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This Document Has Been Released Under The THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN RELEASED UNDER THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 1982 BY THE DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH The Effects of Cigarette Additives on the Palatability of Cigarettes Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................... 6 Section 1 Background .......................................................................................... 15 1.1 Introduction .............................................................................................. 15 1.2 Purpose of This Report............................................................................ 17 1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................ 18 1.4 Terminology ............................................................................................. 19 1.5 Structure of This Report .......................................................................... 21 Section 2: Policy Context ....................................................................................... 23 2.1 Background ............................................................................................. 23 2.2 The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control .................................... 24 2.3 Legislation Prohibiting the Sale of Fruit or Confectionery-Flavoured Cigarettes in Australia ........................................................................................... 25 2.4 Regulatory Standards on Reduced Ignition Propensity ........................... 26 2.5 Voluntary Agreement on the Disclosure of the Ingredients of Cigarettes 26 Section 3 Additives in Tobacco Products ............................................................. 29 3.1 What Do We Know about the Use of Additives in Tobacco Products? .... 29 3.2 Sugars and Sweeteners .......................................................................... 32 3.3 Liquorice .................................................................................................. 33 3.4 Coffee and Cocoa .................................................................................. 33 3.5 Vanilla Flavours ....................................................................................... 35 3.6 Menthol.................................................................................................... 35 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN RELEASED UNDER 3.7 Clove Oil (Eugenol) ................................................................................. 38 THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 1982 3.8 Spices, Herbs,BY THE Fruits DEPARTMENT and Vegetables OF HEALTH..................................................... 39 3.9 Humectants ............................................................................................. 40 3.10 Ingredients that may Create the Impression of Health Benefits ............... 40 3.11 Additives Associated with Energy and Vitality ......................................... 41 3.12 Colouring Additives and Burn Accelerants ............................................. 42 3.13 Additives Used to Mask the Irritation and Odour from Sidestream Smoke 42 3.14 Ammonia ................................................................................................. 43 3.15 Summary of Possible Pharmacological Effects of Additives .................... 43 3.16 Additives in Australian Cigarettes ............................................................ 46 Purcell Consulting Page 2 FOI 111-1617 DOCUMENT 2 Page 2 of 193 The Effects of Cigarette Additives on the Palatability of Cigarettes Section 4 Use, Manufacturing and Sourcing of Tobacco Products ....................... 49 4.1 Australian Tobacco Manufacturers .......................................................... 49 4.2 Tobacco Growing in Australia .................................................................. 49 4.3 What is in a Cigarette? ............................................................................ 50 4.3.1 Tobacco Leaf ........................................................................................... 51 4.3.2 Chemical Residues from Pesticides ........................................................ 51 4.3.3 Expanded Tobacco ................................................................................. 52 4.3.4 Reconstituted Tobacco ............................................................................ 53 4.3.6 Casings ................................................................................................... 54 4.4 Overview of the Manufacturing Process .................................................. 55 4.4.1 Primary Processing ................................................................................. 56 4.4.2 Secondary Processing – Making the Cigarette ........................................ 58 4.5 The Composition of Australian Cigarettes ............................................... 59 Section 5 Characteristics of Cigarette Design Relevant to Cigarette Palatability.. 63 5.1 Background ............................................................................................. 63 5.2 The Link between Low-Tar Cigarettes, Additive Use and Changing Cigarette Design ................................................................................................... 63 5.3 The Importance of Filter Ventilation ......................................................... 68 5.4 Use of Additives to Add Flavour to Low-Tar Cigarettes ........................... 70 Section 6 Research Published by Tobacco Company Scientists ......................... 72 6.1 Summary of Published Studies ............................................................... 72 6.2 Analysis and Review of these Studies ..................................................... 74 THIS DOCUMENT HAS BEEN RELEASED UNDER 6.2.1 PresentationTHE ofFREEDOM Results: OFNormalising INFORMATION by Total ACT Particulate 1982 Matter ............ 75 6.2.2 Selection ofBY the THE Mainstream DEPARTMENT Constituents OF HEALTH for Analysis ............................ 76 6.2.3 Omission of Ammonia Results ................................................................ 77 6.2.4 The In Vivo Toxicology Study Design ...................................................... 77 6.2.5 The Use of the Ames Test ....................................................................... 78 6.2.6 Independence of the Peer Review and Publication Process ................... 78 6.3 Research on Sugar ................................................................................. 80 6.4 Other Recent Research ........................................................................... 81 Section 7 The Impact of Additives on Smoking Behaviour ................................... 84 7.1 Impact on Attractiveness and Smokers’ Perceptions of Cigarettes ......... 84 7.2 The Impact of Filter Ventilation on Smokers’ Perceptions of Cigarettes .. 91 Purcell Consulting Page 3 FOI 111-1617 DOCUMENT 2 Page 3 of 193 The Effects of Cigarette Additives on the Palatability of Cigarettes 7.3 The Impact of Additives on Initiation and Uptake of Smoking.................. 92 7.4 The Impact of Additives and Filter Ventilation on the Rate, Frequency and Intensity of Smoking ............................................................................................. 95 7.6 The Impact of Additives on Cessation ..................................................... 96 Section 8 The Impact of Additives on Human Health ........................................... 99 8.1 The Physiological Effects of Additives ..................................................... 99 8.3 Population Health Impacts..................................................................... 102 Section 9 What Tobacco Company Documents Reveal about the Use of Additives 104 9.1 Methodology .......................................................................................... 104 9.2 The Use of Flavours and Additives in Australian Cigarette Brands ....... 105 9.3 Influencing the Delivery and Impact of Nicotine ..................................... 112 9.6 Flavour Research .................................................................................. 113 9.7 Filter Ventilation ..................................................................................... 114 9.8 Tactics – Dealing with the Threat of Product Regulation ....................... 115 9.9 Summary and Conclusions .................................................................... 118 Section 10 Awareness and Attitudes to Additives ............................................. 119 10.1 Awareness among Smokers .................................................................. 119 Section 11 Summary of Relevant Legislation .................................................... 124 11.1 Brazil ..................................................................................................... 124 11.2 Canada .................................................................................................. 127 11.3 The United States .................................................................................. 131 11.3.1 FederalTHIS Legislat DOCUMENTion ................................................................................ HAS BEEN RELEASED UNDER 131 THE FREEDOM OF INFORMATION ACT 1982 11.3.2 State and LocaBY THEl Laws DEPARTMENT in the United OF States HEALTH ............................................ 134 11.4 Thailand................................................................................................. 134 11.5 New Zealand ........................................................................................
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