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World Bank Document INU- 42 THE WORLD BANK POLICY, PLANNING AND RESEARCH STAFF FILECOPY Public Disclosure Authorized Infrastructure and Urban Development Department Environment Department Report INU 42 Public Disclosure Authorized THE USE OF SATELLITE IMAGES FOR URBAN PLANNING A Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan Public Disclosure Authorized by Marie-Agnes Bertaud A May 1989 Public Disclosure Authorized TECHNICALNOTE This is a document publishedinformally by the World Bank.The views and interpretationsherein are thoseof the author and should not be attributedto the World Bank,to its affiliatedorganizations, or to any individualacting on their behalf. Copyright 1989 The WorldBank 1818H Street,N.W. All RightsReserved First PrintingMay 1989 This is a documentpublished informally by the World Bank. In order that the informationcontained in it can be presentedwith the least possibledelay, the typescript has not been preparedin accordancewith the proceduresappropriate to formal printedtexts, and the WorldBank accepts no responsibilityfor errors. The World Bank does not acceptresponsibility for the views expressedherein, which are those of the authorand shouldnot be attributedto the World Bankor to its affiliatedorganizations. The findings,interpretations, and conclusionsare the resultsof researchsupported by the Bank;they do not necessarilyrepresent official policy of the Bank. The designationsemployed, the presentationof material,and any maps used in this documentare solely for the convenienceof the reader and do not implythe expressionof any opinionwhatsoever on the partof the WorldBank or its affiliatesconcerning the legal statusof any country,territory, city, area,or of its authorities,or concerningthe delimitationsof its boundariesor nationalaffiliation. This reportwas preparedby PADCO,Inc. Ms. Marie-AgnesBertaud was the mainauthor, assisted by Mr. CharlesPill of PADCO.Ms. Lorna Paceand Ms.Jennifer Allen providedmuch neededsupport in the operation of the World Bank'sremote sensing facilities. Guidance,comments and assistancewas providedby Ms. Jane Prattand Messrs.Lynn Holstein,Per Ljung,Wayne Luscombe, Steve Mayo, Glenn Morgan and PhilipeVillagram. TheWorld Bank The Use of Satellite Images for Urban Planning A Case Study from Karachi, Pakistan TECHNICALNOTE PREFACE This report Is one elementof ongoing researchin the application of new technologiesfor urbanplanning and management,the analysisof urban land use and reconnaissanceof physicalInfrastructure. Its preparationwas jointly sponsored by the Infrastructureand Urban DevelopmentDepartment and the EnvironmentDepartment of the World Bank, and supported by a World Bank research project (RPO 674/66). The report also draws heavilyon PADCO'swork on an UNCHS- executedand UNDP-fundedproject (PAK/86/029)to supportthe Karachi DevelopmentAuthority in Pakistan: *Strengthening the Karachi Master PlanningProcess, 1986-2000." In the Karachiproject, PADCO is associated with Pakistan Environment Planning & ArchitecturalConsultants, Ltd. (PEPAC). THE USE OF SATELLITEIMAGES FOR URBANPLANNING Tableof Contents PageNo INTRODUCTION 1 PART1. REMOTESENSING AND SATELLITEIMAGERY 3 A. FromAerial Photography To SatelilteImages 3 B DifferentRemote Sensing Satellite Systems 5 1 LANDSAT4 5 2 LANDSAT5 5 3 SPOTI 5 PART2. VARIOUSTYPES OF MEDIAAND WAYS OF PROCESSING 11 ANDINTERPRETING SATELLITE IMAGES A ProcessingSPOT Satelilte Images From Panchromatic 11 PhotographicPrints B Processingof SPOTSatellite Images From Multispectral 16 PhotographicPrints C ProcessingSatellite Images from Digital Tapes 20 D CostComparison Between Different Satelilte Image 20 ProcessingTechniques E CostDifference Between SPOT Satellite Images and 24 AerialPhotos PART3. USINGSATELLING IMAGES FOR URBAN PLANNING 25 AND URBANMANAGEMENT. KARACHI CASE STUDY A KarachiUrban Development from 1943to 1988 27 B ComputerizedMapping and GIS System 31 C MappingLand Use and Road Networks from Satellite 33 ImagesStarting an UrbanDatabase Useof SatelliteImages for MappingPurposes 33 ConvenientScales of PhotographicPrints made 33 from SatelliteImages VisualInterpretation of UrbanFeatures 33 MapsDerived from SatelliteImages 38 OtherMap Overlays 38 UrbanMapping and Urban Data Integration 38 D Establishinga HousingTypology Using "SPOT" 48 SatelliteImages and a set of AerialPhotographs CONCLUSION 69 ANNEXES Annex I COMPUTEREQUIPMENT NEEDED FOR PROCESSING SATELLITE IMAGESFOR MAPPING AND FOR URBANMANAGEMENT SYSTEMS 71 A HardwareNeeded to ProcessSatellite Images B SoftwareNeeded to ProcessSatellite Images C HardwareNeeded for Mappingand Data ManagementSystems D SoftwareNeeded for Mappingand Data ManagementSystems E RegisteredTrademarks Annex II HOW TO ACQUIRESPOT SATELUTE IMAGES 77 Annex III KARACHIHOUSING TYPOLOGY PLANSDATA AND PHOTOGRAPHSOF DIFFERENTDWELLING UNITS 81 GLOSSARY 99 REFERENCES 107 FIGURES Figure1 1 ChronologicalLaunch and RetirementHistory of the LANDSATand 4 SPOTSeries of Satellitesfrom 1972to 1989 Figure1 2 Off-NadirViewing 7 Figure1 3 SPOT Off-NadirRevisd Capabilities 8 Figure 1 4 StereoscopicViewing Capabilities 9 FIgure1 5 DiagramIllustrating the SpatialResolution of 10 Three DdferentSatelide Images Figure2 1 'SPOT' SatelliteImage PanchromaticFilm, Scale 1 400,000 12 Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 2 Identfflcationof DdferentPatterns of Development 13 From "SPOr PanchromaticPhotographic Print at Scale 1 100,000,Karachi, Pakistan Figure2 3 'SPOT' PanchromaticPhotographic Print at Scale 1 24,000 14 Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 4 "SPOT"Panchromatic Photographic Pnnt at Scale 1 6,000 15 Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 5 Identdicationof DdferentUrban FeaturesFrom 17 'SPOT' MuitispectralPnnt, Karachi,Pakistan Figure2 6 PhotographicPrint made from "SPOTrMultispectral Film 18 Image beforeEnhancement, South Jakarta,Indonesia Figure2 7 PhotographicPrint made from "SPOT' MultispectralFilm 19 EnhancedImage, South Jakarta,Indonesia Figure2 8 RemoteSensing Satellite Image Data Processingand 22 Their ApplicationsIn Regional& Urban Planning Figure2 9 "SPOT" SatelifteImage Products- ProcessingCost 23 and ResultingOutput Figure2.10 Cost Comparisonfor Mappingwith AerialPhotos and 24 SPOTSatellite Images - iii - Figure3.1 KarachiOld City Map - 1885 26 Figure3.2 KarachiRegion 28 Figure3.3 KatchiAbadi or SquatterSettlement - Karachi 30 Figure3.4 GeographicInformation System 32 Figure3.5 Use of SatelliteImages in Urban Planningand Urban 35 Management Figure3.6 Identificationof DifferentUrban Featuresfrom "SPOT" 36 PanchromaticPhotographic Print - Karachi,Pakistan Figure3.7 DifferentTypes of ResidentialDevelopment, 37 Karachi,Pakistan Figure3.8 ThematicLand Use Map with Major Road Network, 39 Karachi,Pakistan Figure3.9 KarachiRoad Network 40 Figure3.10 KarachiWater-Supply Network 42 Figure3.11 KarachiSewerage Network 42 Figure3.12 KarachiDrainage Network 43 Figure3.13 Land Use Type and Area Attributesare Listedon Map 44 Figure3.14(A) Attributes or Data Listed on "AUTOCAD"Map are 45 DirectlyImported to Databaseand LOTUSSpreadsheet. AUTOCADData Figure3.14(B) Attributes or Data Listed on "AUTOCAD"Map are 46 DirectlyImported to Databaseand LOTUSSpreadsheet. dBASEProgram Figure3.14(C) Attributes or DataListed on "AUTOCAD"Map are 47 DirectlyImported to Databaseand LOTUSSpreadsheet. LOTUS1-2-3 Figure3.15 Type A - SquatterSettlement 49 'SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.16 Type B - High Density 50 *SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.17 Type C - MediumDensity 51 "SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.18 Type D - Low Density 52 "SPOT"Panchromatic Satellite Image Figure3.19 Identificationof DifferentHousing Types 54 on Aerial Photographat Scale 1:4,000 Figure3.20 DifferentResidential Types of Development 55 Figure3.21 DifferentResidential Types of Development 56 Figure3.22 DifferentResidential Types of Development 57 Figure3.23 SpaceAccommodation per PersonAmong Different 60 HousingTypes Figure3.24 Plot Size Comparisonof SelectedDwelling Units 61 Figure3.25 SquatterSettlements Along Railwaysand on 63 SwampLand Figure3.26 KatachiAbadies Locations and Projected 64 Expansionby the Year 2000 Figure3.27 HousingTypology and Land Use Map - 65 Karachi1988 Figure3.28 KatachiPopulation Distribution by 67 HousingType - iv - TABLES Table 3 1 AverageDensities Among DifferentTypes of 53 ResidentialDevelopment Table 3 2 HousingTypes Classification 58 Table 3 3 HousingTypes and Their Characteristics 59 ANNEXTABLES Table I 1 List of Some Image ProcessingSoftware for MicrocomputerSystems Table 111 SPOr SatelliteImage Productsand ProcessingCosts 1 INTRODUCTION THE USE OF SATELLITEIMAGES FOR URBANPLANNING 0.01 Effective urban planning requires access to accurate and continually updated informationconcerning the changingconditions of urbanareas. Originally, remote sensing using satellitemedia was not very suitablefor urbanapplications because of the relativelypoor resolution provided80m x 80m. The new generationof remotesensing systemswith resolution equal to 1Om x 1Om in panchromaticmode and 20m x 20m in multispectralmode has now made urban applications possible. In addition, advancementsin micro-computers,related hardware and softwarehave made this technologymore affordable and accessibleto urbanmanagers, planners, and engineers. 0.02 In most Third World cities, accurate up-to-date data on current land use are non-existent.This makes planning urban infrastructureand shelter programs difficult, If not impossible,since there is no knowledgeof the existingurban area. Further, the high costs and time requiredfor traditionaldata collectionefforts have madesystematic updating of urbandatabases beyondthe reach
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