HousingTypes Classification 58 Table 3 3 HousingTypes and Their Characteristics 59

ANNEXTABLES Table I 1 List of Some Image ProcessingSoftware for MicrocomputerSystems Table 111 SPOr SatelliteImage Productsand ProcessingCosts 1

INTRODUCTION THE USE OF SATELLITEIMAGES FOR URBANPLANNING

0.01 Effective urban planning requires access to accurate and continually updated informationconcerning the changingconditions of urbanareas. Originally, remote sensing using satellitemedia was not very suitablefor urbanapplications because of the relativelypoor resolution provided80m x 80m. The new generationof remotesensing systemswith resolution equal to 1Om x 1Om in panchromaticmode and 20m x 20m in multispectralmode has now made urban applications possible. In addition, advancementsin micro-computers,related hardware and softwarehave made this technologymore affordable and accessibleto urbanmanagers, planners, and engineers. 0.02 In most Third World cities, accurate up-to-date data on current land use are non-existent.This makes planning urban infrastructureand shelter programs difficult, If not impossible,since there is no knowledgeof the existingurban area. Further, the high costs and time requiredfor traditionaldata collectionefforts have madesystematic updating of urbandatabases beyondthe reach of many planningauthorities.

0.03 Landuse changesInduced by rapid urbangrowth amplify the needfor up-to-dateland use Inventories.Many citiesin the developingworld have urbanpopulation growth ratesin excess of 6 percent,doubling their populationabout everyten years.They needto monitor moreclosely the patternof urban growth to Improveplanning and activitiesto accommodatethis growth.

0.04 The lack of adequate spatial data has been a serlous constralnt on many recent Bank-financedprojects. For example,recently the Bankparticipated in the financingof a drainage masterplan for Karachi.Work on the projectwas seriouslydelayed due to the lack of adequate maps showingthe extent of the built-uparea and existingdrainage systems. The only data were aerial photoswhich could not be made easilyavailable to the project.Similar delays In obtaining accuratespatial data confront practicallyevery other Bank-financed (and other donor agencies, for that matter) urban projects.

0.05 New technologicaladvances now providea relativelyinexpensive solutlon to some of these problems.Satellite Images, such as LANDSAT,have been generatingland resourcedata over the past 16 years for such purposesas agriculture,forestry, mining,etc.; but the resolution was not sharpenough for most urbanplanning purposes. PADCO first applied LANDSATdata for urban planningin Egypt (the EgyptianNational Urban Pollcy Study in 1980-1982),but data were limitedto gross land usesand built-upurban areas. Nevertheless, this Informationwas a valuable tool In developingstructure plans for smalltowns where mapdata were Inaccurate.Unfortunately, this applicationwas limited becausethe processingcosts were still relativelyexpensive.

0.06 Since 1986,SPOT I, a satellitefinanced by France,Belgium and Sweden,has been sending Imageswith eight times the spatialresolution of LANDSATand other civilian satellites.It producesdata with a ground resolutionequal to 10 meters in panchromaticmode (black and white image) and 20 meters in multispectralmode (false color Image).Ten-meter resolution Is generally adequate for urban spatial planning and macro land managementas It roughly correspondsto most urbanphysical features of concern:street widths and lengths, building and plot size, etc.

0.07 SPOTI, in a continuousregular orbit, providesup-to-date Images of urban centers throughoutthe world.Change detection In the urbanenvironment can be conductedby purchasing satelliteImages at regularIntervals to monitorthe changesof urbanland use, estimatepopulation growth and evaluatethe need on new Infrastructure. 2

0 08 Imagesmedia can be accessedcommercially without the lengthysecurity clearances usuallyrequired for aerialphotography Furthermore, much of the requiredmapping data extraction can be undertakenboth In and outsidethe country concerned

0 09 The time requiredto acquiresatellite Images for any part of the world is about 15days to one month It shouldbe noted that for tropical countriesthe time to acquirean image may be severalmonths, especially If the order Is placedduring the monsoon,or rainy,season where cloud coverageis very dense o 10 One SPOTsatellite image or scenecovers an area of 60 km by 60 kin, an arealarge enoughto encompassmost metropolitansettlements in the world In some cases, SPOTsatellite can also be programmedto get a special Imagefocused on a particularzone of interest (for example,to capture on one image a metropolitanarea splitbetween two or three scenes,or to monitorareas devastated by flood, earthquake,fire, etc) SPOTsystem can also be programmed to produce 3-dimensIonalstereoscopic images useful for topography and for infrastructure planning purposessuch as roads and drainagedesign systems

0 11 For most urbandevelopment and managementpurposes, the satelliteimages provide an excellentsource of detailedland use data for highwayplanning and construction,urban mass transit, urban renewal, neighborhoodfacilities and infrastructureplanning, open space land programs,land assessments,housing stock assessment,environmental impact statements,and growth managementsystems

0 12 The processingof satelliteimages Is the most effectiveway to performsuch tasks at an affordablecost Satelite imagesprovide less expensiveviews of humansettlements than aerial photographyand these materialscan be much morereadily obtained

0 13 Film or transparencyof an image can be enlargedthrough photographicprocesses to scales of 1 100,000down to 1 20,000 One satellitepanchromatic image (on black and white film) and a photographicprint at scale 1 100,000cost only US$1,600,far less expensivethan a set of aerial photographsneeded to cover the same area (Cost refersto early 1989) Photographic prints derivedfrom satelliteimages made from transparenciesor films can be usedto make base maps and to do preliminary urban land use analysis without sophisticated equipment (micro-computer,digitizing tablet, and CADsoftware)

0 14 The purpose of this publicationis to providethe necessaryinformation concerning the use of remotesensing satellite images in urbanplanning and to assesstheir usefu ness PART 1 of this publication gives basic informationregarding remote sensing, listing different civilian satellitesystems, and their particularities PART2 provides Informationconceming the different satellte image media and ways of processingsatellite image data PART3 is a case study that illustratethe use of satelliteimage for urbanplanning purposes The casestudy demonstrateshow satelliteimages, complemented by aerialphotography, can be usedto conducta housingtypology study, evaluatingpopulation densities among differenttypes of residentialdevelopments 3

PART 1 REMOTESENSING AND SATELLITEIMAGERY

1.01 Remotesensing is the measurementof the reflectionof objects or terrainon Earthby recordingdevices or remotesensors fixed on airplanesor satellites.Over the years, a numberof sensingdevices have been used such as photographiccameras, multispectral scanners, thermal scannersand microwaveinstruments. Remote sensing has generateda great deal of information about the Earth -- its surface,environment and resources.

A. From Aerial Photography to Satellite Images 1.02 Remotesensing in urban areasdates back to 1858when Tournachon(later known as "Nadar")used a camera carried aloft in a balloonto study parts of the city of Paris. In his photographsof the village of Petit Bicetre,the houses could be seen clearly. Since then, the morphology or form of urban space has been used directly or as a surrogate for functional identificationand classificationof urban areas. Until World War II, remote sensing techniques remainedbasically the same as the first aerial photographs.Either a singlephotograph or a stereo pair was used for each area of interest. Photographywas essentiallyblack and white and of medium-to-largescale becauseof altitude limitations.

1.03 The second world war brought about a dramaticincrease in the awarenessof the potential of remote sensing in urban areas. In the sixties and early seventies,the conventional approachto remotesensing was dramaticallychanged by the introductionof color, color infrared, multiband,high altitude,and space photography.This was due to the increasingavailability of productsand data broughtabout by new technologiesoften developedfor non-civilianpurposes that were later declassHfiedfor general use. Declassificationof technologyand data provideda major stimulusto the developmentof non-militaryapplications. 1.04 The United StatesNational Aeronautics and SpaceAdministration (NASA) accepted a major responsibilityfor developingcivilian applications of remotesensing. The EarthResources ObservationSystem Program (EROS), initiated in 1965,involved the developmentof aircraft and spacecraftfor remote sensingsystems.

1.05 In 1967, NASAencouraged by the US Departmentof the Interior, initiatedthe Earth ResourceTechnology Satellite (ERTS) program. This program resultedin the deploymentof five satellitescarrying a varietyof remotesensing systems designed primarily to acquireearth resource information.The chronologicallaunch and subsequentretirement history of some of the satellites are shown in Fig. 1.1.The ERTS-1satellite launched on July 23, 1972,was the first experimental system designedto test the feasibilityof collecting earth resourcedata by unmannedsatellites. Priorto the launch of ERTS-Bon January22, 1975,NASA renamedthe ERTSprogram Landsat, distinguishingit from the Seasatoceanographic satellite launched June 26, 1978.At this time ERTS-1was retroactivelynamed Landsat 1 and ERTS-Bbecame Landsat 2 at launch. Landsat3 was launched March 5, 1978; Landsat4 on July 16, 1982,and Landsat5 on March 1, 1984.A variety of mechanicalfailures prompted the retirementof some of the Landsatsatellites.'

'Remote SensingData Acquisition Alternatives. John R. JENSEN- IntroductoryDigital Image Processing - A RemoteSensing Perspective. Published by Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey07632. 4

FIGURE1 1

CHRONOLOGICALLAUNCH AND RETIREMENTHISTORY OF THE LANDSATAND S P 0 T SERIESOF SATELLITESFROM 1972 TO 1989

1981 1982 1993 19Z14 1995 1968 1987 1998 1989 1972 1972 1974 1 1975 1976 1iIT7 1978 1979 1980

LAND17SATI JL9 8

X l Li -. ,_ | J l a LUX5 CSiT\k A21 X Iy I ti SAT 2~ ~ LkDST F4mJ 'aJ I71983

~~ I LA.'~~~~~DSAT7IaDAT M.~~-z~ 1978 P~ur~.d S~ 7 W 1984

a I~~~~~~:O

1. 19849

s~~~or SPT1 5

B. Different Remote Sensing Satellite Systems

1.06 Threesatellite sensor systems providing commercially available digital data are operational. These Include the LANDSAT4, the LANDSAT5, and SPOT I. Dependingon available resources,the application,and the level of informationneeded, users have these systemsfrom whichto choose.Below is a briefdescription of the threesatellite systems and their possibleappli- cations for urban analysis.

1. LANDSAT4 1.07 The satelliteLANDSAT 4 was launchedin July 1982.This system originally had two sensorson board, Multi-SpectralScanner (MSS) and ThematicMapper (TM), but only the MSS sensor is still In service. (See definition of Multi-SpectralScanner and Thematic Mapper in Glossary.)Images from the LANDSAT4 MSSsensor have a ground projectedinstantaneous-field- of-view (IFOV) or ground resolutionequal to 56m x 79m. A satelliteimage or scene covers an areaof 185kmx 185kmwith 10 percentoverlap between west and east scenesat the equator.As latitude increases,so does the amount of overlap becauseof the curvature of the earth. The LANDSATsensor systems have the capability of coveringthe entire globe every 16 days.

1.08 Because of the large geographic area of a LANDSAT4 scene, this product is convenientfor country planning and for global analysis of regionaland country resources,to monitor climate, agricultureand other changesdue to drought, deforestation,etc. However,the low resolutionof LANDSATMSS images does not makethis product particularlyvaluable for urban planning.

2. LANDSAT5

1.09 LANDSAT5 was launchedin March 1984.This systemhas both Multi- Spectral(MSS) andThematic Mapper(TM) sensors operating on board.The MSSimages have a groundprojected instantaneous-field-of-view(IFOV) or ground resolutionequal to 56m x 79m and the TM images have a 30m x 30m ground resolution.Both satelliteimages or scenescover an area of 185kmx 185km.The period betweenrepetitive coverage is 16 days. 1.10 LANDSAT5 data has been generatedfor more than four years. Its resolution has provedadequate for naturalresource management, agriculture and forestryland use classification. LANDSAT5 has also beenused for urbanapplications, but with limited successdue to its relatively poor resolution.The advantage,however, of the LANDSAT4 and 5 imagesare that they can be used together with earlier scenesto providelonger term time serieson land use changes.

3. SPOT I 1.11 The SPOT I sensor system, developed by the French Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales(CNES), was launched in early1986. It has a groundprojected Instantaneous-field-of-view (IFOV),or groundresolution equal to 1Om x 1Om in panchromaticmode (black-and-white)and 20m x 20m In multispectralmode (falsecolor). The period betweenrepetitive coverage is 26 days in "nadir viewing (verticalviewing). Since the SPOTsatellite has a pointableHigh ResolutionVisible Sensor(HRV), it can be programmedto view an areathat is not directly below the spacecraft(i.e., off-nadir).For example,this capabilitywould allowa locationon the equatorto be observedduring sevendifferent passes if on the equatorand on elevenpasses if at a latitude of 45O(Figures 1.2 and 1.3).A given region can be revisitedseveral times each week as opposedto twice a month 6 as with other satellites This capability is usefulfor monitoringrapidly changing processesand events on Earth and for increasingthe possibilityof image acquisiion over areaswith frequent cloud cover 1 12 The SPOTsensors may also acquirestereoscopic pairs of imagesfor a given area (Figure 1 4) Two observationsmay be made on successivedays in that the two images are acquiredat angleson eiher sideof the vertical Thethree-dimensional stereoscopic imagery may be used to producetopographic maps with contour intervalsas low as 10and 20 meters It is also used in digial terrain modeling and the production of three dimensionalperspective views for terrain simulation,strategic planningand impactassessments 1 13 SPOT'sten-meter resolution provides information that was previouslyavailable only wih aerial photographs SPOT data are useful for urban and suburban land use mapping, monitoringof urban growth and change detection, impact of developmentand policies on the naturalenvironment and cultivatedlands, and map updating

1 14 As with all satelliteimages publicly available,SPOT resolution is not to be compared with low or mediumaltitude aerial photography SPOTimages cannot be used for cartographyas a uniquesource of information No cadastralmap can be made with such products until remote sensingsystems reach 1 or 2 meters resolution Satellitesystems are also vulnerableto technical problemsdeveloping on the spacecraft which may not be solved immediatelyAs for SPOT1, only one of the two recorders is now operational,this restricts the number of scenes that can be registered before down loading data to receiving stations on Earth Figure 1 5 is a diagram illustratingthe spatialresolution of the LANDSATMSS, the LANDSATTM and SPOTpanchromatic mode

115 The Soviet Union sells commercialsatellite images with a resolutionequal to five meters Theirphotographic products are recordedon film and reproducedon digital tapes So far, few of these photos have been made public, and it is unclearhow many scenesfrom around the globe will ultimatelybe available 7

FIGURE1.2 OFF-NADIRVIEWING

0Reg-ors Observed

i, J/f; SJ0/ , ~~~~~~~Satellite I CN b/fu / { / / ~~GroundTraclk

1Observable Str.ioW,

(Courtesyof SPOTImage Corporation)

If the HRVinstruments were only capableof viewingthe terraindirectly below the spacecraft(i.e., at nadir), the revisitfrequency for any given regionof the world would be 26 days. However,SPOT is pointable.This meansthat it can be used to view areasthat are not directly below the spacecraft (i.e., off nadir). This is very useful for collecting informationin the even of a natural or human-madedisaster when the satellitetrack is not optimunm,or for collecting stereoscopicimagery. 8

FIGURE 1 3 SPOT OFF-NADIRREVISIT CAPABIUTIES

One Pass Each On Davs D-10 D-5

D-5

CZneObsere

(Courtesyof SPOT Image Corporation)

Duringthe 26-day period separatingtwo succesiveSPOT satelliteoverpasses, a point on the earthcould be observedon sevendifferent passes d it is at the equatorand or 11 occasionsd at a altitudeof 45 degre A given region can be revisitedon dates separatedalternatively by. 1,4 and occasionally5 days 9

FIGURE 1 4

STEREOSCOPICVIEWING CAPABILITIES

pass on cay D pass on day E

/C) X~~~~

rete'ence sunzace

(Courtesyof SPOTImage Corporation) The observationscan be made on successivedays such that the two imagesare acquireda, angies or, either side of the vertical, resulting in stereoscopic imagery Such imagery can be used to produce topographic and planimetricmaps 10

FIGURE1 5 DIAGRAMILLUSTRATING THE SPATIAL RESOLUTION OF THREEDIFFERENT SATELLITE IMAGES

_2 ~ ~

t> - -,;;>^ -56m <-.

Source Jensen, 1986

79 m LANDSAT MSS Ground Resolution = 56 x LANDSAT TM Ground Resolution 330 x 30 m SPOT Panchromatic Band Ground Resolution = 10 xi10m 11

PART2 VARIOUSTYPES OF MEDIAAND WAYSOF PROCESSING AND INTERPRETINGSATELLITE IMAGES

2.01 Sensors fixed on satellites register spectral reflectanceof objects from Earth on digitaltape and send the scannedimage to receivingstations. Receiving stations on Earthcollect imagesas digital data. Radiometricand/or geometriccorrections of the remotelysensed data are needed to improve their interpretability.Subsequently, data may be enhancedalso for visual analysisusing computer applications such as digital image processing.Information extracted from satelliteimages at different processinglevels are madeavailable to governments,public agencies and privateenterprises in need of such information.

2.02 The techniquesto processsatellite images vary accordingto the type of media used (film negativeor transparency,and digital tape).The processingof a negativefilm is similarto the processingof ordinaryphotos. When usingdigital tapes, image processingis done on a computer to enhancean image or to obtain more contrastand increaseddefinition for improveddata interpretation.Below, ways of processingSPOT satellite images from panchromaticand multispectral films and digital tapes are discussed,together with some rules of how to visuallyinterpret satellite images.LANDSAT images (MSS or TM) can be processedin the sameways though the resolution is much lower.

A. ProcessingSPOT SatelliteImages from Panchromatic Photographic Prints

2.03 SPOT panchromaticimages have only one data band in the visible part of the spectrumproviding the equivalentof a blackand white imagewhen reproducedas a photographic print. A panchromaticfilm (black and white) at a scale of 1:400,000can be printed at a scale of 1:100,000down to 1:25,000without losing too much detail. (Enlargementof an image resultsin loss of clarity.)See panchromaticprints at variousscale, Figures2.1 to 2.3. A trial was conducted in which a digital panchromaticimage was edge enhancedusing high'passfiltering techniques to increasecontrast. Different urban patterns were usedto determinescale limits in which imagescan be reproduced.Figure 2.4 is one of these urbanpatterns where the imagewas clear enoughdown to scaleof 1:6,000.At this level, panchromaticimages start to lose some contextbut can be used to evaluateurban populationdensities in differenttypes of development.

2.04 In such prints (madefrom panchromaticnegative film), urbanfeatures can be identified by different intensitiesof grey. For example,healthy vegetation produces a dark shade of grey and concretestructures are shown in light tones. Asphaltedroads will havea dark tone while low-densityurban areas will be composedof a mixed patternof light and dark grey where houses are surrounded by trees or some other kind of vegetation.Water (i.e. rivers) will usually be in mediumdark grey tones. However,the relativeturbidity of the water, its depth, the composition and color of the bottom will affect the eventualtone of suchareas. The tone of water in reflecting ponds is often unpredictabledue to these variables. 2.05 In general,the fundamentalmaterials found in urban environmentsmay be distinguishedfrom one another.Different roofing materials, plaster, concrete, vegetation, asphalt, earth, etc., will produce different tones of grey. In Figure 2.2, the differences between a squatter settlementarea, an industrialarea, a low density and a high density area are readilyidentifiable. 12 FIGURE2 1 'SPOT"SATELLITE IMAGE PANCHROMATICFILM, SCALE 1 400,000 KARACHI, PAKISTAN

S~~~~~~~~~~~~ 4t1tkii ;# t * 13 FIGURE2.2 IDENTIFICATIONOF DIFFERENTPATTERNS OF DEVELOPMENT FROM "SPOT' PANCHROMATICPHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT AT SCALE 1:100,000 KARACHI,PAKISTAN

vs'~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~/k

L~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

A KatchNAbadh (SquatterSettlement) B High Density C MediumDensity D Low Density G PublicFacilities, Govermmernt& Defense H DevelopedLand I Agriculture K TreatmentPlantt 14

FIGURE2.3 "SPOT' PANCHROMATICPHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT AT SCALE 1:24,000 KARACHI.PAKISTAN

I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~F 15

FIGURE2.4 "SPOT"PANCHROMATIC PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT AT SCALE 1:6,000 KARACHI,PAKISTAN 16

B. Processingof SPOT SatelliteImaaes from MultispectralPhotographic Prints

2.06 SPOT multispectralimages have three data bands (green, red and near infrared) which providea uniquerecord of spectralreflectance. The interpretationof a multispectralimage reproducedas a photographicprint is quite differentfrom aerial photographs.The "falsecolor" of these imagesare generallyinterpreted as indicatedbelow.'

2.07 Healthyvegetation is recordedin brighttones and dark red in the multispectralcolor print. Concreteor asphalt roofs in downtown urbanareas will often appear bluish grey. Squatter settlementsare more easyto distinguishin multispectralimage than in panchromaticmode where they may appearin the same grey shade as vegetation.Squatter areas in the multispectralmode have a bluish tone. In dense urban areas, such as slums, the rooftops of the small housesare close to one another giving a more uniform reflectionthan in other residentialareas where plots are largerand roofs are sometimesovershaded by trees. In multispectralmode, baresoil appears as yellowishand grey and non-forestedmountainous sites are easily identifiedby their wrinkled pattern of grey and brown tones. Whereforests or vegetationexist, these appear in red (Figurft 2.5).

2.08 It should be notedthat for tropical countries,low densitytype of urbandevelopment may not be as easyto identify as in dry or semi-drycountries such as Pakistan.The vegetation may cover roads and roofs, and cloud cover may be a problem at times. When using films and photographicprints, imagesfrom tropical countriesshould be enhancedto betterdefine built-up areasfor visual interpretation.Two multispectralphotographic prints at a scale of 1:50,000made from the same image of south Djakarta,Indonesia, are shown in Figures2.6 and 2.7. Figure2.6 is a print made from a non-enhancedimage while in Figure2.7 the image on digital tape was enhancedprior to the reproductionof the film.

' False colors on hard copy imagesdepend on the operator'sdiscretion regarding the assignmentof colors to individualbands. 17

FIGURE2 5 IDENTIFICATIONOF DIFFERENTURBAN FEATURES FROM MULTISPECTRALPRINT AT SCALE1 24,000 KARACHI,PAKISTAN

io ~~~~~~~~~~Q 'A~~~~~~~~A ,s

* t~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~-l

'4, ~ hiAba 1 ~~ Sqate Setlmet

A TratmehtAlant

(Squatter~Settlment~ ~ 4 W B HihDesit F Industry 18

FIGURE2 6 PHOTOGRAPHICPRINT MADE FROM"SPOT" MULTISPECTRAL FILM IMAGE BEFOREENHANCEMENT - SCALE 1 50,000 SOUTHJAKARTA, INDONESIA 19

FIGURE 2.7 PHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT MADE FROM "SPOT" MULTISPECTRAL FILM ENHANCED IMAGE - SCALE 1:50,000 SOUTH JAKARTA, INDONESIA

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C. ProcessingSatellite Images from DigitalTapes 2.09 When panchromaticand multispectralSPOT digital images are merged using an image processing system, the image can be enhancedto obtain a picture much like aerial photographsat scale 1:25,000.The color of the multispectralimage permitsone to distinguish urbanfrom non-urbanareas, residentialareas of varyingdensity as well as other land use types. From these images,maps can be producedwith still limited accuracy.The accuracyis a function of the quality and the number of ground control points (minimum9 to 12 points)that have been usedto correctthe image.Ground control pointscan be road crossingsor buildings(monuments) which are easyto identify in the image.Using distances between these points, geometricimage correctionsare made. 2.10 Processingsatellite images from digital tapes has proven effective for change detection in rapidlygrowing urban areas. Usingtwo sets of imagestaken of the same sceneat differenttimes, the interpretercan locateareas that havebeen "disturbed" by urbangrowth or other phenomena:flood, earthquake,fire, etc.

2.11 Remotesensing digital data may also be analyzedin correlationwith existingdigital maps and relatedto a geographicalinformation system (GIS) to improveits usefulness.A GIScan be used to relate the remotesensing data with other types of spatiallydistributed data such as soils, topography,existing maps, etc., to facilitatemore complex analysis.

2.12 Use of image processingsoftware to classifyland cover such as forests,and to dif- ferentiateagricultural and soiltypes has provento be a reliabletechnique. However, for classifying urbanfeatures the capacity of digital imageprocessing is limited.The majorproblem is that digital image processinguses the spectral signatureor reflectivevalue of a feature in order to classify it. Unfortunately,numerous man-madematerials have roughly the same spectral reflectance properties.Thus, the spectralsignature of urbanphenomena obtained by remotesensors is often not unique,presenting a high degreeof heterogeneity,and accurateidentification or classification require usingvisual image interpretationin addition to the spectral response.

2.13 Varioustechniques have beenused to measureand incorporateadditional elements of image interpretationinto the image analysisprocess. For example,numerous studies have synthesized"texture" information from the "spectral"data in the imagery. Severalattempts at "contextual"classification make use of neighboringpixel values enabling the classificationof different urbanfeatures.

2.14 Whilea computercannot differentiate between a type of urbandevelopment such as a squatter settlement and the surrounding rocky area, a planner with experience in aerial photographic interpretationcan. The reflectancefrom housingroofs and rocks surroundingthis area may be the same but the patterns of urban form are different. This was the case for the Karachiimage, where the land use classificationcould not be madeby computeralone. For most of the urban area, the reflectancefrom roofs, rocks, and dry land was the same, thus the land classificationwas done visually based upon a photographicprint of the image.

D. Cost ComparisonBetween Different Satellite Image Processing Technigues

2.1 Essentially,there are three generallevels of processingremote sensingdata. These are summarizedin Figures2.8 and 2.9, and described below: 21

1. High Levelof Data Processing 2.16 A high levelof data processinginvolves the use of digital tapes and image processing software.This computer assisted method for enhancingsatellite images allows one to better interpreturban features such as land use classifications.Most image processingsystems offer the possibilityto draw vectors and polygonsover the image display on screen.This feature can be used to trace road networksand to produce thematic maps such as land use maps. Another useful application in image processingis merging existing computerizeddigital maps with an image.This techniqueis used in cartographyto create or update maps and for changedetection when using time series data.

2.17 Processingimages at this level requires a good knowledge of image processing techniquesand requiresinvestment in computerhardware and software and training.The average cost of an image processingsystem running on microcomputeris in the range of US$40,000to US$60,000.Companies specialized in the processingof remote sensing data do offer image enhancementand mappingservices. Depending on the application,the cost per image or scene may vary betweenUS$10,000 to US$24,000.

2.18 High level data processingtechniques can be incorporatedwith medium level techniquesas well, particularlyfor adding additionaldata for analysis.

2. Medium Levelof Data Processing

2.19 A mediumlevel of data processinginvolves the use of negativefilms or transparencies that are reproducedas photographicprints at variousscales. Satellite image data are visually interpretedfrom the panchromaticor color prints. Land use and road maps are digitizeddirectly from these prints at their scale. Using secondary sources other infrastructurenetworks (water supply, sewerage,drainage, etc.) can be superimposedon the road base map. This can form the basis for an urban informationsystem. 2.20 Mediumlevel data processingrequires some knowledgeof CAD (ComputerAided Design) and GIS (GeographicInformation System) to digitize maps and to develop database programsfor exportingdata from maps into informationsystems for use in urbaninfrastructure and managementmodels. This levelof processingrequires a microcomputerand peripherals(digitizer, plotter and printer) costing approximatelyUS$10,000 to US$25,000and the use of softwaresuch as CADor GIS costing betweenUS$3,000 and US$12,000.

3. Low Level of Data Processing 2.21 A low level of data processinginvolves using photographic prints madefrom films or transparencies.Satellite image data are visuallyinterpreted and maps are manuallytraced from these prints.

2.22 This level of processingdoes not requirespecialized computer equipmentnor skills since all spatialinformation would be producedmanually, including the measurementof areas by planimeter.However, inexpensive micro-computers (costing betweenUS$2,000 and US$3,000) can be used to processthe data derivedfrom the interpretationof the photographicprint. 22

FIGURE2.8 REMOTESENSING SATELLITE IMAGE DATA PROCESSING AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN REGIONALAND URBAN PLANNING

HIGH LEVEL

LANDWUSE CLSIICTO ROADNEVNORK - ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~CHAkNGE DETECnON ReceivingStation IMAGESAREA PROCESSED FROM DIGITAL TAPES

MEDIUM LEVEL

IL n BffE U~~~MPcmDIhZ FOlt - RE1ON.L PAWNNIN Ut PLANNING =lP z l t i -~~~~~L4lD DEVEUOIEWT *i2. - LAND MAKAODAD4T - UPCRADIN DIGMZERTABLET AND CADOR GIS SYSTEM

LOW LEVEL D USEE - -FRRMUCTUREASEMN - HOUSINGSTOCK ASMENT -POPULATlON E5TMATES LAND MACXEr EVAWATION INFRASICTURE- PLANNNG

- tANSPORT OONOMICS AND PLANNING - URBM FCAL MANAGEMOCT - PROGRSAMEUA8NAflO &

DATAPROCESSING -URBAN INFORMATIONSYSTEM 23 FIGURE2.9 "SPOT" SATELLITEIMAGE PRODUCTS - PROCESSINGCOST AND RESULTINGOUTPUT

"SPOTS SATELLITE IMAGE PRODUCTS AND PROCESSINGCOST (1989 Cost in US Dollars)

PROCESSING SATELLITE PRODUCT TYPE OF PROCESS- RESULTING O.JTPUT LEVELS PRODUCTS COST/UNIT PROCESSING ING COST

HIGH LEVEL ------> HIGH LEVEL: Using digital tapes, MULTI-SPECTRAL $1,700 Digital tapes, multi- This type - Enhanced image satellite images DIGITAL TAPE spectral and panchroma- of pro- are processed and enhanced (Color image) tic are merged to im- cessing - Land use classification with Image Processing software 20m. resolution prove resolution. Images cost are enhanced in order to approxi- - Road network map Comouter system PANCHROMATIC S 2,200 enlight urban feature. matly & Image processing software DIGITAL TAPE - -Photographic printout of S12,000 - Change detection cost: S60,000 (8&W image) the enhanced images 10m. resolution are comparable to high - Three dimentional image altitude aerial photos. for terrain modeling

MEDIUM LEVEL ------> MEDIUMLEVEL: Using prints made PANCHROMATIC S1,500 Photographic Print - Land use and road from panchromatic FILM (B&W) enlargement: (B&W) computerized maps and multi-spectral Negative transpa- scale: 1:100,000 S65 films, maps are rency made from scale: 1:50,000 $100 - Computerized overlay digitized with digital tape scale: 1:24,000 $350 maps for water, sewerage GIS or CAD 10m. resolution drainage & electricity. software scale= 1:400,000 - Urban Management System Computer system MULTI-SPECTRAL S1,300 Photographic Print using GIS System. & software FILM (Color) enlargement: (Color) cost: $10,000 Negative transpa- scale: 1:100,000 S160 rency made from scale: 1:50,O00 $275 digital tape - - 20m. resolution scaLe= 1:400,000

LOW LEVEL L------O>LOW LEVEL: Using B&W and/or PANCHROMATIC S1,500 Photographic Print - Land use, road and color prints, FILM (B&W) enlargement: (B&W) utility maps drawn maps are manually drawn Negative transpa- scale: 1:100,000 S65 manually. rency made from scale: 1:50,000 S100 digital tape scale: 1:24,000 S350 - Urban Management System Computer system 10m. resolution using LOTUS 1-2-3 and & software scale= 1:400,000 database management cost: S3,500 systeme .~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ytm 24

E. Cost DifferenceBetween SPOT SatelliteImages and Aerial Photos 2.23 UsingSPOT satellite images for mappingat a scaleof 1:50,000is less expensivethan conventionalmapping with aerial photos.Although it is too earlyto haveprecise figures from large surveys, IGN France(Institut Geographique National) reported a ratio of 3:1 in favor of SPOTdata. The cost comparison presentedin Figure2.10 suggeststhis ratio is generallycorrect.

FIGURE2.10 COST COMPARISONFOR MAPPINGWITH AERIAL PHOTOS AND SPOT SATELLITEIMAGES

Photos or Images Total Acquisition Cost * Price per Km2 Staff US DoLLars

Conventional 170 USS Surveying& 142,500 mapping using Mapping aeriaL photos 24 Person/Months

Mapping with 45 US$ Surveying& 80,000 SPOT satel!ite Mapping images 3 Person/Months

*Cost for mappinga coastalzone of 500 km2 in Polynesia,Loyalty Islands at a scale of 1:50,000.

Studyconducted by the FrenchHydrographic and OceangraphicSurvey (Service Hydrographique et Oceanographiquede la Marine),FOURGASSIE and LE GOUIC,1987. NOTE: Cost differencesbetween aerial photosand satelliteimages are due not only to product cost but diverse processingtechniques and significantlydifferent timetables.

2.24 From this finding it can be concluded that SPOT satellite images, particularly panchromaticimages with ten-meterresolution, offer an alternativeto medium-scaleaerial photos for urban planning purposes. It should be noted again that for tropical countries, image interpretabilitymay be limitedwhen vegetation obscures housing development. Another area where photo interpretationmay not be possibleis in desertic regionswhere houses are made of mud blocksand villagesare dispersedwithout any visibleroads to link settlements.Scale limits are also a constraint and Konecky in a 1987 UN publication "World Cartography' pointed out that 'interpretability' is a factor which limits satelliteimages scale to 1:50,000for cartographicuses. Such scale limitsdo not permitthe use of satelliteremote sensing products for cadastralpurposes in urban areas. 25

PART 3

USINGSATELLITE IMAGES FOR URBAN PLANNING

KARACHI CASE STUDY

To illustratethe usefulnessof remotesensing in urbanplanning and urban management,a case study Is presentedIn this section startingwith a brief overviewof the City of Karachi,Pakistan. 26 FIGURE3.1 KARACHIOLD CITY MAP - 1885

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A. Karachi Urban Development from 1943 to 1988

3.01 Karachihas a long recordedhistory of settlement,but its rapidgrowth has taken place in the past severaldecades.

3.02 By 1843,Karachi was still a walledtownship of 14,000people on a site of 35 acres that had been developedas a port by the British for exportingthe products of the Punjab.See Figure3.1, an old map of Karachidated 1885.As recentlyas 1941,the population of Karachi Districtwas less than half a million.A metropolisburst into being with the birth of the new nation.

3.03 Between1947 and 1951,approximately 600,000 displaced persons who migratedinto Karachifrom India,as a result of the creationof Pakistanin 1947,found shelterin the city, swelling the populationto 1,130,000.

3.04 Karachi'spopulation increasedat a rate of 4.8 percent per year between1971 and 1981.If this trend continues,metropolitan Karachi could have closeto 13 millioninhabitants by the end of the century,or more than twice the estimatedpopulation of six millionin 1987.

3.05 The DevelopmentPlan Report of 1974 defined metropolitanKarachi as an area coveringsome 349 squarekilometers. Today, it is ten times larger(3520 km2) and stretchesfrom the DhabejiWater Works in the east to Baldiaand the BanderQasim port in the west when the urbanarea calculatedfrom satelliteimage dated from January1987 is 1,012km2 (Figure3.2). 3.06 Despiteofficial attemptsto contain Karachi's growth and dispersedevelopment to secondarycities, economic activities in the metropolishave been expandingsteadily. Incentives and tax reliefdesigned to stimulategrowth, in fact, promptedindustries to set up operationsat the edge of the Karachiadministrative district in areas such as Hub Chowki in Baluchistan,just 24 kilometersfrom Karachi'scenter, and Dader in Sind,80 kilometersalong the Karachi-Hyderabad Highway.

3.07 Closeto 30 percent of the populationof Sind province lives in Karachimetropolitan areaand 33,000households are added to the area annually.

3.08 Although close to 45 percent of all employmentis concentratedin four areas -- the Sindand Landhiindustrial trading estates,the port, and the city center -- the adjoiningareas are not highly populated.In fact, morethan one quarter of the built-uparea has been pre-emptedfor defensepurposes and developed under cantonnementboards at very low densities.About five square kilometers of fully or partly serviced land lie unused in the heart of the city, and infrastructurehas been extended into outlying areas at great expense in responseto private speculation.Labor outflowsto the Middle East and remittancesfrom the 1.25 million emigrant workersthere (saidto averageRs3O,000 a year per worker) havebeen largelyresponsible for the speculation on land and housing. Although approximately 80 percent of the land in the metropolitanarea is publicly owned,and a planningstudy was undertakenbetween 1968 and 1973 to deal with land use, Karachihas been unableto controlthe developmentof its urban land. 28 FIGURE3.2 KARACHIREGION

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3.09 A large part of Karachi'shousing is now situated on the periphery of the city, in sprawlinginformal settlements that exhibitlittle planningand nominalinfrastructure. To add to its problems,Karachi has by far the largestsquatter settlements in the province.Referred to as Katchi Abadis, these house about one third of Karachi'spopulation in generallyunsanitary conditions (Figure3.3). 3.10 Recently,national policy has becomecognizant of the needs of low- income groups. For example,land leases have been grantedto squatters,and in situ ameliorationof squatter settlements(Kachi Abadis) is a current priority.Upgrading of servicesin squattersettlements has resultedin visible self- improvementin the quality of shelter.

3.11 In the past ten years, Karachihas endeavoredto reorganizeits institutionsin order to improve urban management.In some fields, such as water supply and sewerage,sectoral objectiveshave been accepted and the institutionalmechanisms needed to achievethem have been established.

3.12 The Governmentof Pakistanasked UNCHS (Habitat, Nairobi) to assist KDA(Karachi DevelopmentAuthority) on "Strengtheningof the KarachiMaster PlanningProcess (1986-2000)."

3.13 The project's developmentobjective is to contributeto the Government'sefforts to improvethe overallconditions of humansettlements in Karachiand further morein the country by: o Improvingthe efficiencyof the deliveryof urban servicesand shelterto inhabitantsof Karachi; o Developingnew approachesand methodologiesthat could be replicatedin other parts of the country; * Developingand implementingwithin KDA a new urban growth managementtool; o Creating and establishingmechanisms for the continuousupdating of DevelopmentPlans preparedby KDA,and o Trainingthe operativestaff and senior officialsof KDAin the use of these methodologiesand approaches.

3.14 The UNCHSrecommended the useof satelliteimages to evaluatethe actualextension of Karachiurban area and its land use.SPOT satellite image products (films and digital tapes, both panchromaticand multispectral)were acquiredto conduct this study. Filmswere reproducedat differentscales from 1:400,000,1:100,000, and 1:24,000and digitizedfor the making of land use and road network maps. Imageson digital tapes were enhancedto analyzeurban development patternssuch as populationdensity.

3.15 The following casestudy illustrateshow data derivedfrom remotesensing and other sources were utilized to develop computerized maps and the beginning of an urban or geographicalinformation system. 30

FIGURE3.3 KATCHI ABADI OR SQUATTERSETTLEMENT - KARACHI

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B. ComputerizedMapping and GIS System

3.16 Thematicland use mappingfrom photographicprints of a satelliteimage can be done manuallyusing mylar or tracing paper.A base map is made over the original print including all visible roadnetworks. A secondland use map mayalso be derivedfrom the same print aftervisual interpretationand field checksHf possible. Using available secondary data, various overlay maps for water supply, sewerage,electricity networksand density maps, etc., may also be prepared.

3.17 In a traditionalmapping process, modifications usually require the preparationof new maps. Changesor additionsare not made without redrawingthe entire maps. 3.18 Usingmicro-computer applications such as a GeographicInformation System (GIS) computerizedbase maps can be created, modified and completed by overlays of information. Facilitiesmanagement can be introducedby transformingall geographicaldata into digital or numericaldata. In other words, a map or a chart can be altered, expanded,sorted and output printed accordingto the particularspecifications of a project.

3.19 GeographicInformation Systems (GIS) is a term whichfirst appearedin generaluse in the late 1960s.It is normallyused to describecomputer facilities, which are usedto handledata referencedto the spatial domain, with the capability to inter-relatedatasets to assist in their analysisand the presentationof the results.This system allowsthe user (a planner,an engineer, a site assessor, a data processor, etc.) to efficiently manage and manipulate data about geographiclocations. An importantconcept to understandis that geographicdata include both spatialand descriptivedata. Spatial(or geographic)data are simple data that have a geographic location such as a zone, an institution,a building, etc. Descriptive-data, or attribute data, are informationassociated with a particularphysical object. Thesedata describe an entitythat has a uniquegeographic location, for examplean industrialestate covering 12 hectareswith 40 percent of land area allocated to circulationand open space.These items are descriptiveelements or attributesof this zone. 3.20 A GIS offers substantiallymore featuresand flexibilitythan traditional mappingand data managementtechniques. A key featureis the capabilityto store and managegraphical and alpha-numericaldata simultaneously within the samesystem, allowing cross-referencing, merging and sortingof all relevantinformation stored in the databaseof the GIS system (Figure3.4). 3.21 For this casestudy all maps presentedbelow were computerized.The land use map and road network were digitized from the photographic print at a scale of 1:100,000using AutoCAD,a ComputerAided Design(CAD) software package running on micro-computersystem. Auxiliarydata suchas water supply,sewerage, and drainagenetworks were also preparedas base map overlays.Computerized maps and associateddata may form the basis for an embryonic urban informationsystem or GIS system. 32

FIGURE3.4 GEOGRAPHICINFORMATION SYSTEM

Contours TABLE: WATER

'Roadways / < / /7 Street: Malik Rd Roadways Pipedia: 200 Rd_Surf: Asphalt Dip: .75 Land Use Const: 1956 Break: 0 TABLE: PARCEL Infrastructure Street: Malik Rd Network Street_No: 155 Word: 12 Parcel_No: 125 Cadastre Type_PI: RESID =BldgFloor: 1 SPATIAL ALPHA-NUMERIC OR INFORMATION TEXTURAL INFORMATION 33

C. MappingLand Use and Road Networksfrom SatelliteImages: Starting an Urban Database

3.22 The steps followed in preparingthe Karachicase study are described below and graphicallyrepresented in Figure3.5.

Use of SatelliteImages for MappingPurposes

3.23 At the presenttime, SPOTsatellite panchromatic and multispectralimages are most appropriate for urban applications. Transparenciesor film negatives can be enlarged on photographicpaper at a desirablescale and usedto trace roads and land use base maps. Use of digital tapes requiresaccess to an image processingsystem. Images on tapes can be enhanced for better interpretationand/or classificationof areas of interestsuch as squatter and dense settlementsand other criticalareas of concern.Digital images can also be reproducedon films or printed using an inkjet or thermal printer. ConvenientScales of PhotographicPrints made from SatelliteImages

3.24 Imagesfrom SPOTsatellite negatives may be printed at differentscales. For a large metropolitanarea, broad analysis using a panchromaticphoto at a scale of 1:100,000may be sufficient.For generalplanning purposes panchromatic photos at a scaleof 1:25,000are suitable to identify most urban features.

3.25 NOTE:Multispectral films at a scale of 1:50,000- 1:100,000are also very usefulfor metropolitananalysis. Visual Interpretationof Urban Features(roads and land use)

3.26 "SPOT"photographic prints at a scale of 1:100,000scale permit major road networks and various land usesto be identifiedand a thematicland use map to be prepared.

3.27 The major road network on panchromaticprints appears in dark grey and are continuouslines. Industrial areas can be recognized by their large roofs which have a higher reflectancethan any other type of construction.These appear on black and white print as large white squareswith a more important road networkthan in residentialareas (Fig. 3.6).

3.28 Through visual photo interpretation,dense and loose grid patternswere identified. Thesewere used to determineurban densityand to classifyresidential areas. Other urban areas where no street patternscould be identifiedwere classifiedas squattersettlements locally known as "Katchi Abadies." Various residentialurban fabrics, or housing types, are schematically presentedin Figure 3.7.

3.29 High densityhousing types (A and B) includesquatter settlements located next to the industrialarea (S.l.T.E.)on the east side of Karachi,along the Malir Riverand in the center of the old city where the road network is more visible than in slum areas.The old center of Karachi appears in a homogenousdark grey tone (Figure2.2 and 2.6). 3.30 Mediumdensity types of development(type C) were partly identified by the road network,which was more visible than in high density areas. A mixture of light and dark grey shadesindicates that the land is occupied by small buildingswith open space and vegetationin between. 34

3.31 Lowdensity types of development(type D) are locatedin northernand southernparts of Karachiand in its peripheralareas. Roofs in this type are noted as a smallwhite dot surrounded by a mixedtone of dark and light grey background(see Figure3.6).

3.32 From a multispectralphotographic print (false color photo) at scale 1:100,000,the urbanareas can be clearlydefined. They appear in a grey-bluishshade while non-developedland appearsin the grey-yellowishtones. Squattersettlements are definitelymore easyto locate than in the panchromaticimage where their grey shade may be interpretedas vegetation.In the multispectralmode, slumsappear in a bluish shadewhile vegetation stands out in red or brown-redin the color print. For visualinterpretation and generalland use classification(residential, industrial, transportnetwork, agriculture), multispectral prints are certainlyof greateruse than a panchromatic image printed at the same scale; however,both serve usefulpurposes. 35

FIGURE3.5 USE OF SATELLITEIMAGES IN URBANPLANNING AND URBANMANAGEMENT

MAPSAND DATA MAPSAND DATA DERIVEDFROM DERIVEDFROM SATELLITEIMAGE SATELLITEIMAGE MADEAT SCALE 1:100,000 MADEAT SCALE 1:25,000

MAJORROAD LAND USE ROAD NETWORK LAND USE MAP NETWORK CLASSIFICATION PRIMARY,SECOND. AND HOUSING PER TYPE & TERTIARYROADS TYPOLOGY

FWATER,SEWER FHOUSING -WATER,SEWE7R IOPULATiON ELECTRICtTY TYPOLOGY ELECTRICITY j ESTIMATE I MAIN NETWORKSI I POPULATION I I NETWORKS i I EST IMATE ,

NOTE: Items enclosedin broken line are not directly obtainedfrom satelliteimages. these data are derivedfrom existing engineeringmaps and field surveys. 36

FIGURE3.6 IDENTIFICATIONOF DIFFERENTURBAN FEATURES FROM "SPOT' PANCHROMATICPHOTOGRAPHIC PRINT - SCALE 1:100,000 KARACHIPAKISTAN 37

FIGURE 3.7 DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT KARACHI, PAKISTAN

TYPE A (Katchi Abadi) TYPE 2 (City Center) SQUATTERSETTLEMENT HIGH DENSIlY Average plot size (m2) 75 Average plot size (m2) 90 No. of persons/plot 6.5 No. of persons/plot 8.5 7. circul. & open space 25 % circul. & open space 25 Density persons/ha 650 Density persons/ha 625

TYPE C (North-East Karachi) TYPE 0 (North Karachi) MEDIUM DENSITY LOW DENSITY Average plot size (m2) 150 Average plot size (m2) 350 No. of persons/plot 6.5 No. of persons/plot 6.5 X circul. & open space 40 % circul. & open space 45 Density persons/ha 260 Density persons/ha 102 38

Maps Derivedfrom SatelliteImaaes 3.33 The land use and road networkmaps for Karachiwere deriveddirectly from satellite images.The thematicland use map and road networkpresented in Figure3.8 was digitizedfrom a panchromaticphotographic print at a scaleof 1:100,000.The road networkmap, shownin Figure 3.9 was digitizedfrom a panchromaticphotographic prints made at a scale of 1:24,000. 3.34 At a scale of 1:24,000,depending on the quality of the image,different residential types of developmentfrom high densityto mediumand low densitysettlements can be identified. Theirareas can be measuredand after field surveystheir densities can be evaluatedfor population estimationby sector or for the entire city. To conduct a housing typology used to evaluatethe populationof Karachifor the year 1988,both panchromaticand multispectralimages at a scale of 1:24,000were usedto identifydifferent urban fabrics before selection of the housingtypes. The Karachihousing typology is to be presentedin Section D. Other Map Overlays 3.35 The roadnetwork map derived from the "SPOT"photo can be usedas computerbase map to overlay other network systems (water supply, sewerage,drainage, etc.) by digitizing existing network maps and matchingthese to the base map createdfrom satelliteimages. (See Fig. 3.10,3.11, 3.12.) 3.36 The land use map, developed at a scale of 1:25,000,can also be used as a computerizedbase map for other land informationsuch as zoning map, land value, etc. Urban MapDingand Urban Data Integration 3.37 Datadirectly derivedfrom satelliteimages: land types and their correspondingareas, roadtypes and lengths,plus the auxiliarydata concerningwater supply, sewerage,electricity and other networkscan be listed on maps as shown in Figure3.13. These data can be extractedfrom the computerizedmap done in AutoCADand imported to databaseand/or to spreadsheetfor further analysis(Figure 3.14). This is the principleof a (GIS)or GeographicalInformation System.

3.38 Dataextraction from map to databaseis possibleonly if the data listed on the map has beenwritten as attributesand linked to a point, a line,or a specific area.As shown in Figure 3.13, the notation or attribute "INF - 2375.22"corresponds to informal or squatter settlement developmentof 2375.22hectares and is registeredin the drawingfile with the same "tag"name as in the databasefield name.

3.39 GIS Systemswhich were first developedfor miniand mainframecomputers are now being used for urban mappingand data managementpurposes. ARC- Info is an exampleof such software.Micro-computer GIS softwaresuch as MunMAPmay be used to extract and/or insert attributesto a computerizedmap drawn in AutoCADto databasemanagement systems such as RBASE5000. MunMAPcan be used as a GIS systemfor data querieswithin a map with enough flexibilityfor the user to developa proprietarysystem adaptedto countriesand cities that have different needs.The other GIS softwarefor micro-computersystems is pcARC/INFO,which is describedin AnnexI, Section D "Softwareneeded for Mappingand Data ManagementSystems." FIGURE3.8 THEMATICLAND USE MAP WITH MAJOR ROAD NETWORK KARACHI,PAKISTAN KARACHI AREA X AREA X AREA X LAND USE (HLA) (HA) (HA) KATCHIABADI 5722 5.65 IIIIIIII INDUSTRIES 5370 5.30 AGRICULTURE4619 4.56

HIGH DENSITY 2740 2.71 DEVELOPEDLAND 9965 9.84 OTHER 50515 49.89

MEDIUMDENSITY 8607 8.50 SOVERNMCT/LNT.1009 1.00 Map derived -from SPOTr TOTAL satellite image of Jan. 1987 LOWDENSITY 3584 3.54 OEFENSE 9125 9.01 URBANAREA 101256100.00

D ~ ~ SN North :. Northe t / Karoqi I Karai/ H A B V A L L E Y (Schem (Schee33)

WESTKARACHI MAURANG mr

WSEAS

Sondapit~~ ~~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~~~~~~~NtoalHgw

Korongi Creek SCALE Monara N 1OKm A R A B I A N S E A I

I 40

FIGURE 3.9 KARACHI ROAD NETWORK

KARACHI ROAD NETWORK Highway Primary Road Secondary Road I.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ t ) \ S \ 0 $ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~SUP£IH

at Scaie 1:25,000. 41

FIGURE 3.10 KARACHI WATER SUPPLY NETWORK

KARACHI WATER SUPPLY NETWORK

Existing Water Main Proposed Water Main/Zone 1 Filter Plant

All Zones Zone 0' - 50' * Reservoir

-- _ Zone 50' - 120' A Pumping Station

Conduit - Zone 120'- 200' e Pressure Valves

BALUC ISTAN SIND

i \ ~~~~~SUPERHIGHWA'

Aurnangro Swam

say Creek MaKorang

SCALE 10 K)"l _ ARABIA SEA N

Source: Karachi Development Plan 1976 - 1985 Karachi Development Authority - Karachi, Pakistan 42

FIGURE 3.11 KARACHISEWERAGE NETWORK

KARACHI SEWERAGENETWORK

Existing Trunk Sewer Proposed Trunk Sewer - - - Existing Rising Main 3 Treatment Plant - - - Proposed Rising MaTn ^ Pumping Chambers

BALUC HISTAN S JHW SIND

AurngiKorgi Creek

SCALE0 KM1 ~~~~ARAB!ASEAN

Source:Karachi Development Plan 1976-1985 Karachi Development Authority - Karachi, Pakistan 43

FIGURE 3.12 KARACHI DRAINAGE NETWORK

KARACHI SURFACE DRAINAGE

Trunk Drain // Sea Zone Nalas-Natural Drain r Catchment Area Foot Hill Zone L.J Boundaries

BALUC iSTAN SiND

d \ i SU~~~~~~~~~~PER HIGH'NA) * C~Manshapir

Bay ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~MangroveSwamp

> Korangi Creek

SCALE,_ 0 KM ARABIAIARABIASEA E

Source: Karachi DevelopmentPlan 1976 - 1985 Karachi DevelopmentAuthority - Karachi,Pakistan 44

FIGURE3.13 LANDUSE TYPE AND AREA ATFr iUTES AREUSTED ON MAP

RECORD# 00001 URGIURAN -CI . ID# :1 LrYPE :INF LAREA : 2375.32: skiand /

RECORD# 00002

LAREAI / 427 55: X*

DEY :._4ALD1IA ) ,D

Ail data attributeslisted on mapsare directiyimported to databasemanagiement systems such as dBASEIII,R:BASE andi LOTUS1-2-3 spreadsheet. Mapderived from "SPOT"satellite image dated January 1987. I 45

FIGURE3.14(A)

ATTRIBUTESOR DATA LISTED ON "AUTOCAD"MAP ARE DIRECTLY IMPORTEDTO DATABASEAND LOTUS SPREADSHEET

AUTOCADDATA

1 I NIF 2775. 7 ) L r" zt 2 I NF 4,2 7.5 5 :4 LCAJ :7.:: ,,6 f3 Si. E WI- _ : _ L_27.c 63 5 63i

I,w. 7 O T.^ E F* , 4 :, .L_ v , , .4 1 77 I'I .Fa -- t F-rr)ftlt_w_I_jSc, ..

/, T 127 , _,,~ _~ f _: L2EE -s. 7 6 ., I 4FF A-,42 4 'E ,-Vf 5, -75 - ,N,-. v4n 5Cf, Lf,_, t- sX^ A 1 7 fl 1 ,-E7 -_-. =f

7 iN= 612 77I4 , 77, LE.;= 6 :Q, I I.r4 -I,. 64s s; I ;'l --il, '. 7. .. -- ;EW

1tL16 ;3IINf N-@F x{F 125.0927ff,A'.7C r 4:I INDIN:r. ^) ,f'-;- r7.) _' . - ~-Lx: :t:,.-- - 5- 17 IFx I:.5 L- * _ r^ 2:.i' ,t f2. f .-

l. .ih-,IF 256. 05 'f^. . 7 "-- i ->St;-tOm-t)s1INF -5, " - '7* + I-^^4F 2-- .rl_, _;:, ' th'-. _.dlLw _* . *--- r -- , s* , r- 171:.f_- ,, -, T ' 26{.4 v17,_J c - ,-,f_ ' .

is I- N les- N, L)3$t __ , IN og E S4f f _-- L 2 6 1 'C,. 7 f-f-- 1'[i '13 27.571I 6. NF_IE,,_ 7' _ ir Nfo_ 51: * i T F _4 N2. 4 E- ''^ 0 xz-D r- _~~~~1c. :o zw i -. L s.r _ 92 ,,. G~ 46_525-,fL,_l7. , _ ,tE 1i ~::T,-3 4.1 7=.,Ci s 3-'ItW} rE-f18c ~ * H IED 12. - . - '- 4-.716

:1 MED _ l _52,X. 8 r-c. z rfG '7 EEI '.C6 35

I - -Polygon Area of ID Number. different land use type Abbreviation for different land use type

The above data filed in AUTOCAD,(polygon ID number, land use types and areas), are imported to dBASEIII,RBASE and LOTUSspreadsheets and can be usedtogether with physicaland socioeconomicdata gatheredfrom field surveysas seen Figure3 14(C) 46

FIGURE 3.14(B)

ATTRIBUTESOR DATAON "AUTOCAD"MAP ARE DIRECTLY IMPORTED TO DATABASE AND LOTUS SPREADSHEET

DATAEXTRACTED FROM AUTOCAD ARE IMPORTEDTO dBASEIII

=, ~=Z _ ~ ~ ='~~ -= ==_== =. =. = :. = :_ = _: _,. =1 =- _: . _ .. _ AREA (Ha) %

KATCHHI ABADI 1(hJSqiuattter) 5722 5. 6,5 HIGH DENSITrY 2 740 2. 71. t1EI:DIUM1 DENSITY 8607 .-, 50 LOW DENSITY 3584 3- 54 INDUSTRY 5370 5 . 30 DEVELOPED LAND 91.:65 I.) 4 SERVJICEf/TJIL.//G0VMT/INST- 1009 1 - 00 DEF ENSE 9Y125 9. 01.C AGR'rJIULTUR:E 4619 4S56 Ti-HER 5051. t5 4 9,9

TOTAL 10(1256 100.0(3

Dataextracted from AutoCADare importedto databasemanagement system. A dBASEIIIprogram classified the land use types and computedthe areas by categoriesas shown Figure3.14(B). 47

FIGURE 3.14(C)

ATTRIBUTES OR DATA ON 'AUTOCAD" MAP ARE DIRECTLY IMPORTED TO DATABASE AND LOTUS SPREADSHEET

DATA EXTRACTED FROM AUTOCAD ARE IMPORTED TO LOTUS 1-2-3

A B C 1 ID# L.TYPE LAREA 2 1 INIF 2375.32 .3 2 INiF 42755 4 3 INF 4z4 4.4) .S, 4 INF l.1 4.: [<: 5 INF 473 .6,2 7 ,6 INF 56 1. 7 INF 1.2. 77; .9 ,.-3 IINF 74.5 10 9 INF 256f.. 05 1.1 10 I NF .147.75 12 11 INF 130 -l1.4 :9 - 12 ? IN4F 1 4z4 .n 1.4 INF D509 5/ 15 14 INF 59: 1 16 15 INF f,,2 t,4- 17 f16 :hlF 27-57 1:8 -, INfF 136.f, .SS:

10 17, I NF 15 - -9 0 20 19 INF 16A-3';9 21 20 HIG 5322. 0=-4 22 21 HIG 17 2. - 23 222 HIG 2244..1 24 23 MIED 142 -.c' 25 S24 MED 329.9 26 25 MED 1713.05 27 26 MED1.004-1_

A B C D E F H I TYPE AREAHA AREAICIR OPENPLOTSIZE PERSONPL POPULAT DENSITY POPJ TINF 5722 5.65 25 75 6.5 3719300 650 45.61 THIG 2740 2.71 25 90 7.5 1712500 625 21.00 TMED 8607 8.50 40 1SO 6.5 2237820 260 27.44 TLOW 3584 3.54 45 350 6.5 366080 102 4.49 TIND 5370 5.30 100 1 6.5 0 0 0.00 TDEV 9965 9.84 45 1 0 0 0 0.00 TGOV 1009 1.00 100 1 0 0 0 0.00 TDEF 9125 9.01 90 500 6.5 118625 13 1.45 TAGR 4619 4.56 100 1 0 0 0 0.00 TOTH 50515 49.89 100 1 0 0 0 0.00 -______--__----_____--___--___--__----_--___-- ______--____--___ TOTAL 101256100.00 8154325 81 100.00 ------…----- __ ------____

Data extracted from AutoCAD, (land type and their corresponding areas), can also be read in LOTUS 1-2- 3 spreadsheets using the LOTUS Commands: / File Import Number. There they can be sorted by categories and other data such as percentage of circulation and open space, average plot size, persons per plots can be added to the table to evaluate population density. 48

D. Establishinga HousingTypology Usina "SPOT"Satellite Images and a Set of Aerial Photographs 3.40 A housingtypology is a classificationof differentresidential patterns of development or urban fabrics that have the same physical and socioeconomiccharacteristics. A housing typology may structureor complementsocioeconomic data gatheredthrough censusand sample surveys.Such study helpsdisaggregate data spatiallyafter different patterns of developmenthave been identifiedfrom a satellite image. (See Figure3.6 for the Identificationof Different Urban Featuresfrom "SPOT"Panchromatic Print.) 3.41 The methodologyfor developingthe typology,selecting housing types, gatheringdata and performingthe appropriateanalyses is describedin this section. Selectingthe HousingTypes 3.42 Housingtypes are selectedfrom satelliteimages or aerial photographsaccording to distinctivedevelopment patterns consisting of plot and dwellingunit sizes,construction types, and density.Areas to be studiedare selectedfrom aerialphotos enlarged at scales1:5,000 to 1:10,000. If aerial photosare not available,a typology may be developedfrom SPOTsatellite images. Ideally, both aerial photos and SPOT satellite images should be used because each has relative advantages.A satellite image covers an area of 60km x 60km, eliminatingthe need for photo mosaicswhen analyzinga large urban area such as Karachi.On the other hand, aerial photos provide excellentresolution for moredetailed analysis. 3.43 Using a panchromaticphotographic print at the scale of 1:24,000,four different patterns of developmentwere identifiedby the study. Some of the selected urban patternswere blown up to a scale of 1:6,000after computer enhancementof the image. While these prints (Figures3.15 to 3.18)do not offerthe same detailas aerial photosat the same scale,they can be used to evaluatedensities based on block dimensions,street widths, and the numberof plots per block. This was possibleon two of the prints (Figures3.17 to 3.18)where streetsand blocks were well defined.

3.44 The resolution of a SPOT image is not precise enough to evaluate densities in compact urban areas,such as squattersettlements and the congestedcity center.Aerial photos coupled with field surveysare recommendedto calculatewith accuracy urbandensity. However, recent SPOT images in combinationwith older aerial photos can produce the same level of accuracy.

3.45 In the case of Karachi,both SPOT imagesand aerial photographswere used but it was not possibleto obtainfull aerialcoverage for the entirecity. The availableset of photos,dated from October 1988,covered three areas: a strip along the LayariRiver, Baldia, and Korangi.These photoswhere used to moreaccurately evaluate the four types of developmentpreviously selected from satelliteimages. From the aerial photo (shownin Figure3.19) it was possibleto differentiate a fifth residentialtype, an apartmentcomplex, which was misclassifiedin the first interpretationof the satelliteimages. Most apartmentcomplexes are locatedalong the HyderabadSuper Highway and in the center of Karachi. 49

FIGURE 3.15

Type A - SquatterSettlement "SPOT" Panchromatic Satellite Image PhotographicPrint at Scale 1:6,000 Karachi, Pakistan

DENSITY:650 PERSONS/HA

FIGURE 3,13

Type B - !-Hih) desiv 'SPOTi' PainchromE4~,tc'S'a+emte~ imaage PhotographicPrint aL-Scaba 4:6,000 Karachi,Pakistan.

DE NSIT Y: 625 P ERISONS/HA

Copyridhi. ,86 CES. m3, Cor p,oration, Reston Virginia

This pho--tgra,pi>cPr ni .sio--e resui, cy 3x3 high5passfilter Kernelapplied tQ enhanceurban detail. 51

FIGURE3.17

Type C -Medium density "SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image PhotographicPrint at Scale 1:6,000 Karachi,Pakistan DENSITY:260 PERSONS/HA

This photographicprint is the result of 3x3 high'pass filter Kerne' apnpie-dt!, enhanceurban detail. 52

FIGURE3.18

Type D - Low Density "SPOT" Pancnromatic Satellite Image PhotographicPrint at Scale 1:6,000 Karachi,Pakistan DENSITY:102 PERSONS/HA

3.46 After the different urban patterns where identifiedfrom satellite images, identical patterns of development were extracted from the aerial photos and average densities were calculated.From aerial photos, block dimensions,street widths, percentagesof circulationand open space, plot sizes,and numberof plots per block could be evaluatedand used to calculate averagedensities (as shown in Figures3.20 to 3.22). Types A and C were reclassifiedinto sub- types since plot size variationsbetween these types may changethese averages. 3.47 Densitywas calculatedon the basis of block dimensions(from road center line), percentageof open space for each type of development (percentageestimated from satellite photographic print at a scale of 1:24,000),the number of plots per block and the number of persons per plot. Householdsize was drawn from secondary data and was verified by selected field surveys. Density (personsper hectare)was calculatedaccording to the following formula: D = (n x p) / ((bi x b2) + (bi x b2)/100 x s) x 10000 where D = Densitypersons/ha n = Number of plots in block p = Numberof personsper plot bi = Block length b2= Block width s = Percentage of open space

3.48 Variousdensities calculated from the sevendifferent types are listed in Table3.1. The densitiesestimated from satelliteimages were updated to reflect the data calculatedfrom aerial photographic anaiysis. On the basis of this analysis it was possible to estimate Karachi's population.A map of Karachi'spopulation distribution by housingtype was derivedfrom this study and is presentedin Figure4.13. TABLE3.1 AVERAGEDENSITIES AMONG DIFFERENTTYPES OF RESIDENTIALDEVELOPMENT

Density Type Description Persons/Hectare

Al Katchi Abadi - Next to waterways & railways 655

A2 Katchi Abadi - Illegal subdivision - 496 B Semi Pucca Houses - Old city center 630 Cl Semi Pucca & Pucca Houses - Small plot size 424 C2 Pucca Houses - Medium plot size 213 D BungaLow - Houses on large plot size 110 E Apartment Complex 1125 54

'_tF 0 F,,FE REN T H0 US IN G TYP ES G-4RAFFIHAT SCALE 1:4,000

0, A. Q. X ArrNMm 5:4 TYPE C "N

"k.

,T S

I-M F. A J

m T A J,gg RW "j-

A K 7, A-2

9 N- -

V Q T Y PE Q

TYPE E TYPE C APART

Rai;,,mays TYP E A: Squn er Lo' Ai,- Ir- a,,Is,ard X TYPE B: Srnali Plot :-;,zs - Sulb-&Panca,,` __-s-,_!a!cp7--p Mem F, E C: S m a 1: edi m "o 1O'D Type TY ze ta_-- e:t Type WP E D: La i-,- F ct Sizq, Hig' TIFE E: Apz_7nF,.: DIFFERENT TYPES I RF S 'BJE

TYPE Al - KATCHI ASADI Squatter Settlement

Block Lenght (m) 55 SlockWidth (m) 26 Collateral Road (m) 4.5 Access Road (m) 2 % of Circulation 10 % Open Space & Comm.Fac.: 25 - 2- No. of Plots in Block 18 ; B - t Average Plot Size (m2) 60i No. Persons/Plot 6.5 ;:A.>Avr':;t-. t\?wŽ-4{t:' ' ' Density Persons/Hectare 655* : - -

TYPE A2 - KATCHI ABADI Illegal Subdivision

Block Lenght (m) 90 . Block Width (m) 30

Collateral Road (m) 10 - . . ' - A- Access Road (m) 4.5 % of Circulation 18 -''A'<'- % Open Space & Comm.Fac.: 12, No. of Plots in Block 20 -s.t* Average Plot Size (m2) 90_ No. Persons/PLot 7.5 Density Persons/Hectare 496

TYPE B - OLD CITY 'I

Block Lenght (m) 84 -'- £ Block Width (m) 52 '; t4T' CollateralRoad (m) 6 < Access Road (m) 2.55 -t r % of Circulation 14 -' TZ % Open Space & Conm.Fac.: 5 ;, ;.0 No. of Plots in Block 34 - .m Average Plot Size (m2) 115 .. No. Persons/Plot 8.5 r ' Density Persons/Hectare 630 ' 56

FIGURE3.21 DIFFERENTTYPES OF RESIDENTIALDEVELOPMENT

TYPE C1 - SMALL PLOTSIZE

BlockLenght (m) 80 BlockWidth (m) 40 t7 a §7 )WA ColLateraLRoad Cm) 10 AccessRoad (m) 6 % of Circulation 18 t t ; - % Open Space & Comm.Fac.: 15 |J4, No. of Plots in Block : 24 l AveragePlot Size (m2) : 90 &S,* ;L t5st;

No. Persons/Plot : 6.5 Li -l DensityPersons/Hectare : 424 l vii : <*.i

TYPE C2 - MEDIUMPLOT SIZE- ^

Block Lenght (m) 185 BlockWidth (m) : 58 : NI Collateral Road (m) 15 AccessRoad (mn) 10 t % of Circulation 20 % Open Space& Comm.Fac.: 25 No. of PLots in BLock 44 AveragePlot Size (m2) : 180 * ; . No. Persons/Plot : 6.5 ;(A. DensityPersons/Hectare : 213

TYPE D - BUNGALOW

Block Lenght (m) : 190 BLockwidth m() :56 to 84 CollateraLRoad Cm) : 12 Access Road (m) 8 % of Circulation 35 % Open Space& Comm.Fac.: 18 I J , No. of Plotsin Block :18 to 26' Average Plot Size (m2) :350 & + : . No. Persons/Plot : 6.5 , . r_ "' DensityPersons/Hectare : 110 -- . t 57

FIGURE3.22 DIFFERENTTYPES OF RESIDENTIALDEVELOPMENT

TYPE E Apartment Complex ,t. s -- :

TotaL area (m2) : 9600

CoLLateral Road tm) ; 22 § - AccessRoad Cm) : 20 % of Circulation : 32 % Open Space & Comm.Fac.: 28 SuiLt-up Area (m2) : 4032 Number of Floors 4 ^ K FLoor Area (m2) :16128 (FAR=1.7) Number of Apartments : 216 Average Unit Size (m2) :60 to 80 No. of Persons/Unit : 6.5 3- Density Persons/Hectare : 1125

3.49 Within the five differenttypes of residentialdevelopment (A, B, C, D and E) as listed above,fourteen different dwelling units were selectedfor field survey.Housing categories such as katchi abadi, semi-pucca,pucca and bungalow,are terms used by the Karachi Development Authorityto classifydifferent dwelling units found in the Karachiurban area. These categories are briefly describedbelow: o Katchi Abadi - Squatter settlements,along waterways,adjacent to railways and other hazardousareas. This term Is also applied to illegal subdivisions.The dwelling units are generallymade of stone, brick and cementblock with corrugatedroofs. • Semi-Pucca House - Low standard type of development;houses made of stone, brick, concreteblock and corrugatedroofs. o Pucca House - Medium to high standard type of development;concrete structures and concreteslab roofs. o Bungalow - High standardtype of development;houses built on large plots, consisting of concretestructures and concrete slab roofs. o Apartment Complex

3.50 Other characteristicsattributed to each dwellingunit type, such as averagenumber of rooms, averageplot sizes and householdincomes are listed in Table 3.2 58

TABLE3.2 HOUSINGTYPE CLASSIFICATION

HOUSINGTYPOLOGY - HOUSINGTYPES

PLot House or Income Size Apartment Range Category Type Description (m2) Size (m2) (Rs.)

KATCHI- Al 1 Room - Sharing WC, no water, no electricity 30 to 40 12 to 15 501 - 1000 ABADI A2 1 Room - No water no electricity 30 to 40 12 to 15 501 - 1000 A3 2 Rooms - Squatter Settlement next to waterways 50 to 70 25 to 50 1001 - 1800 A4 2-3 Rooms - Illegal Subdivision 70 to 90 50 to 70 1500 - 2000

SEMI-PUCCA 8 2-4 Rooms, 1,2 Levels - OLd City Center 70 to 90 55 to 120 2001 - 6500

PUCCA C1 2-3 Rooms - New Development, Small plot size 70 to 100 30 to 60 2001 - 2500 C2 2-4 Rooms, 1-2 Levels - Small plot size 70 to 100 60 to 85 2501 - 5000 C3 2-4 Rooms, 1-2 Levels - Metroville,medium plot 100 to 250 60 to 85 5001 - 8000 C4 4-5 Rooms, 1-2 Levels - Medium plot size 120 to 250 70 to 95 10001 and more C5 5-8 Rooms, 2 Levels - Townhouse 120 to 180 90 to 120 20001 and more

BUNGALOW D 5-10 Rooms, 1-2 Levels - Large plot size 300 and + 150 to 400+ 25001 and more

APARTMENT El 1-2 Rooms, Building of 4 to 5 levels FAR: 2.2 25 to 45 4001 - 6000 E2 3,5 Rooms, Building of 4 to 5 levels FAR: 1.7 50 to 140 15000 and more E3 3-5 Rooms, Building of 4 to 18 levels FAR: 1.3 70 to 180 25001 and more

Data To Be GatheredDuring Field Surveys 3.51 Once urbanfabrics or housingtypes have been identified,selected field surveysare neededto check plot sizes,road widths, numberof floors, numberof units in multi-familydwelling unitsand walk-up apartmentbuildings. During the field surveys,other physicaland socioeconomic data are collected such as building condition, household sizes, rents, monthly expensesand consumptionof water, electricity,gas or fuel, useof transport,estimated property value, etc. In the case of Karachi,a qualitativequestionnaire was designedto provide basic data used in this study. Plans and photos of some of the fourteen housingunits visited are presentedtogether with the data collected during field surveyin Annex 3. 3.52 Dataof fourteenhousing units with graphicsthat show space utilization(or livingarea) per personand plot sizevariation by housingtype are presentedin Table3.3 and Figures3.23 and 3.24. TABLE3.3

HOUSINGTYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS

HOUSING TYPES: Al A2 A3 A4 B C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 D El E2 E3

Description: Katchi- Katchi- Katchi- Katchi- Semi- Pucca Pucca Pucca Pucca Pucca Bungalow Apartmt Apartmt Apartmt Abadi Abadi Abadi Abadi Pucca House Hlouse House House Town- Single Small Medium Large Semi- Semi- Semi- Semi- House New Small Medium Medium House House Size Size Size Pucca Pucca Pucca Pucca old Cons- Plot Plot Plot Medium Large Unit Unit Unit 1 Room 1 Room House House Construc- truct- Size Size Size Plot Plot Sharing Next to Illegal tion tion Metro- 2 to 3 Size Size Toilet River Develpmt ville LeveLs 2 levels

Plot size (m2) 163.87 31.53 50.63 90 90 70 86.13 114.7 161.88 162 416 1500 7316 3600 No. Units/Plot 8 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 2 ,1 1 40 128 24 Built-up Area (m2) 75.00 16.95 27.50 64.00 75.00 33.66 60.17 81.50 76.41 92.40 254.50 2190 6604 1125 Covered Area (m2) 75.00 16.95 27.50 64.00 90.00 33.66 60.17 81.50 145.31 216.48 254.50 45.00 140.00 269.00 Living Space (m2) 12.25 10.56 21.88 26.53 80.42 26.88 40.57 47.60 54.04 164.40 133.71 40.00 92.54 165.88 No. Rooms/Unit 1 1 2 2 4 2 5 4 4 7 6 2 5 5 Kitchen 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Bathroom 0 0 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 3 4 1 3 4 Toilet WC 1/8 1 1 1 2 1 2 1 1 3 4 1 3 4 No.Persons/Unit 5 5 5 5 16 5 6 7 6 7 5 5 8 5 No.Pcrsons/Room 5.0 5.0 2.5 2.5 4.0 2.5 1.2 1.8 1.5 1.0 0.8 2.5 1.6 1.0 Living m2/person 2.45 2.11 4.38 5.31 5.03 5.38 6.76 6.80 9.01 23.49 26.74 8.00 11.57 33.18 Dweller Status Illtegal Illegal Renter Owner Illegal Owner Owner Owncr Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Owner Propert.Value Rs. 30,OQO 3,750 25,000 60,00 200,000 46,900 200,000 200,000 800,000 900,000 1,500,000 100,000 500,000 1,000,000 Vatue/m2 400 221 909 938 2222 1393 3324 2454 5505 4157 5894 2222 3571 3717 Monthly Rent Rs. 200 200 300 400 2,000 350 1,000 800 3,500 6,500 15,000 1,000 3,000 12,000 Water+Gas+Elec. 50 54 104 121 262 129 243 187 747 1,008 1,708 227 625 1,833 Transport Expenses 0 0 300 300 270 600 600 1,800 1,500 1,500 2,000 1,200 1,500 2,000 Month. Income Rs. 800 800 1,800 2,500 6,500 2,750 5,000 8,000 15,000 25,000 50,000 6,000 15,000 50,000 Employed Persons 2 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 2 2 1 3 1 1

% of Monthly Income for Rent 25.00 25.00 16.67 16.00 30.77 12.73 20.00 10.00 23.33 26.00 30.00 16.67 20.00 24.00

% of Month. Income for Rent+Elect+ 31.25 31.75 39.11 32.84 38.95 39.24 36.86 34.84 38.31 36.03 37.42 40.45 34.17 31.67 Water+Gas+Transp. 60

FIGURE 3.23 SPACE ACCOMMODATIONPER PERSON AMONG-THE DIFFERENT HOUSING TYPES 28 -

24.- 22 -

20 - 0 la

Al A2 A3 AA 3 Cl C2 03 CS 05 D Seleoted Dw.,IIInq Units by Housing Type 61

FIGURE 3.24 PLOT SIZES COMPARISONBETWEEN SELECTED DWELLNGUNIT BY HOUSING TYPE 450 -

400 -

350

300

250-

200-

ISO

100 50 I A2 A3 A4 a C1 C2 C3 C4 CS D DwelUngUnlIAHoualng Type 62

PotentialUse of HousingTypolocy Data

3.53 A housingtypology may be used in urban planningto projectland requirementsby type. The typology also permitsan evaluationof urban dwellers'housing investment.In the case of Karachi,squatter settlements represent sizable housing investments by low and mediumincome group families. Unfortunately,the environmentalconditions and services in many of these settlementsare poor and it is clear that householdsin these settlementshave no alternativeto squattingon undesirableareas as seenin Figure3.25. A map derivedfrom a SPOTsatellite image dated January1987 shows the KatchiAbadies locations and their projectedexpansion by the year 2000 (Figure3.26). The expansionarea has been calculatedin relationto data collectedfrom a previousstudy, "TheLow-income Housing Markets in Karachi:1988 Conspectus". In this technical note Mr. J. Van der Lindenestimated the expansionof Baldiaand Aurangi,two large katchi abadi settlements,close to 3 percentper year.If the populationof katchiabadies is growingat an annual rate of 6 percent, as indicated in this document,and if the density remainsthe same, at 496 persons/hectare,the area of the katchiabadies in the Year 2000will be 7900hectares. This area will accommodatea population close to 4 million inhabitants. 3.54 A housing typology may also be used to assesstrends in the housing market, evaluatingthe supply and demandof eachtype of housing.For example,it is clear from this brief study that the demandof housingfor mediumincome groups is not entirelysatisfied by the formal development process. As a result, medium income group householdsare also looking for purchasingplots in illegalsubdivisions while hectaresand hectaresof land have beendeveloped but remain inaccessibleto this group. This explainswhy constructionstandards in some katchi abadiesare quite high.

3.55 A major complaintvoiced during the field surveywas poor water supply.This was a problemnot only in illegalsubdivisions but in other housingtypes as well. In apartmentcomplexes, for example,there was insufficientpressure for waterto reachthe third and fourthfloors. Demands on water can be evaluatedaccording to the differentconsumption patterns. For low standardtypes of construction(types A and B) with limited kitchenand toiletfacilities such as a turkishtoilet and a washing basinin kitchen and bathroom,the averagedaily consumptionis about 30 to 40 liters per person.Where houses with modern kitchenand bathroomfacilities the averageis about 120 liters per person per day. The demandon water supply can be evaluatedby sector or the entire city usingthese consumptionrates and populationdata that can be estimatedfrom satelliteimage as discussed below.

3.56 As indicatedearlier, the housingtypology was usedto assessdensities by residential development types. Areas corresponding to the different housing types were identified on panchromaticand multispectralsatellite image photographicprints at a scale of 1:24,000.The areaswere measuredon the housingtypology and land use map digitizedfrom the panchromatic satelliteimage (Figure3.27). 63

FIGURE3.25

SQUATTERSETTLEMENTS ALONG RAILWAYSAND ON SWAMP LAND I FIGURE3.26 KATCHIABADiES LOCATiONS AND PROJECTEDEXPANSi BY THE YEA 20 KARACHI KATCHIABADIES LOCATIONS YEAR 1988 AND PROJECTEDEXPANSION YEAR 2000 Mop derived from a uSP'orsatellite Image of Jan. 1987 AREA AVERAGEDENSITY Al Katchl Abadi ( PERSONS/HA Katchi Abodi AREAHa Next to Waterway& Railway 2331 655 Expansion Year 2000 2500 A2 Kotchi Abadl Illegal Subdivision 3077 496

North -iNorthe at K=r I H A BHAS VVALLEY AKLL E Y ~~(Schem1Kra (sche33) E AS T Super Hi hway

HAWK'S Clifton~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~i

WESTKARACHI MsreAuripurANGt

_Mi....ll..... WEST~~~~~~M_riu KAAH iiAY Sandapit Salt Korangi CreekN SCAtE Nonora 1RARABAISA N S EA I~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ I FIGURE3.27 KAACHI - HOUitG TYPOLOGYAND LAND UE MAP KARACHI - HOUSING TYPOLOGYAND LAND USE A (Katchl Abaci) C2+ (Pucco) Sorvices/Util r:- Squotter Settlemt - lMediumPlot Size _ Commorces Govermt/Inst.

Map derived from SOs Z B (Semi Pucco) D (Bungalow) f Industries Defene satelito image of Jan. 1987 H Large Plot Size and aerial photographs 1CS Pucca (e from Oct. 1988'%02 SmallSm-Pc Plota) E (Apartment) iDevelopd land Agriculture

North N et Kara N ort / H A B V A L L E Y (Schem' (Schee 33) EAST Super Hi hWC

i3AYSandspN H ' Korongi Creek SCALE MaGnora N 10lOKm A R A L I A N S E A

3.57 Populationcalculation was madeaccording to the differentresidential areas and their correspondingdensities as listed in Table 3.1. The averagedensity of 564 personsper hectare for type A, correspondsto type Al - squatter settlements- (2331hectares, density 655 persons/hectare)and type A2 - illegal subdivisions- (3077hectares, density 496 person/hectare). Karachi's populationestimation for the year 1988according to these data is close to 8,200,000 inhabitants.Figure 3.28, Karachipopulation distribution by housing type, indicatesthat a large proportionof the urban population,about 37 percent, is living in either katchi abadies or in sub- standardtype of houses.Low and mediumincome group familiesrepresent about 81 percentof the populationof Karachi,37 percentliving in squattersettlements, 34 percentin the old city center (type B), 9 percent living in semi-puccaand small pucca houses (type Cl) and about 1 percent or more in small apartmentunits.

3.58 NOTE:The field work and analysisfor this Section was carried out over a ten day period. The data and analysis presentedin this study is meantto be indicativeof how satellite images, aerial photographs,and limited field surveys can be used as tools in a planning process. I FIGURE3.26 KARACHIPOPULATION DISTRIBUTON BY HOUSINGTYPE KARACHI - POPULATIONDISTRIBUTION BY HOUSING TYPE MJapderived from a SPOT satellite Image of Jan. 1987 and aerial photographs from Oct 1985) TYPE AREA AVERAGEDENSITY TYPE AREA AVERAGEDENSITY (HA) PERSON*S/HA (HA) PERSONS/HA A (Kortch1Abdl) HA RSS/AC2+(Puceo) 58 21 we54 564 5068 213 Squatter Settlemt Medium Plot ,,ffi',,,,,,,B (SemI Pucca) 4403 630 (Sungalow)w 4119 1lt TOTAL Large Plot High Density POPULATION18 Cl (Pucca & SeMI-C1Pucca) 1294 424 E (Apartment) 238 1125 8,172.982 Small Plot

_C ' S I N D / Population %

Nor¢thmo! NorthaVt/ Karati \ \ Ej 5E , Karadhl , 37% , H A 9 V A L L E Y (Schem ' t (Sch 33) E AST C S I hwa334X

-4

7/ + ~~~C.N.AP.8LI

8AY ~Sandapft Korongl Creek N_ SCALE UaRnora Km A R ABIAHN E AMS C2+ D E I 69

CONCLUSION

4.01 Satelliteimages provide a usefulplanning tool to monitor the growth of large and small cities.No countryon Earthcan affordto updateits maps at the samepace developmentand land use changesoccur. The largestcities of the industrialworld sharethis same problemwith the mega citiesof the developingworld. Mapsoften are out of date beforethey are distributed.Land use maps do not correspondto zoning and more often, recently constructed roads and new developmentshave not been reportedand located on maps. When planning new developments or monitoringurban images,satellite images can providethe informationnecessary to focus on the environmentalproblems and the need for new infrastructure.The best alternativescan be selected by determiningthe location of availableland that can be most efficientlydeveloped.

4.02 Previousstudies using Landsat MSS and LandsatTM haveshown that satelliteimages are valuabletools for urban planningpurposes. The improvedresolution of the latest generation of remotesensing satellite-based systems, "SPOT", offers even more promise.Many government agenciesand universitiesin developingcountries have remotesensing laboratories equipped with mini and microcomputersand image processing systems.They have been mainly used for strategicpurposes and to monitoragriculture and the environment.SPOT data are an interesting materialfor these agenciesand some of these countrieshave begun to use this newtechnology to monitor urbangrowth and as a tool for urbanplanning. More needsto be done in order to make this technology availableto other countrieswhere these methodscan be used to monitor and manageurban areas moreefficiently.

4.03 Satelliteimages can be used in the preparationof base mapsand thematic land use maps at a scale of 1:25,000.Road maps can also be traced from satelliteimages (major road to secondaryand tertiary roads can be clearlyidentified from "SPOT"panchromatic images). The road base map can be integratedwith other urbannetworks such as watersupply, sewerage,drainage, etc. The informationlisted on the maps,such as roadlength and width, pipe length and diameter, can be transferredto databasemanagement systems or GeographicInformation System (GIS). Thesedata managementsystems can be used for the evaluationof the various networksand for supportingmaintenance activities.

4.04 Microcomputersare evolvingrapidly and softwarerunning on minicomputersare now availablefor personalcomputers making GIS systemsmore affordable to LCD countries.Specific GIS systemsfor urban managementhave beendeveloped for industrialcountries and needto be adapted to the specific needs of developing countries. Impressive gains in microcomputer knowledgehave been made in these places and governmentagencies in many countries are looking for tools to more efficientlymanage their cities.Computerized urban information systems can be easilyupdated and can be sharedwith otherplanning agencies. Having access to the same informationwill permita better coordinationamong public and privategroups that provide urban servicesto urban dwellers. I - 71 -

ANNEX I

COMPUTER EQUIPMENTNEEDED FOR PROCESSINGSATELLITE IMAGES FOR MAPPING AND FOR URBAN MANAGEMENTSYSTEM I I 0a - 73 -

ANNEX I

COMPUTEREQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR PROCESSINGSATELLITE IMAGES FOR MAPPINGAND FOR URBANMANAGEMENT SYSTEM

5.01 Satelliteimages in digital format can be analyzedusing image processingsoftware that runs on mainframe,mini- and micro-computersuch as an IBM/AT, PS/2 and compatible systems.To efficientlyrun an imageprocessing application on a microcomputer,processor speed and large harddisk size are an advantage.The volumeof data to be processedis such that speed and storagecapacity are needed.Microcomputers should be configuredwith a processorrunning at a speed equalto 16 to 25 mega-hertz,with a minimumhard drive storagecapacity of 80MB.A 300MBhard disk, with two monitors,one for menu displayand the other for image displaywould be best. (The second monitor should be controlled by a graphic board providing a resolution equal to 512x512or 1024x1024for best results.)

A. Hardware Needed to Process Satellite Images 5.02 The basic microcomputersystem and peripheralsneeded to perform image processing analysesinclude the following: (i) IBM/AT, PS/2-386or compatiblemicrocomputer system with: 1 high density (1.2MB)floppy drive minimum80MB to 300MBhard disk 1 monochromemonitor math-coprocessor 2 serial ports and 1 parallelport (ii) 1 color monitor with high resolutiongraphic board (512x512or 1024x1024resolution) (iii) 1 digital tape drive to read the imagesfrom digital tapes

(iv) 1 printer (dot matrix, color ink-jetprinter or color wax-thermalprinter)

(v) 1 digitizer table size 24"x 36" or largerto be used with Imageprocessing GIS MVoduleand eventuallyCAD system 5.03 An IBM-PS/2or 386 microcomputerwith 80MBhard disk as describedabove andwith peripheralequipment will cost approximately$35,000.1

1B. SoftwareNeeded to Process Satellite Imaaes 5.04 Severalmicrocomputer-based Image-processing software packages are nowavailable for under $20,000.(See list below Table 1.1.)These software packagesprovide many of the image processing functions required; however,the processing is not performed as rapidly as in a mainframeor minicomputer.

This and other approximateprices In this section are in US Dollarsand refer to late 1989data. - 74 -

TABLE 1.1

LIST OF SOME IMAGEPROCESSING SOFTWARE FOR MICROCOMPUTERSYSTEMS

Screen ResoLution (pixels in Software System rows x columns) Compiler

ERDAS-PC IBM/AT 512 x 512 or FORTRAN (and compatibLe 1024 x 1024 systems)

DECISION- IBM/AT 512 x 512 or PASCAL IMAGE 1024 x 1024

TERRA-MAR IBM/AT 512 x 512 or FORTRAN 1024 x 1024

GRASS-ELAS ITT-UNIX 512 x 512 or FORTRAN 1024 x 1024

GRASS MACINTOSH 512 x 512 or FORTRAN IIX 1024 x 1024

EASI-PACE IBM/AT 512 x 512 FORTRAN

5.05 Digital data can be processedby companiesthat sell satelliteimages usuallythrough a subcontractingarrangement with othergroups. Processingfees for an imagevary between$10,000 to $24,000according to the degree of processingrequired. The end productswill be photographic prints of the image with correction made according to existing maps, land use thematic classification, high resolution photographic prints done by merging two images (e.g. SPOT panchromaticmerged with multispectralimages or LandsatTM Image),change detection analysis using two Images of exactly the same area taken two to three years apart. Some cartography companies use satelliteimages and offer differentservices such as designing and/or updating maps at various scale, from 1:100,000to 1:25,000. - 75 -

C. Hardware Neededfor Ma11ing and Data Management Systems 5.06 Alternatively,satellite images can be processedby digitizing a photographic print. Imagescan bereproduced from a film by a good photographerat a scaleof 1:100,000to 1:25,000, and using a computer-aideddesign (CAD)software, maps can be traced over the original print. This processingsystem is moreaffordable to developingcountries. The cost of photographicprint of a satellitescene (multispectralor panchromatic)made at scale 1:100,000is less than $2,000. From a photographicprint a base map can be digitizedusing a CADor GIS software. 5.07 CAD or GIS run best on IBM-PS/2or 286 and 386 systems.The basic microcomputer hardwareneeded for a mappingand data managementsystem Includesthe following:

(i) IBM/AT or PS/2-386microcomputer system with: 1 high density (1.2MB)floppy drive 40MB hard disk 1 color monitor and graphicboard math-coprocessor 2 serialports and 1 parallelport (ii) 1 printer (dot matrix, or ink-jetprinter) (iii) 1 digitizer tablet size 12"x 12"or larger

(Iv) 1 plotter with 2 to 6 pens (optional)to draw maps at correct scale 5.08 An IBM-PS/2or 386 microcomputerwith 40MB hard disk as described above with peripheralequipment listed above will cost approximatelyUS $9,000to $12,000depending on the size and make of peripheraldevices (printer,digitizer and plotter). D. Software Needed for MaDoinaand Data ManaaementSystems

5.09 Low-costsoftware packages are now availablefor mappingpurposes. According to budget constraintsone can purchaseCAD (ComputerAided Design)software such as EasyCAD or AutoSketchfor lessthan $200.These two softwarepackages work on an IBM/PC systemwith or without math-coprocessorand have the advantageto have compatibledrawing files that can be immediatelyimported to more sophisticatedCAD systemssuch as AutoCAD.

5.10 AutoCADis amongthe most commonlyused CADsoftware running on IBM/ATand other compatiblemicrocomputer systems. The cost of AutoCAD(version 10) Is $3,000. 5.11 AutoCADdata written on a map can be directly Importedto most popular data base managementsystems. dBASEIII, RBASE, and LOTUS-123are the softwarethat can be used to interact with an AutoCADdataffie. Third party softwaredoes permit a direct link betweendata generatedIn AutoCAD to databasepackages In order to extractinformation from maps according to specifiedcriteria

5.12 Moreadvanced GIS systemshave beendeveloped for mainframeand minicomputerwith softwarecompatibility for microcomputers.The most widely used GIS system in the US and also in developingcountries is ARC/INFOfor mainframeand minicomputersystems, and pcARC/INFO for the microcomputer.The cost of pcARC-INFOis $12,000. - 76 -

5.13 The pcARC-INFOfor microcomputersis to be used In relationshipwith mainframeor minicomputerARC/INFO system. A planningagency can start with a low applicationsuch as pcARC/INFOor AutoCAD and later have their drawing files and data transferredto mini or mainframecomputers. AutoCAD files are compatiblewith pcARC/INFOand ARC/INFO. 5.14 It shouldbe noted that no GIS systemcan be immediatelyImplemented if data have not been previouslycollected and formattedfor computerapplications. The integrationof data with maps and the query possibilitywithin a GIS system is possibleonly if the data share the same name.For examplea data or Oattribute such as 'LTYPEOshould be spelledthe same in a drawing file and the databasefield in order to extractthis informationfrom drawingto databaseor reverse. 5.15 The most recommendeddata managementsystems for micro-computerare dBASEIII, dBASEIVand R-BASE5000. The cost of such softwareis in the rangeof $400to $500.

E. ReoisteredTrademarks AutoCADis a registeredtrademark of Autodesk,Inc.

ARC/INFOand pcARC/INFOare registeredtrademarks of ESRI,Environmental System Research Institute.

Easy CAD is a registeredtrademark of EvolutionComputing. ERDAS,Inc. is a registeredtrademark of AdvancedTechnology Development Center. dBASEIIIPlus and dBASEIVare registeredtrademarks of Ashton-Tate.

IBM, AT and PS/2 are registeredtrademarks of InternationalBusiness Machines Corporation.

LOTUS1-2-3 is a registeredtrademark of Lotus DevelopmentCorporation. MunMAPis a registeredtrademark of Generation5 Technology. RBASE5000 is a registeredtrademark of Microrim,Inc. - 77 -

ANNEX 11

HOW TO ACQUIRE SPOT SATELLITE IMAGES I~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ - 79 -

ANNEX II

HOW TO ACOUIRESPOT SATELUTE IMAGES

6.01 Satelliteimages for any city on Earthcan be directly purchasedthrough the agencies that processthe images.

6.02 The informationneeded to order image(s)for a particularcity are:

* City and country names o 4 point coordinates- latitudeand longitude - of this area o Distancesbetween the 4 point coordinates o Brief descriptionof the areaor city location • Maximumacceptable cloud cover (10 percentor less) o Type of product needed. (SeeSPOT SatelliteImage Products& ProcessingCosts, Fig. 2.9.)

6.03 Note: It is possiblethat a metropolitanarea will be split betweentwo images,in which case extra costs would be involved. If time is not a constraint, SPOT can be programmedto obtain the entirecity in one scene,or two scenescan be shiftedto produce a single scene.Processing costs (to mergetwo scenes)are less expensive than purchasingtwo scenes;this is possibleonly if the metropolitanarea does not exceedSPOT scene limits (60kmx 60km).

6.04 The cost for processingthe satelilteImage will vary dependingon the medla (films, digital tapes, etc.). Table 11.1lists different media costs and their corresponding processingcosts for differentphotographic prints (black & white or false color) and at dffferentscales. - 80 -

TABLE 11.1

"sPOr SATELLITEIMAGE PRODUCTS AND PROCESSINGCOSTS

"SPOT" SATELLITE IMAGEPRODUCTS AND PROCESSINGCOST (1989 Cost in US Dollars) -…I . I I SATELLITE IPRODUCT ITYPE OF IPROCESSING i PRODUCTS ICOST/UNITIPROCESSING ICOST

l l ~ ~I ~ ~. ~~ I ~ ~~I MULTISPECTRAL SS1,700 DIGITAL TAPE IMerging Multi- I (Color image) Ispectral & I 20m. resolution ) IPanchromatic $12,000 Ilmages and I PANCHROMATIC I IImage Enhancement I DIGITAL TAPE Image) I IS&w 10m. resoLution $2,200 I~~~ . I I MULTISPECTRAL I IPhotographic Print FILM (Color) 1 $1,300 lEnlargement (Color) Positive I IScale: 1:100,000 I S160 I I transparency I IScate: 1:50,000 S275 made from IScale: 1:25,000 $350 digital tape I 20m. resolution I Scale: 1:400,000 I------I-- - - - I------I------I

PANCHROMATIC [Photographic Print I FILM (B&W) | $1,500 lEnlargement (8&Wl Negative | IScale: 1:100,000 1 S65 I transparency I IScale: 1:50,000 1 $100 made from IScale: 1:25,000 1 S350 I I digital tape II I I I10n. resolution I I I I I ScaLe: 1:400,000 I I I - 81 -

ANNEX III

KARACHI HOUSINGTYPOLOGY PLANS DATA AND PHOTOGRAPHSOF DIFFERENTDWELLING UNITS

I I

I - 83 - TYPE Al - SEMI PUCCA HOUSE, Katchi Abadi

Location : MACHAR Colony - MauripurRoad Development Type : Room accomodationaround a courtyard. Description Informal type of development.Near dumping ground, stagnantpolluted water. Structure Condition Fair - Building age: 8 years

Plot size : 163.87 m2 or 195.99 sq.yd. Number of units : 8 rooms (1 room for 1 family) Built-up Area 75 m2 = 43.94Z of plot area Covered Area : 102.46 m2 or 122.54 sq.yd.

Unit size (room size) : 12.25 m2 or 14.65 sq.yd. __# ConstructionType : Structureconcrete block and brick Floor C.C. - Roof G.I.S 11.50

Equipment & Connections : No kitchen, fuel wood and kerosene 1 Turkish toilet and bath for 8 units Not connectedto water supply and l T r sewerage,No electricity

Persons per Unit : 3 Adults, 2 Children 2 Area/Person : 2.45 m2 or 2.93 sq.yd. l 14.0 Tenure : Illegal occupation of site Housing Present Value : Rs. 30,000 (for plot with 8 rooms) 3 7 Monthly Rent : Rs. 200 Monthly Expenditure (Rs.): Electricity:0 - Fuel: 50 Water: public standpipe Transport:0 YearlyMaintenance Cost : Rs. 38 per roomunit Employment : Fishermen __-_2____ Monthly Income : 800 (2 persons' incomes) 450

4~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

W - i.§K -- - 84 -

TYPE A2 - KATCHI ABADI

Location : MACHARColony - Mauripur Road DeveLopment Type : Single house with one room Description : Informal type of developnent. Near dumping ground, stagnant polluted water. Structure Condition : Fair - Building age: 1 year

Plot size 31.53 m2 or 47.71 sq.yd. Built-up Area : 16.95 m2 = 53.76 % of plot area Covered Area : 19.95 m2 = 20.27 sq.yd. Unit size (room size) : 10.56 m2 or 12.63 sq.yd. Construction Type : Structure concrete block and brick Floor C.C. - Roof G.I.S # 41

Equipnent & Connections: No kitchen, fuel wood and kerosene 1 Turkish toilet Not connected to water supply and sewerage, No electricity

Persons per Unit : 3 Adults, 2 Children Area/Person : 2.11 m2 or 2.52 sq.yd.

Tenure : Illegal occupation of site Housing Present Value : Rs. 3,750 Monthly Rent : Rs. 200 \.\ Monthly Expenditure (Rs.): Electricity: 0 - Fuel: 50 Water: public standpipe Transport: 0 Yearly Maintenance Cost : Rs. 50 Employment : Truck repairman Monthly Income : Rs. 1,200 (2 persons, incomes)

It-.. 'A-

A-C~~ - 85 - TYPE A3 - YATCHIABADI

Location MEHMOODABAD- Near Malir River Development Type : Semi Detached House Site Description : Access by paved road (4.50m) 1 Level Structure Condition Fair - Building age: 5 years

Lot size : 50.63 m2 or 60.55 sq.yd. Built-up Area : 27.50 m2 = 54.32% of plot area Covered Area : 27.50 m2 or 32.89 sq.yd. House size : 21.88 m2 or 26.17 sq.yd. J ConstructionType :Structure concrete bLock Floor C.C. - Roof G.I.S

Equipment & Connections Kitchen in courtyard, fuel wood 1 Turkish toilet, 1 bath Connected to water supply, sewerage, and eLectricity | W

Persons per Unit 4 AduLts, 1 ChiLd Area/Person 4.38 m2 or 5.24 sq.yd.

Tenure . Renter 1 2 Housing Present Value Rs. 40,000 Monthly Rent : Rs. 400 MonthLy Expenditure (Rs.): Electricity: 50, Fuel: 50, Water: 50/Year Transport by bus: Rs.450/Month

Employment * Carpenter Monthly Income * Rs. 1,800

-t2S r-I: -a

-'' . g

'S ^ '~r - ' '' ; "' $$ ' ' ' '. 'S tWt *

' r,.S7| I . ._ s - 86 - TYPE A4 - KATCHI ABADI

Location : KORANGICOLONY Development Type : Semi Detached House Site Description : Access by unpaved road (6m) 1 Level Structure Condition : Fair - Building age: 2 years 9.C0

Plot size :90.00 m2 or 107.64 sq.yd. V 7 lI l Nuiber of Unit per Plot 2 Built-up Area 64.00 m2 = 71.11% of plot area mom _l A2 Covered Area : 64.00 m2 or 76.54 sq.yd. 4.1room Living Area : 26.53 m2 or 31.73 sq.yd. loo Construction Type : Structure concrete bLock 0 / Floor C.C. - Roof G.I.S 1 3. S8 itehmn S 000Oh Equipment & Connections: Kitchen | 1 Turkish toi let, 1 bath & ectit | LLJ Connected to water 1 supply electricity open drain sewerage

Persons per Unit : 2 Adults, 3 ChiLdren Area/Person : 5.31 m2 or 6.35 sq.yd.

Tenure : Owner Housing Present Value : Rs. 45,000 Monthly Rent : Rs. 400 Monthly Expenditure (Rs.): ELectricity: 50, Fuel: 50, Water: 50/Year Transport by bus: Rs.300/Month Yearly Maintenance Cost: Rs. 200 Employment : Self Employe Monthly Income Rs. 2,000 - 87 -

TYPE 8 - SEMI PUCCA HOUSE, Old Construction

Location : BHUTTAVi lage - PanjariPara DevetopmentType : SingLe House Description Access by 2 meters passage 2 Levels StructureCondition Fair - BuiLdingage: more than 50 years

PLot size 90 m2 or 107.64 sq.yd. Built Area : 75 mZ = 83.37X of plot area CoveredArea : 90 m2 or 107.64 sq.yd. House size (floorarea) : 80.42m2 or 96.18 sq.yd. ConstructionType : Structureconcrete bLock and brick Floor C.C. - Roof G.I.S

Equipment& Connections :Traditionalbread oven buiLt in courtyard, Gas range 2 Turkishtoilets, 1 bath Connected to water supply & electricity Open drain sewerage

Personsper Unit : 11 Adults,5 Children (4 families) Area/Person 5.03 mZ or 5.21 sq.yd.

Tenure :Illegal occupationsince 1947 HousingPresent Value : Rs. 200,000 Monthly Rent : Rs. 2000 (if rented) MonthLy Expenditure(Rs.): Electricity:150; Fuel:60; Water: 120/yr Transportby bus: Rs. 270/month Yearly MaintenanceCost : Rs. 500 Employment Driver,Laborer, Private service - Monthly Income : Rs. 6,500 (3 persons'incomes) ' r~~~~~~r7~~-1

Bedreom

_ _ - SECONDIEIEL B ON

Bedroom

r-- 3.50 300- - 30

Bedroom Court

veranda

-: 9 ; +.I* ;.c " . I IoLs~~~~.ftwdotO - 88 -

TYPE Cl - PUCCA HOUSE, New DeveLopment

Location KDA Scheme No. 41 - Surjani Town Development Type Semi Detached House Description Access by unpaved road Structure Condition Good - Constructionstarted in 1986

PLot size : 70 m2 or 83.72 sq.yd. Built Area : 33.66 = 48.09% of plot area Covered Area 33.66 m2 or 40.26 sq.yd. House size (floor area) : 26.88 m2 or 32.15 sq.yd. ConstructionType : R.C.C. Structure - Wall: concrete block 7.00m FloorC.C. - Concrete Roof - --r-- Couot

Equipment & Connections Kitchen, 1 WC, 1 Bath l ltC^f Kltch.n Yard Conected to water supply, sewerage Court and electricity Yard

I ~~~~RoomRoom Persons per Unit :3 Adults, 2 Children t0.00m Area/Person 5.38 m2 or 6.43 sq.yd.

Temure :Owner, * Source of Financing : Family savings and bank loan Rom Room Up Unit Present VaLue Rs. 46,900 Monthly Rent : Rs. 350 (if rented) Monthly Expenditure (Rs.): Electricity:50; Gas: 50; Water: 50/yr R36iC unK Expnsion o the basicuniH Transportby bus: Rs. 300/month Yearly Maintenance Cost : Rs. 300 Employment :Government Employee Monthly Income :Rs. 2,200

-~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~l' j, , - 89 - TYPE C2 - PUCCAHOUSE, Small Plot Size

Location : NAZIZABAD - F.9. Area Development Type : Semi Detached House Site Description : Access by paved road of 12 m. 1 Level Structure Condition : Good - Building age: 18 years

Plot size : 86.13 m2 or 103 sq.yd. Built-up Area : 60.17 m2 = 69.86% of plot area , Covered Area : 60.17 m2 or 71.96 sq.yd. House size : 40.57 r2 or 48.52 sq.yd. T 0F1 ALv Construction Type : R.C.C. Structure - Wall concrete block l cth Court FLoor C.C. acur 3 0 Equipnent & Connections : Modest kitchen, gas, refrigerator aom 1 Bathroom with turkish toilet, 1 bath, 1 turkish toilet rBDin;oo Connected to water supply, sewerage, 13,25 LIw and electricity _ -r

Persons per Unit : 5 Adults, 1 Child SCing I Clsi Room Area/Person 6.76 m2 or 8.08 sq.yd. L 323- Tenure : Owner Source of Financing : Family savings

Unit Present Value : Rs. 200,000 to 250,000

Monthly Rent : Rs. 1,000 to 1,200 (if rented) Monthly Expenditure (Rs.): Electricity: 100 - Gas: 50 - Water: 120/Yr Transport by bus: 600 Yearly Maintenance Cost : Rs. 1,000

Employment : Private Business Monthly Income : Rs. 5,000 (1 person's income)

.,. _ mi~~~~~~~~~~~ -90-

TYPE C3 - PUCCA HOJSE, New Devetopment

Location METROVILLE - Near S.I.T.E DeveLopment Type Single House Site Description Access by unpaved road, near major road 1 Level (2nd Level in construction) Structure Condition Good - Building age: 2 years

Ptot size : 114.70 m2 or 126.86 sq.yd. Built-up Area : 81.50 m2 a 71.05X of plot area Covered Area : 81.50 m2 or 97.47 sq.yd. House size 47.60 m2 or 56.93 sq.yd. Construction Type : R.C.C. Structure - Wall concrete btock T Floor C.C.

Equipment & Connections : Kitchen, gas cylinder, refrigerator ath '-2 90 1 Turkish toilet, 1 bath Connected to water supply, sewerage, Bedroom electricity , n 350

Persons per Unit : 5 Adults, 2 Children: so 14 Area/Person 4.33 m2 or 5.18 sq.yd.

Tenure Owner Bedroom Source of Financing : Family savings

Unit Present Value : Rs. 200,000 T Im Monthly Rent : Rs. 800 (if rented) I| MonthLy Expenditure (Rs.): ELectricity: 100 - Gas: 35 - Water: 120/Yr Transport by car and bus: 1500 Yearly Maintenance Cost Rs. 500

Employment : Private Business Monthly Income : Rs. 8,000 (3 persons, incomes)

/ tV - 91 -

TYPE C4 - FUCCA HWXJSE,Medium Plot Size

Location : NORTH NAZIMABAD - SLock H.N. Development Type : Semi Detached House Site Description Access by 12 m. paved road 3 Levels (2 family units) Parking on plot for resident on ground floor Structure Condition Good - BuiLding age: 15 years Terrease |tJ- Y-0 Plot size 161.88 m2 or 193.61 sq.yd. ICn* ° Number of Units on Plot: 2 Units 3.5at .0 BuiLt-up Area : 76.41 m2 = 56.61% of plot area Covered Area : 145.32 m2 = 173.80 sq.yd. BathSA Unit size(ground floor): 54.04 mZ or 64.63 sq.yd. Beldroom Construction Type * R.C.C. Structure - Wall concrete bLock FLoor mosaic - Concrete roof ELU wiWng l l Equipment & Connections: Modern Kitchen, gas and refrigerator |1 room 1 Modern Bathroom 2.50- Connected to water supply, sewerage, 7.75 and electricity. r

Persons per Unit : 5 AduLts, 1 Child

Area/Person : 9.01 m2 or 10.77 sq.yd. - g. s -

Tenure : Owner Source of Financing : FamiLy savings

Unit Present Value : Rs. 900,000 Monthly Rent : Rs. 3,500 (for ground floor if rented)

Monthly Expenditure : Electricity: 250; Gas: 80; Water: 120/Yr 00 Transport by car: Rs.1,500/Month Bdroom 15 Yearly Maintenance Cost: Rs. 5000 I Ef11

Employment : Police, Bank employee 17.5 -adroem 11.75 Monthly Income : Rs. 15,000 (2 Persons' incomes) 4.201

~~~~~~-~ 5-.- - _ i t.2n -~~~ | ? !~~~~~~~1,dw X .t~~~~.- |' -.- ''.

4.-..

-- . . , - . -,.: -92-

TYPE C5 - PUCCA TOWNHoUSE, Mediun Plot Size

Location Next to Shafique TextiLe Factory Oevelopment Type Townhouse Site Description : Access by 8 m. paved road 2 Levels - Parking on plot Structure Condition Good - Building age: 2 years

Plot size : 162 m2 or 193.75 sq.yd. Built-up Area : 92.40 m2 57.04% of plot area Unit size(ground floor): 164.48 m2 or 196.72 sq.yd. t Construction Type R.C.C. Structure - Wall concrete block Floor mosaic - Concreteroof

Equipment & Connections: Modern Kitchen, gas and refrigerator 3 M4odernBathrooms Connected to water supply, sewerage, 1- -

and eLectricity. - -

Persons per Unit : 4 Adults, 3 ChiLdren Area/Person : 23.50 m2 or 28.10 sq.yd.

Tenu,e : Owner '--' - - Source of Financing : Family savings and bank loan _ E__

Unit Present Value : Rs. 850,000 .. j- Monthly Rent : Rs. 6,500'(for ground floor if rented) i MonthlyExpenditure : Electricity:350; Gas: 200; Water: 120/Yr Transport by car: Rs.1,500/Month YearLy Maintenance Cost: Rs. 5000

Employment : Private Business Monthly Income : Rs. 25,000

5.0 -44751

I Icc 1tO1.20rhdroom cn0BD

i.2O

I&DO 4_91 senBeoom

UAng~~~~~~~~~~~

. ES. , _L. ! . ~ Wz~~2i LU - 93 - TYPE D - BUNGALOW

Location STEELMILL TOWNSHIP DevelopmentType : Bungalow,Single Family House Site Description New Town developedby SteeL Mill Corp. for their employees. Access by paved road of 12m. StructureCondition Good - New Building 1G.3 Plot size : 416 m2 or 497.54 sq.yd. Built Area : 254.50m2 = 61.18% of plot area 5.00 4.12 i 3.37_ CoveredArea 254.50m2 or 304.38 sq.yd. House size : 133.71 m2 or 159.92sq.yd. Bat ConstructionType : R.C.C. Structure- Wall concreteblock Floormosaic - Concreteroof Bedroomn Bedroom Equipment & Connections Modern Kitchen,with gas range, refrigerator _ l 4 Modern Bathrooms Bedroc Connectedto water supply,gas, sewerage,

and eLectricity- Air conditionning A Bt T TeLephone L I

Persons per Unit 3 Adults,2 Children 2o.00 F Area/Person 26.74m2 or 31.98 sq.yd. 52

Dweller Status Owner Source of Financing : Family savingsand bank loan cn

Unit PresentValue Rs. 600,000to Rs. 1,500,000for bungalow next to city center MonthlyRent : Rs. 1500 (if rented)or , M Rs. 15,000for same housingunit in city = MonthlyExpenditure (Rs.): Electricity:1,000- Gas:500- Water:500/Yr Car Forech Transportby car: 1500 Yearly MaintenanceCost : Rs. 2000 7.3J 4 1

IncomeSource : SteelMill Employee Monthly Income :_Rs. 25,000 to Rs. 50,000_._;_ _

LE - 94 -

TYPE El - SMALL APARTMENTSIZE

Location KARIMABAD - F.B. Area Developnent Type Apartment Complex

Site Description Access by paved road to complex and *A ny unpaved passage to units I '5' 5 Level apartment building L

Structure Condition Fair - Building age: 17 years 7.50 _#1L

Plot size : 1500 m2 or 1795 sq.yd. Built-up Area : 2190 m2 (FAR: 1.46) Table Number of Units on Plot : 40 Apartments/building Apartment size : 45 m2 or 53.82 sq.yd. 1.26 Cridor Living Space : 40.00 m2 or 53.82 sq.yd. L Construction Type : R.C.C. Structure - Wall concrete block Floor C.C. - Concrete roof

Equipment & Connections : Kitchen, refrigerator ITurkish toilet, 1 bath Connectetd to water supply, gas, sewerage,=_;I :,,-9j and electricity t2^ , g. w

Persons per Unit : 3 Adults, 2 ChiLdren Area/Person 8.75 m2 or 10.46 sq.yd.

Tenure : Owner

Unit Present Value : Rs. 100,000 MonthLy Rent : Rs. 1,000 (if rented) . ...._.... Monthly Expenditure (Rs.): Electricity: 150; Gas: 50; Water: 120/Yr _ Tranport by bus: Rs. 1,500/Month Yearly Haintenance Cost: Rs. 200

EmpLoyment : Private (Owns Business) Monthly Income : Rs. 6,000 (3 persons' incomes) 1 & N I

a' '. -'- .,_ -_ - 95 -

TYPE E2 - MEDIUM APARTMENTSIZE

Location : P.E.C.M.S.- BANAORABAD DevelopientType : ApartmentCompleX Site Description : Accessby paved road,S floors with shops on ground ftoor and parkingfor resident insidebtock StructureCondition : Good - Buildingage: 5 years

Plot size : 7316 m2 or 8750 sq.yd Built-up Area 6604 mZ (FAR=4.51) Number of Units on Plot : 128 apartments,40 shops ApartmentSize 140 mZ or 167.44sq.yd. Living area 9Z.54 mZ or 110.51 sq.yd. ; ! ____ ConstructionType R.C.C. Structure- Wall concreteblock | Floor mosaic - Concreteroof

Equipment& Connections : Modern kitchen,3 bathroomswell equipped Connectedto water supply,gas, sewerage, and electricity- Telephone

Personsper Unit 6 AduLts,2 ChiLdren t, Area/Person : 11.57mZ or 13.83 sq.yd.

Tenure : Owner Source of Financing :Familj savingsand bank loan

Unit PresentVatue :Rs. 500,000 to 800,000for apartment facing the street and in lower level _ _ __ _ ; Monthly Rent Rs. 3,000 to 5,000 (if rented) MonthlyExpenditure (Rs.): Electricity:300; Gas: 200; Water: 500/YrW:'-

Transportby car: Rs. 1,500/Month .

Income Source : PrivateBusiness Monthly Income : Rs. 15,000(1 person'sincome)

L IbOroomn | W too

4.50- - 96 -

TYPE E3 - LUXURIOUSAPARTMENT TYPE

Locationi CLIFTON- Marine BLessing Development Type Luxurious Apartment Complex

Site Description Access by 12 m. paved road Apartment bldg (ground+3 floors) UP Parking, Garden patio, Swirmmingpool Servants' Quarters on ground floor 1

Structure Condition : Good - BuiLding age: 5 years Q L

Plot Size 3600 m2 or 4305 sq.yd.

Built-up Area : 1125 m2 (FAR: 1.25) ' 10 nia \ Apartment Size : 269 m2 or 321.72 sq.yd. L Living Space : 165.88 m2 or 198.39 sq.yd. \ 95 Construction Type : R.C.C. Structure - WaLl concrete block stOru5\ Floor mosaic - Concrete roof

Equipment 1 Connections: Modern Kitchen, gas and refrigerator I.0 Both 3 Bathrooms and Bath welL equipped | H H Connected to water supply, sewerage, B,droeml electricity, air-conditionning | Bath teLephone | L Persons per Unit : 3 Adults, 2 ChiLdren 9ndroom Area/Person : 33.18 m2 or 39.68 sq.yd. l

DI room c il Tenure : Owner Source of Financing : Family savings

Unit Present Value : Rs. 1,000,000 (Apt. inside block) Rs. 1,200,000 (Apt. facing main street) 7.1D Monthly Rent Rs. 12,000 to 15,000 (depending on apartment location and floor Level) Monthly Expenditure (Rs.): Electricity:1000; Gas:500; Water:500/Yr. Transport by private car: Rs. 2,000/Month YearLy Maintenance Cost : Rs. 3,500

Employment : Private Business_ t

Monthly Income : Rs. 50,000 \

* P / ' @-~~44: - 97 -

HOUSINGTYPES AND VALUES ALLOCATEDBY INCOME

UNIT 1 UNIT 2 UNIT 3 UNIT 4 KATCHI A8A0I NEN - SCHEME 41 KATCHI ABADI APARTMENT VALUE Rs.3,750 VALUE Rs.46,900 VALUERs.60,000 - VALUE Rs. 100,000

LOW INCOME

a ' W;E 4'-I .

UNIT 5 UNIT 6 UNIT 7 METROVILLE APARTMENT NEAR CENTER VALUE Rs.200,000 VALUERs.500,000 VALUERs 900,000

MEDIUMINCOME

, " ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~.

UNIT 8 UNIT 9 APARTMENT BUNGALOW HIGH INCOME VALUE Rs.1.000,000 VALUE Rs.1,500,000 I - 99 -

GLOSSARY I - 101 -

GLOSSARY

Attribute Non-graphicinformation associated with a point, line, or area elementin a GIS.

Cadastre A cadastreis an official public record usuallyrecording property rights, the value and quantity of land in a jurisdiction,state or country, recorded in fiscal or real property parcel units. It is best thought of today in terms of fiscal and legal cadastre.

CadastralMap A cadastralmap showsthe real propertyframework of an area.A cadastralmap usuallyshows property boundaries, administrative boundaries, legal road corridors, parcel identifiers,and some times the area of each parcel, road names and administrativearea names.

Computer-AidedDesign (CAD) Computer software for design. Such applications are used in engineering, architecturaland planningagencies for technicaldesign of planand otherdrawings produced by such agencies. Coordinate(geographic) A system of sphericalcoordinates for describingthe positions of points on the Earth.The declinationsand polar bearingsin the Earthsystem are the latitudesand longitudesrespectively.

Digitizer A device for entering the spatial coordinatesof mappedfeatures from a map or documentto the computer. Edge Enhancement The result of the application of a high-pass filter designed to enhance high frequencyvariations between a pixel and its neighboringpixels.

Electro-magneticRadiation (EMR) Energy propagatedthrough space or through materialmedia in the form of an advancinginteraction between electric and magneticfields.

Flux The rate of flow of some quantity,often used in referenceto the flow of sor. of energy.Generally, the numberof radioactiveparticles per unit volumetime, mean velocity.

FORTRAN(FORmula TRANslation) A high-level programming language, much used in computer graphics and CAD/CAM.Recent Improvements, embodied in FORTRAN77, have made structured programmingand interactivedata input much easier.

GeometricCorrection The removalof sensor,platform, or scene inducedgeometric errors such that the data conform to a desired projection.This involvesthe creationof a new digital image by resamplingthe original imagedata. - 102 -

Glossary,continued GIS A Geographic InformationSystem or GIS is a system for collecting, inputting, checking,processing, integrating, analyzing, modelling and reportingon information relatingto the earth.They may be establishedand used for manyfunctions, some of which are forecastingpotential commercial areas, analyzing factors contributing to seismichazard levels,determining high risk erosionareas, or used to assist in the determinationof optimumuse of land.

Gray Scale A monochromestrip of shades ranging from white to black with intermediate shadesof gray. Ground Control Points Control points obtained by ground surveys to control and correct distortion of remote sensing images.

Ground Resolution The smallestobject size which can be seen, or detected, by the sensors on a remotesensing satellite.

Ground Survey A survey made by ground methods,as distinguishedfrom an aerial survey.

High-pass Filtering A spatialenhancement technique operating on digital imagedata which detectsand enhanceshigh frequencyvariation within a specifiedimage kemel.The high-pass filter evaluatesthe central pixel of a kemel and its neighboringpixels and alterns the centralvalue to Increasethe contrastwith the neighboringpixels of the kemel.

Hue Thatattribute of a color by virtue of which it differs from gray of the samebrilliance, and which allowsit to be classedas red,yellow, green, blue, or intermediateshades of these colors.

Image The counterpartof an object producedby the reflexionor refractionof light when focused by a lens or mirror.The recordedrepresentation of an object producedby optical, electro-optical,optical mechanical,or electronicmeans. It is generallyused whenthe electro-magneticradiation emitted or reflectedfrom a sceneis not directly recorded on film.

Image Enhancement * The manipulationof Imagedensity or Imagedigital data to more easilysee certain feataresof an Image. Infrared Pertainingto or designatingthe portlon of the electro-magneticspectrum with wavelengthsjust beyond the red end of the visible spectrum,such as radiation emittedby a hot body. Instantaneous Field-of-View (IFOV) A term specifically denoting the narrow field of view designed Into scanning radiometersystems. - 103 -

Glossary,continued Kernel The minimumsubset of Imagepixels which is used In a digital spatialfilter to define the linput set of pixels.The input kernel is evaluatedto define an output pixel, according to analyticalfunctions defined by the type of filter appliedto the kernel. uS The term Land InformationSystem (US) is being applied to systemswhich are focused on land parcels as their unit of informationor are land administration based.A land Informationsystem is a seriesof operationsused for strategic and operationalmanagement, information provision for day-to-dayoperations, which involvesthe collection,storage, maintenance, processing, analysis, and dissemina- tion of land related data including maps and records for land registration,land assessmentand evaluation. Monitor Usuallya TV screenused to display data, graphicand images.

Mosaic An assemblageof overlappingaerial or spacephotographs or imageswhose edges have beenmatched to form a continuouspictorial representationof a ponion of the Earth's surface.

Multiband System A systemfor simultaneouslyobserving the sametarget with severalfiltered bands, through which data can be recorded; usuallyapplied to camera and sensorson satellites. Mutispectral Generallyused for acquisition of remote sensing data in two or more spectral bands.

Multi-Spectral Scanning (MSS) A remote sensing device which operates on the same principle as the infrared scanner except that it is capable of recording data in the ultravioletand visible portions of the spectrumas well as the infrared. Nadir (ground) The point on the ground vertically beneaththe perspectivecenter of the camera lens or sensor.

Near Infrared The preferredterm for the shoner wave lengths in the infrared region extending from about0.7 micrometers(visible red), to around2 or 3 micrometers(varying with the author).The term reallyemphasizes the radiationreflected from plant materials, which peaksaround 0.85 micrometers. Negative A photographicimage on film, plate, or paper,in which the tones are reversed. Noise Any undesiredsound. By extension,noise is any unwanteddisturbance within a usefulfrequency band, such as undesiredelectric wavesin a transmissionchannel device. - 104 -

Glossary,continued Panchromatic Usedfor films that are sensitiveto broadbands. Satellite image with only one band that scans imagesin black and white. Pixel A contraction of a picture element. In satellite images, an integrated radiance mappingunit.

Preprocessing Commonlyused to describecorrections and processingdone to imagedata before informationextraction. Includes geometric and radiometriccorrection, mosaicking, resampling,and formatting. Processing The operation necessaryto producenegatives, slides, or prints from exposedfilm, plate, or papers.The manipulationof digital data by meansof a computer. Radiance The accepted term for radiantflux in power units (e.g.watts).

Radiometer An instrumentfor quantitativelymeasuring the intensityof electro-magneticradiation in some band of wave lengths in any part of the electro-magneticspectrum.

RadiometricCorrection Processingof sensordata to calibrateand correct the radiationdata providedby the sensordetectors.

Raster The scanned (illuminated)area of the CRT.

Reflectance The ratio of the radiant energy reflectedby a body to that incident upon it.

RemoteSensing In the broadest sense,the measurementor acquisition of informationof some propertyof an object or phenomenon,by a recordingdevice that is not in physical or intimatecontact with the object or phenomenonunder study. Resolution The abilityof an entire remotesensor system to rendera sharplydefined image. It may be expressedas line pairs per millimeteror meters,or in many othermanners. If expressedin size of objects, or distanceson the ground,the distance is termed ground resolution.

Scanner A device that scans and, by this means,produces an image.

Scene The area on the ground that is coveredby an Image or photograph. - 105 -

Glossary,continued

Sensor Any devicewhich gatherselectro-magnetic radiation or other energyand presents it in a form suitablefor obtaininginformation about the environment.

Signature Any characteristic or series of characteristicsby which a material may be recognized.Used in the senseof spectralsignature.

Spectral Band An interval In the electromagneticspectrum defined by two wave lengths, frequencies,or wave numbers.

Stereopair A pair of phctos which overlap in area and are suitable for stereoscopic examination.

Stereoscopic Image The mentalimpression of a 3-dimensionalobject which resultsfrom stereoscopic vision.

Texture In a photo image,the frequencyof changeand arrangementof tones.

Thematic Map A thematic map is one with a theme (e.g., soil map, land use map, a cadastral map.)

ThematicMapper Sensorsystem on satelliteLandsat series four and fivewith six multispectralbands and onethermal band that permitsland use classificationfor the makingof thematic maps.

Source: MultilingualDictionary of RemoteSensing and Photogrammetry,George A. Rabshevsky, Editor. The AmericanSociety of Photogrammetry.1983. US Deflnitionfor the World BankLand InformationSystem Seminar - Lynn Holstein- March 1987. A - 107 -

REFERENCES

4 I - 109 -

REFERENCES

ADENIYI,P.O. Applicationsof RemoteSensing Techniques in Nigeria, 1986.Nigeria Society of RemoteSensing Publication No.2., Universityof Lagos, Departmentof Geography, Lagos,Nigeria. ANDERSONJames R.; ErnestHardy; John Roach;Richard Witmer. A Land Use and Land Cover Classification, System for Use with Remote Sensor Data. Geological Survey ProfessionalPaper 964. Publishedby the UnitedStates Government Printing Office, Washington:1976.

BERTAUD,Alain C. Memorandum on the Useof AerialPhotography for HousingPolicy Formulation and Identificationof DesignParameters in DevelopingCountries. Paper prepared for the Urban ProjectsDepartment, the World Bank,Washington DC, November1979 - PADCO.

BRACONNE,S.; Lummaux, J.C.; Poulain, J. 1979. The LANDSAT-DAssessment System. Proceedings,13th InternationalSymposium on RemoteSensing of Environment.Ann Arbor, Michigan,USA, Vol.111: 1757-1764.

BURROUGH,P.A. Principlesof GIS for Land ResourcesAssessment. 1986. Oxford Science - Publication.Clarendon Press.

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DALE,P.F.; McLaughlin,J.D. 'Land InformationManagement." Oxford UniversityPress. 1988.

DANGERMOND,Jack. Paperon "BasicReadings in GeographicInformation Systems." Reprinted from DonnaPeuquet and John O'Callaghan,eds. 1983.Design and Implementation of Computer-BasedGeographic Information Systems. Amherst, New York. IGU Commissionon GeographicalData Sensing and Processing.

DUNKERLEY,H.B. Urban Land Policies.World Bank. Oxford UniversityPress. 1983.

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FORSTER,B.C. RemoteSensing Applicationsfor Socio-EconomicAspects of the Environment SymposiumProceedings, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, March 1985. GRABINSKI-YOUNGN. Usesof RemoteSensing and ComputerizedData Managementin Urban Planning:The TacomaStory. Washington,Tacoma PlanningDepartment, Tacoma, Washington.

LORD CHORELY.Handing Geographic InformationReport to the Secretary of State for the Environmentof the Committeeof Enquiryinto the Handlingof GeographicInformation. London. Her Majesty'sStationery Office. 1987. - 110 -

References,continued HARDY,Ernest E.; RonaldL Shelton;Donald J. Belcher;John T. Roach.New York StateLand Use and NaturalResources Inventory - Classificationand InventoryMethods. Published by the Centerfor AerialPhotographic Studies, Cornell University,Ithaca, New York, January1971.

HEMPENIUS,S.A. RemoteSensingTechnology: Prospectsfor Developing Countries. Invited paper. InternationalSymposium on IntegratedSurveys in ResourceManagement. Manila, Philippines.1978.

HOFFER,R.M. Techniques and Applications for Computer-AidedAnalysis of MultispectralScanner Data.Invited paper. Proceedings 16th IUFRO Wodd Congress,Subject Group S 6.05 - RemoteSensing. Oslo, Norway. 1976.

HOLSTEIN,Lynn. LISDefinitions for the World BankLand Information System Seminar. November 1988.

HOWARD,William A. Technical Papers ASM-ASP,1980. Remote Sensing and the Planning Profession:A ContinuingEducational Opportunity. Center for Urban and Regional Studies,College of Architectureand Urban Studies,Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,Blacksburg, Virginia 24061.

JENSEN, John R. Introductory Digital Image Processing - A Remote Sensing Perspective. Publishedby Prentice-Hall,Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey07632.

JENSEN,John R. Urban; Suburban Land Use Analysis.Published by the American Society of Photogrammetry,210 LittleFalls Street,Falls Church,Virginia 22046. Printed by The SheridanPress. MARTIN,LR.G. Changedetection In the Urban FringeEmploying LANDSAT Satellite Imagery. Plan Canada,Vol.26, No.7, September 1986. Special Issue on RemoteSensing. University of Waterloo,School of Urban and RegionalPlanning, Waterloo, Ontario.

SIVARAMAKRISHNAN;Leslie Green.Metropolitan Management - The Asian Experienceby K.C.

SOMBAT,M.; VANDER ZEE, D. The Monitoringof Bangkok'sRural Urban Fringe: The Possibilities and Umitationsof RemoteSensing as a Tool for Planning.Ecologia, Vol.6, No.1, 1987. Presentedat the InternationalSymposium on Problems of LandscapeEcological Research. Thammasat University, Department of Geography, Bangkok 10200, Thailand.

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