STUDENT SHOWCASE & COMMUNITY HEALTH FAIR PRESENTED BY MR. BERG’S HEALTH STUDENTS

JANUARY 16, 2016 10:00 AM – 1:00 PM

MILWAUKEE HIGH SCHOOL OF THE ARTS 2300 WEST HIGHLAND BOULEVARD, MILWAUKEE WI

10:00 AM, OPENING REMARKS  MPS Superintendent Dr. Darienne Driver  State Senator Lena Taylor  Project Investigator, Melinda Stolley, PhD  Project Director, Dakota Berg, MPS Health Teacher

10:00 AM – 1:00 PM, EXPLORE STUDENT PROJECTS & COMMUNITY PARTICIPANT BOOTHS  Student projects and numbers are listed by class period on pages 9 & 10 and detailed in book  Be sure to participate in activities for a chance to win additional raffle tickets! 10:30 AM & 11:30 AM, LIFE-LONG HEALTH BENEFITS OF SINGING  20 MINUTE PRESENTATION IN CHORUS ROOM

12:20 PM, RAFFLE PRIZE DRAWING

1 2 PROGRAM SUPPORTERS & COMMUNITY PARTNERS

 KOHL’S HEALTHY FAMILIES & THE AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY This project was made possible by a generous contribution from Kohl’s Healthy Families and the American Cancer Society. The American Cancer Society and Kohl’s have partnered to bring you Kohl’s Healthy Families, a program supporting families through prevention, screening, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer.

 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN CANCER CENTER The MCW Cancer Center provides guidance and resources for the cancer prevention curriculum and health fair. MCW staff support Mr. Berg in the development of the student projects. Melinda Stolley, PhD, Professor of Medicine at MCW, is the Project Investigator and gives strategic and scientific oversight to the program.  MERRIMENT SOCIAL

Thank you to Merriment Social for your generous support of this project. The Merriment Social General Manager and Executive Chef came into the health classes to teach students how to create tasty and healthy recipes using nutrient-rich foods. This new restaurant in Milwaukee’s Third Ward is committed to serving healthy, locally sourced foods. Learn more at http://www.merrimentsocial.com  MILWAUKEE HIGH SCHOOL OF THE ARTS & HEALTH TEACHER DAKOTA BERG

Mr. Berg and his students are the centerpiece of this project. Mr. Berg developed the cancer prevention and healthy lifestyle curriculum for his health classes and passionately and thoughtfully guided 115 students through this program. He challenged and supported his students in the development of the projects you see here today. Thank you to MHSA administration, faculty and staff for the willingness to pilot this project and for your cooperation at every turn.

 MILWAUKEE PUBLIC SCHOOLS

Thank you to Milwaukee Public Schools for true partnership and support of this project and today’s event. MPS has supported this project by supporting curriculum development, providing space and resources and through promotions and marketing of the health fair.  SMALL STONES WELLNESS CENTER Thank you to Maggie Lausten, the Aesthetic Wellness Coordinator at Small Stones Wellness Center for spending time with our Skin Cancer/True Beauty is Within students to provide guidance and resources.

3 4 JANUARY 16, 2016 HEALTH FAIR COMMUNITY PARTICIPANTS

 AMERICAN CANCER SOCIETY

For over 100 years, the American Cancer Society (ACS) has worked relentlessly to save lives and create a world with less cancer. Together with millions of our supporters worldwide, we help people stay well and get well, find cures, and fight back against cancer.

 CITY OF MILWAUKEE - MILWAUKEE’S SUMMER YOUTH EMPLOYMENT INITIATIVE

Mayor Barrett's Earn & Learn program in the City of Milwaukee helps young people make a successful transition from adolescence to adulthood by providing opportunities to develop work- readiness skills while they earn wages working in government, community- and faith-based organizations and private sector businesses.

 CORE/EL CENTRO

CORE/El Centro is a place where healing and transformation occur daily for individuals, families and the community. We are a volunteer driven organization that relies heavily on the gifts and talents of professionals in the fields of Chinese Medicine, Massage Therapy, Energy Work and Holistic Exercise. Our programs serve a variety of populations: women, men, children, survivors of trauma, those with chronic health issues, survivors of cancer, and beyond. We hope you will join us in exploring the various pathways that can lead you to the CORE of your being.

 FROEDTERT & MCW CLINICAL CANCER CENTER

Our physicians have advanced training in particular kinds of cancer. Find a cancer specialist to meet your needs from one of our 13 disease-specific teams. What we do here is changing lives every day. Read our patients' inspirational stories of diagnosis, treatment and life with cancer. We have a specialized cancer treatment team for every kind of cancer for coordinated, patient-centered care. Academic medicine means access to promising new cancer therapies through active clinical trials and research.  FROEDTERT ART THERAPY

The Froedtert & The Medical College of Wisconsin Clinical Cancer Center offers patients the opportunity to participate in art therapy. Several studies suggest that more than 80 percent of cancer patients may use some form of complementary therapy in conjunction with standard medical treatments such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation. Complementary therapies, including art therapy, have been reported effective in reducing anxiety and other emotional symptoms, improving quality of life and enhancing cancer patients’ ability to cope with stress.

5  FROEDTERT DIETARY AND NUTRITION SERVICES

Nutrition experts who assess and recommend solutions to nutrition problems, create customized eating plans, and support cancer patients in maintaining better health throughout treatment and recovery.  MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN ACADEMIC AFFAIRS – SUMMER ENRICHMENT PROGRAMS (AIM AND ROADS)

These are competitive programs designed to provide opportunities to learn more about careers in biomedical research, medicine and allied health for Milwaukee area high school students from backgrounds that are historically underrepresented, including individuals from disadvantaged backgrounds, individuals from underrepresented cultural and ethnic groups, and individuals with disabilities.

 MEDICAL COLLEGE OF WISCONSIN GRADUATE SCHOOL

The MCW Graduate School offers master’s and doctoral degrees, certificate programs and post- doctoral education opportunities, along with the opportunity to train with nationally recognized biomedical and health researchers while contributing to cutting-edge, highly translational medical research and improved public and community health.

 MILWAUKEE AREA HEALTH EDUCATION CENTER (MAHEC)

The mission of Milwaukee AHEC is to enhance access to health care for underserved populations in Southeastern Wisconsin through health professions education. Our Vision is to be a catalyst for promoting health equity through academic and community partnerships.

The Wisconsin AHEC Community Health Internship Program (CHIP) links undergraduate and graduate student interns with local health departments, tribal health departments, community service agencies, and community health centers throughout Wisconsin to address a variety of public health issues.

 CHORUS PROGRAM, MILWAUKEE HIGH SCHOOL OF THE ARTS Chorus director Raymond Roberts and MHSA chorus students will give a 20-minute interactive presentation on the Life Long Health Benefits of Singing at 10:30 am and 11:30 am in the MHSA chorus room near the auditorium.

 ICARE Formed in 1994, Independent Care Health Plan (iCare) was a joint venture between a for-profit health care company, Humana Wisconsin Health Organization (WHO), and a nonprofit organization, Milwaukee Center for Independence. As a result, this partnership integrates managed care with social services to provide a strong care coordination model. Care coordination recognizes that medical, behavioral, and social needs must be met in order to improve an individual’s quality of life. iCare places great effort into ensuring that members are able to access medical providers to meet all of their health care needs, including adolescent health services. We have caring and knowledgeable nurses and care coordinators who want to work with you to develop a healthy lifestyle.

6  SAFE AND SOUND

We unite residents, youths, law enforcement and community resources to build safe and empowered neighborhoods. We achieve these goals by encouraging and starting block watches, block clubs, community gardens, community events and getting to know your neighbors to address issues in your neighborhood.

 SIXTEENTH STREET COMMUNITY HEALTH CENTERS

With five service locations, and employing nearly 400 people, Sixteenth Street Community Health Centers have provided high quality health care, health education and social services to low-income and culturally diverse residents of southeastern Wisconsin since 1969. Comprehensive health services include adult and pediatric medicine, behavioral health services, women’s health, HIV prevention and treatment and physical and occupational therapy.

 SUSAN G. KOMEN, SOUTHEASTERN WISCONSIN

Since our inception, Komen Southeast Wisconsin has invested more than $9.2 Million in local community breast health programs and education as well as more than $3 Million to the most promising breast cancer research programs. During this time more than $6.7 million in research grants have come back to either the Medical College of Wisconsin or the University of Wisconsin.

In 2014, Susan G. Komen® Southeast Wisconsin turned 15! A lot has happened in the almost two decades. After our first Race for the Cure® 1999, Komen Southeast Wisconsin presented its first grants in 2001 for $167,932. In 2014 our grants reached nearly $800,000. That means even more help for medically vulnerable women, men and their families in our 7 county service area. During these challenging times, that has a real impact.

7 8 Cancer Research Presentations, Hour 1

1. Alcohol Abstracts on Pages 14 - 32

2. Blood Cancers: Leukemia

3. Exercise & Fitness

4. Breast Cancer

5. Healthy Food Alternatives

6. Lung Cancer

7. Nutrition

8. Hoop House: Growing Organic Foods

Cancer Research Presentations, Hour 5

9. Alcohol Abstracts on Pages 36 - 64

10. Blood Cancers

11. Breast Cancer

12. Exercise & Physical Activity

13. Healthy Food Alternatives

14. Hoop House: Growing Healthy Food

15. Lung Cancer

16. Nutrition

17. Pancreatic Cancer

18. Tobacco & Marijuana Use

Works Cited Starts on Page 104

9 Cancer Research Presentations, Hour 6 Abstracts on Pages 68 - 79 19. Healthy Food Alternatives

20. MHSA Hoop House

21. Blood Cancer

22. Nutrition

23. Pediatric Cancer

24. Skin Cancer / Look Good Feel Better Program Cancer Research Presentations, Hour 7 25. Alcohol Abstracts on Pages 82 - 102 26. Breast Cancer

27. Hoop House/Healthy Eating/Gardening

28. Head and Neck Cancer

29. Healthy Food Alternatives

30. Liver Cancer

31. Lung Cancer

32. Obesity

33. Tobacco & Marijuana

Works Cited Starts on Page 104

10 Hour One Project Abstracts and Booth Numbers

1. Alcohol 2. Blood Cancers: Leukemia 3. Exercise & Fitness 4. Breast Cancer 5. Healthy Food Alternatives 6. Lung Cancer 7. Nutrition 8. Hoop House: Growing Organic Foods

Works Cited Starts on Page 104

12 13 1.

Basic description

While in moderation, alcohol can be harmless, constant abuse of it can affect almost every organ in the body. Research has shown that consumption of alcohol increases the chance of certain cancers, particularly in the mouth, throat, and liver. Not to mention, the other issues that arise from alcoholism, such as liver failure, and risk of alcohol poisoning. However, the exact link between alcohol and cancer isn’t completely clear, whether it’s the alcohol itself or the way it’s metabolized. Opportunities Prevention

The easiest way to prevent cancer is to live a healthier lifestyle, and even that isn’t a guarantee. However, in terms of alcohol, simply cutting down on your consumption could prevent or decrease your risk for cancer and other diseases. While other studies have shown that red wine, in small amounts, can prevent heart disease, too many drinks is what causes the liver to fail. Detection

While detecting the cancer itself is difficult, you can easily find out if a friend has a drinking problem, by the way they act, even if not intoxicated. Substance abuse has a few giveaway signs, such as mood swings and depression. Treatment

There are many steps in treating cancer caused by alcoholism. The most well-known form of treatment is chemotherapy, which is the use of chemicals to stop the growth of cancerous cells. There’s also radiotherapy, which uses radiation to destroy the cells. Finally, there are different surgical operations. In terms of mouth and throat cancer, the surgery that removes the tumors can leave the patient scarred or disfigured, so the option of reconstruction surgery is also available. Who’s At Risk Gender ● 80 percent of throat and mouth cancer in men ● 65 percent of throat and mouth cancer in women

14 Table 1. Prevalence of Alcohol Use for Ages 12 or Older, AGes 12 to 17, Ages 18 to 25 and Ages 26 or older; 2014 (percent)

Drug Time Period Ages 12 or Older Age 12 to 17 Ages 18 to 25 Ages 26 or older

Alcohol Life time 82.10 29.60 83.40 88.30

Past year 66.60 24.00 76.50 70.10

Past month 52.70 11.50 59.60 56.50

Heredity

Alcoholism can be a hereditary disease, in the sense that individuals with parents who were alcoholics are at a higher risk of becoming alcoholics themselves. Some cancers are also more in families with a history of it. Other Risks ● Alcohol interrupts communication pathways in the brain and changes brain structure, and the resulting effects on behavior and functioning. A variety of research methods broaden our understanding in different ways. ● Long-term heavy drinking weakens the heart muscle, causing a condition called alcoholic ​ cardiomyopathy. A weakened heart droops and stretches and cannot contract effectively. As a ​ result, it cannot pump enough blood to sufficiently nourish the organs. ● Heavy drinking—even for just a few days at a time—can cause fat to build up in the liver. This condition, called steatosis, or fatty liver, is the earliest stage of alcoholic liver disease and the most common alcohol-induced liver disorder. The excessive fat makes it more difficult for the liver to operate and leaves it open to developing dangerous inflammations, like alcoholic hepatitis. ​ ​ ● Specific Cancers- Mouth, Esophagus, Pharynx, Larynx, Liver, and Breast. ● Alcohol suppresses both the innate and the adaptive immune systems. Chronic alcohol use reduces the ability of white blood cells to effectively engulf and swallow harmful bacteria. Excessive drinking also disrupts the production of cytokines, causing your body to either produce too much or not enough of these chemical messengers. An abundance of cytokines can damage your tissues, whereas a lack of cytokines leaves you open to infection. Other Facts ➔ Beer 2–6% alcohol ➔ Wine 8–20% alcohol ➔ Tequila 40% alcohol ➔ Rum 40% or more alcohol ➔ Brandy 40% or more alcohol ➔ Gin 40–47% alcohol ➔ Whiskey 40–50% alcohol ➔ Vodka 40–50% alcohol ➔ Liqueurs 15–60% alcohol

15 2. Leukemia Description

Leukemia is the abnormal rise in the number of white blood cells. The white blood cells crowd out the red blood cells and other platelets. The elevated white blood cells are still immature which cause them not to function properly. Opportunities Prevention There is no known way to prevent blood cancer but, certain types of leukemia can be prevented by avoiding high doses of radiation, smoking and other tobacco use.

Detection The earlier Leukemia is found, the greater the chances for successful treatment. Screen tests are recommended for cancers in people without any symptoms. Treatment

The treatment depends on the person's health, type of leukemia, and overall age. Some treatments include: Chemotherapy, Biological therapy, Targeted therapy, Radiation therapy, and Stem cell transplant.

● Chemotherapy uses a drug that kills the leukemia cells. ● Biological therapy is using a treatment that helps the person’s body and attack the cells. ● Targeted therapy is using a drug so that it goes specifically to certain parts of the cell. ● Radiation therapy is when a person uses high radiation and x-rays so that it could kill the cells. The person would have to lay down on a table while a machine pin-points parts on the person’s body would first have to go through radiation therapy to kill the cells.

16 ● Stem cell transplant is removing the person’s bone marrow with a new one. The person will have to go through chemotherapy or radiation first. Who is at risk?

Gender

Males and females can get Leukemia but it is more common among males. Age

Leukemia is mostly common in children and teens Heredity

If there are family members with a history of being diagnosed with leukemia, the chances of you getting diagnosed increase. ​ Other Risk Factors

● Smoking. ● Exposure to cleaning products and paint stripers. ● High doses of radiation. Where to get help ?

Froedtert & Medical College of Wisconsin 9200 W. Wisconsin Ave. Milwaukee, WI 53226 414­805­3666

8915 W. Connell Ct. P.O. Box 1997 Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414) 266­2000 (877) 266­8989 toll free

17 3. Exercise and Fitness

By: Malachi Mann, Chevonnie Sanders, Isces Morgan Cole, Alexandra Luna

Daily Fitness

It is important that you exercise everyday to have an health body. The more you engage in fitness activity the more stronger your muscles and bones get. By doing any moving activity it decreases the risk of heart failure, heart attack, and diabetes. For a fun workout you can plug in the music either by speakers or earbuds/headphones. It’s always important to do full body workout not just your legs. Did you know? After fitness activity you’ll be left with an euphoric feeling! Exercise is actually proven to make you feel better mentally. It also kick starts your brain.

Guidelines for Physical Activity

Physical activity is critical for overall health at every age, but today America’s youth are less active than ever before. Many settings provide opportunities to increase youth physical activity to the recommended 60 minutes or more a day, including the places kids live, learn and play. The Physical ​ Activity Guidelines for Americans Midcourse Report: Strategies to Increase Physical Activity Among Youth describes intervention strategies for increasing physical activity ​ among youth aged 3 to 17 years.

18 Why Exercise? ● Exercise is the most important thing for your body ● It’s mostly helpful when you engage in any physical activity daily ● Decreases the risk of getting heart disease or any health problems

Simply way to Increase Physical Activity ● DO at least pushups or situps to increase it to become an habit ● COME up with a workout plan

Apps that can help FITBIT ­ FITBIT ­ Advisable for Iphone, Ipad, and Smartphones

Facts

1. Exercise can help benefit heart attacks and strokes simply by strengthening your heart muscle and muscles of the body. Exercising can even lower you ability of high blood pressure. 2. Exercise, like walking, can reduce breast cancer risk by 25%

19 3. Physical activity like aerobic exercise (walking, running), muscle­strengthening (weight­lifting), bone­strengthening (jumping rope), and balance and stretching activities (yoga, pilates, dancing) are especially beneficial to a healthy body. 4. It might only take you a few minutes to finish a meal but it takes your body around 12 hours before it has completely digested the food. ​ ​ 5. Chicken contains 266% more fat than it did 40 years ago. 6. A half hour of physical activity 6 days a week is linked to 40% lower risk of early death. 7. A lack of exercise is now causing as many deaths as smoking across the world, a study suggests. 8. Exercise helps boost brain power by increasing energy levels and increases serotonin in the brain, which leads to improve mental clarity.

Locations in Milwaukee Blast! Fitness ­ Milwaukee

1300 N 7th St, Milwaukee, WI 53205

Anytime Fitness 6015 W Forest Home Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53220 Badger CrossFit

1169 N 62nd St, Wauwatosa, WI 53213 Planet Fitness

101 W Wisconsin Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53203 Gold's Gym

731 N Water St, Milwaukee, WI 53202

20 4. Breast Cancer Basic Description Breast cancer is caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells in the breast tissue. This growth creates a hard lump called a tumor that can either be cancerous (malignant) or noncancerous (benign). Other signs of breast cancer include inflammation, skin irritation or dimpling, nipple pain or retraction, redness or scaliness of the nipple or breast skin, or random discharge other than breast milk. Risk Factors for Breast Cancer Obesity is a risk factor that can lead to postmenopausal breast cancer in women. This ​ is most likely because, when a woman is obese, she produces a higher level of estrogen. More estrogen is produced because fat tissue is the largest source of estrogen found in women who are post­menopausal. Obesity also tends to cause high insulin levels in women which is linked to different cancers, including breast cancer. History of Breast Cancer in one breast is another risk factor for breast cancer in women. If a woman has had breast cancer in one of their breast, they have a 1% to a 2% chance per year of developing cancer in the opposite breast. Women have a higher chance of getting breast cancer, but men also share a risk. The ​ risk is higher among women because they have more breast tissue than men and also have more female hormones which can promote breast cancer. Although, the chance of getting breast cancer in men is still present because men have small amounts of female hormones and breast tissue also. Family history of Breast Cancer is a big risk factor for breast cancer. If first­degree ​ relatives such as mothers, sisters, brothers and children, develop breast cancer, especially at an age younger than fifty, you may have a higher chance of developing breast cancer. If two first degree relatives have Women over the age of 50 are more likely to get breast cancer than younger women. ​ This is because, when people grow older, the aging process can cause genes to mutate. These genetic abnormalities are responsible for about 90% of breast cancers.

21 Breast Cancer Prevention Choosing healthy lifestyle choices such as ​ maintaining your body weight, physical activity, and having a healthy diet have been linked to breast cancer. The American Cancer Society recommends eating mostly vegetables, fruits, and whole grains and less red meats (pork, beef and lamb) and less processed meat (bacon, sausage, luncheon meats, and hotdogs) Many studies have found that breast cancer is less common in countries where the diet is low in polyunsaturated fat and in saturated fat. Chemoprevention is a method used by healthy women who have a higher risk of ​ getting breast cancer. This kind of prevention uses different drugs (like the approved drugs tamoxifen and raloxifene) to lower the chance of a woman getting breast cancer. Tobacco smoke has recently been proven to increase the risk for breast cancer. ​ ​ Long­term smoking in heavy amounts can contribute to this. Some studies have shown that smoking before the birth of a first child may increase the risk even more. Where to get Mammograms in Wisconsin Froedtert and Medical College Of Wisconsin 9200 West Wisconsin Avenue Milwaukee, WI 53226­3296 (414)805­4950 Fax: (414)805­4955

Columbia St. Mary’s River Woods Outpatient Center 375 River Woods Pkwy. Glendale, WI 53212 (414)963­7070 Fax: (414)963­7071

Van Dyke Haebler Center for Women’s Imaging 2323 N Lake Dr. Milwaukee, WI 53211 (414)326­1800 Fax: (414)326­1802

22 5.

General Information

Healthy eating is essential for people's everyday routine in order to maintain and sustain their health. By doing this, it lowers the risk of cancers and other unhealthy diseases. We are here to explain in depth the importance of healthy eating and how to detect items that are healthy or not, and to explain why.

Risks of unhealthy eating:

❏ Cancer ❏ Heart Disease ❏ Diabetes

Relation to Cancer

Eating healthy reduces the chances of developing cancer. For example:

❏ Eat soy because it can reduce the risk of developing hormone-dependent cancers like breast, prostate, and uterine by weakening estrogen. ❏ Avoid frying and charbroiling meat because the chemical reaction that is induced by the heat increases the risk of cancer.

❏ Eat more fruits and vegetables because they have lots of nutrients in them that keep your cells and organs functioning well.

1 23 But….look before you eat. Watch out for the harmful things that may be more dramatic than not writing your name on an assignment. Here are some things and tips you should keep your eyes on.

Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen ​ ​

❏ Dirty Dozen includes fruits and vegetables that have tested positive for at ​ ​ least 47 chemicals. ● Tip: It’s recommended to wash your fruits and vegetables. Mix 1 cup of distilled white vinegar and 2 cups of cold water in a spray bottle. Spray your fruits and vegetables and let sit for about 5 min. Then rinse in cold water while scrubbing with a scrubbing brush. ❏ The Dirty Dozen are: ​ 1. Apples 2. Sweet bell peppers 3. Celery 4. Peaches 5. Nectarines 6. Strawberries 7. Cherries 8. Grapes 9. Spinach 10.Lettuce 11.Potatoes 12.Blueberries

2 24 ❏ The Clean Fifteen is produce that has little traces of pesticides and so is ​ ​ safe to consume non-organically. ● Tip: It is recommended that you wash before eating.

❏ The Clean Fifteen: ​ 1. Avocados 2. Sweet corn 3. Pineapples 4. Mangos 5. Sweet peas 6. Asparagas 7. Kiwi Fruit 8. Cabbage 9. Eggplant 10.Cantaloupe 11.Watermelon 12.Grapefruit 13.Sweet potatoes 14.Sweet Onions 15.Onions

G.M.O. G.M.O means Genetically Modified Organisms, genetic material that has been manipulated in a lab. We do not know what the dangers of eating GMO foods and so it is probably best to avoid them. These are genetically engineered with DNA from other plants, animals, and viruses.

❏ G.M.O.’s are placed within two categories based on their level of G.M.O. which are High Risk and Monitored Crops. ❏ An example of a High Risk G.M.O. is Canola. ❏ An example of a Monitored Crop G.M.O. is Wheat.

● Tip: Choose whole grains instead of white grains. For example: whole grain breads, pasta, and cereal. Limit the amount of white grain foods you eat like pastries, sweetened cereals, or candy.

3 25 6.

LUNG CANCER Informative​ Brochure

26 What is lung cancer? ----- Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells within the lungs. Commonly lung cancer is not diagnosed until late stages because it is asymptomatic in early stages, it's most common symptom is trouble breathing.

Reducing the risk. -----

A good way to prevent lung cancer is by not smoking or staying away from people that smoke. Smoking is the main cause of lung cancer in the U.S.

27 Who is at risk? ----- Gender : Men are more likely to get lung cancer because more men smoke ​ than women do. Age : The risk of getting lung cancer increases dramatically with age. ​ The risk of lung cancer can get dangerously high if you are elderly and smoke. Heredity : Lung cancer risks are higher among people with a family ​ history of lung cancer.

Living issues ----- After being diagnosed with lung cancer, your life changes very fast, you have to buy extremely expensive treatments and medication. These treatments have a lot of extreme side-effects to them, however, it is worth it to survive.

Quitting. ----- Quitting smoking will help more people than just the smoker, people can get lung cancer due to secondhand smoke too. Some ways to quit smoking are with nicotine gum, nasal spray, patches, and more such as cold turkey, or quit lines. Wisconsin quit lines are free resources. people who use quit lines are 4x more likely to quit than usual.

Bottom Line ----- In conclusion, lung cancer is a very life threatening cancer, but early detection could increase the chances of survival. The leading cause of lung cancer are cigarettes in the U.S., stopping the use of tobacco will make American lung cancer rates go down significantly

28 7. Nutrition Basic Description

Nutrition is the nourishment or energy that is obtained from consumed or the process of consuming the proper amount of nourishment and energy. An example of nutrition is the nutrients found in fruits and vegetables, or eating a healthy diet. Relationship to Cancer The effect of diet and nutrition on cancer prevention and recurrence is one of the most studied topics in medicine. Many foods and nutrients have long been studied for cancer prevention, but finding a specific link between food or macronutrient and cancer is difficult. There are many challenges including: ● Foods contain many components, macronutrients, micronutrients (vitamins and minerals), and non-nutrients (phytonutrients from plants, such as beta carotene), that may contribute to cancer prevention. ● Most people eat and drink a variety of foods, creating interactions that are challenging to study. Guidelines The Guidelines encourage Americans to focus on eating a healthful diet — one that focuses on foods and beverages that help achieve and maintain a healthy weight, promote health, and prevent disease. Here are the following guidelines:

Choose foods and drinks in amounts that help you get and maintain a healthy weight. ● Eat smaller portions when eating high calorie foods. ● Choose vegetables, whole fruits and other low calorie foods instead of calorie-dense food such as french fries, potato and other chips, ice cream, donuts, and other sweets. Limit how much processed meat and red meat you eat. ● Limit your intake of processed meats such as bacon, sausage, lunch meats and hot dogs. ● Choose fish, poultry, or beans instead of red meat (beef, pork, lamb) Eat at least 2 ½ cups of vegetables and fruits each day. ● Include vegetables and fruits at every meal and for snacks. ● Limit your use of creamy sauces, dressings, and dips with fruits and vegetables.\ Choose whole grains instead of refined grain products. ● Choose whole-grain breads, pasta, and cereals (such as barley and oats) instead of breads, cereals, and pastas made from refined grains, and brown rice instead of white. ● Limit your intake of refined carbohydrates foods, including pastries, candy, sugar-sweetened breakfast cereals, and other high sugar foods.

29 Recommended Daily Intake (RDI)

The recommended Daily Intake (RDI) is the daily intake level of a nutrient that is considered to be sufficient to meet the requirements of 97-98% of healthy individuals in the U.S a day.

● 2,000 calories ● Total Fat 65 grams (g) ● Saturated Fat 20g ● Cholesterol 300 milligrams (mg) ● Sodium 2,400 mg ● Potassium 3,500 mg ● Total Carbohydrates 300g ● Dietary Fiber 25g ● Protein 50g Carbohydrates, Proteins, and Fats

Carbohydrates, proteins, and fats supply 90% of the dry weight of the diet and 100% of ​ its energy. All three provide energy (measured in calories), but the amount of energy in 1 ​ gram (1/28 ounce) differs: 4 calories in a gram of carbohydrate or protein. 9 calories in a gram of fat. MyPlate

MyPlate illustrates the five food groups that are the building blocks for a healthy diet using a familiar image-a place on your plate setting for a meal. Before you eat, think about what goes on your plate or in your cup or bowl. MyPlate includes fruits, vegetables, grains, proteins foods, and dairy. How Can I Improve My Nutrition?

There are various ways one can begin to improve their nutrition, but when first starting to get your health better, it's all about taking things slow. Here are a few ways you can start a healthy, nutritional diet: ● Eating protein in every meal is a good start. It appears that protein is the best nutrient for jumpstarting your metabolism, squashing your appetite, and helping you eat less at subsequent meals. ● Eating whole grain bread is very important because eating whole grains (versus refined-grain or white bread) has been linked to lower risks of cancer and heart disease. ● Eating a lot of fruits and vegetables is a very effective start. In one study, people who ate four or five servings of fruits and vegetables scored higher on cognitive tests than those who consumed less than one serving. Each day you will keep improving your nutrition and will help yourself from fighting away diseases and illnesses like cancer. Happy eating!

30 8.

Organic Foods Overview

Overall, organic foods and nutrition can have great benefits on your everyday life. Healthy eating habits can help you live longer and prevent cancer.

Organic Foods Organic food is produced by organic farming. Organic food is considered healthier because they are freshly grown and not processed. They have no pesticides, synthetic fertilizers, or anything used to help increase the growth. Meats, eggs, cheese, and other things don’t have growing antibiotics, or hormones added to them. What is Nutrition and why is it important?

Nutrition is getting what you need from foods for health and growth in your body.There are a lot of things that go into nutrition, Such as being able to read labels, knowing what foods to purchase, and eating the right portions. Though, there is a lot that goes into nutrition, it has great benefits. Having a balanced diet is the key for good health and the food in our diets is what gives us Protein, Energy, essential fats and etc. that we need to grow and live a healthy life.

How Can Eating Organic help?

Healthy eating helps in many ways. By eating healthy and organic foods, you can easily prevent the chances of cancer developing in your body. Not only does eating healthy help prevent cancer, but it helps you stay healthy. Eating lots of “fatty” foods can increase the chance of heart attack, or diabetes.

31 What’s the Difference Between Organic and Non-organic?

At most farms, farmers add growth hormones to plants to help them grow faster. These hormones are chemicals bad for human health. Not only are there chemicals in these fruits and vegetables, but farmers add wax to their produce to prevent bruising, moisture loss, and to improve shelf life and appearance. Organic produce have none of these components. They are grown naturally, and aren’t covered in wax. Overall, organic is the better choice.

How can I access organic produce?

Grow a garden. How do you do so? a. Get proper gear. You may need a trowel, gardening gloves, a watering can or hose, a ​ shovel and/or gardening shears. b. Choose where to place your garden. Pick a spot with ample sunlight and easy access ​ to a water supply. Many recommend using a raised garden bed in order to better control moisture in the soil (an excess can lead to mold issues) and to give the gardener easier access to the plants. c. Check your soil. Good soil has air circulation, is free of large obstructions like sticks or ​ stones, and is rich in organic matter like compost or manure. d. Decide which plants to grow. Pick things you enjoy eating and grow well in your area. ​ Plants that succeed in Wisconsin include but are not limited to artichoke, brussel sprouts, collards, leeks, lettuce, peppers, onions, strawberries, raspberries, tomatoes and tomatillos.

There are a few places in Milwaukee, Wisconsin where you can easily access organic produce. - Pick ‘N’ Save located on 6950 W State St, Wauwatosa, WI 53213, 2355 N 35th St, Milwaukee, or 1818 W National Ave, Milwaukee, WI - Pete’s Farmers Market, 1400 S Union St, Milwaukee, WI 53204 - Phone:(414) 383-1300 - Open daily, 7:00 AM – 9:30 PM - Hunger Task Force, 201 S Hawley Ct, Milwaukee, WI 53214 - Phone:(414) 777-0483 - Open daily · 8:30 AM – 5:00 PM - The Farmers Market is open on saturdays 9 am to 12 pm at 524 S Layton Blvd, Milwaukee, WI 53215

32 33 Hour Five Project Abstracts and Booth Numbers

9. Alcohol 10. Blood Cancers 11. Breast Cancer 12. Exercise & Physical Activity 13. Healthy Food Alternatives 14. Hoop House: Growing Healthy Food 15. Lung Cancer 16. Nutrition 17. Pancreatic Cancer 18. Tobacco & Marijuana Use

Works Cited Starts on Page 104

34 35 9. ALCOHOL

*Alcohol can impair brain function and motor skills which is caused by heavy use it is risks to cancer, strokes, and liver disease. It is a pattern of drinking​ abuse that can lead to cancer and affects health, interpersonal relationships, or ability to work. Drinking and smoking together raises the risk of these cancers far more than the effects of either drinking or smoking alone. Alcohol may also slow down these cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA caused by chemicals in tobacco. ●Alcohol Use and Cancer

Most people know that heavy alcohol drinking can cause health problems. But many people might not know that drinking alcohol can raise their cancer risk.

● Types of cancer linked to alcohol​ use

Alcohol is a known cause of cancers of the:

● Mouth ● Throat (pharynx) ● Voice box (larynx) ● Esophagus ● Liver ● Colon and rectum ● Breast Alcohol may also increase the risk of cancer of the pancreas. ​ ​

For each of these cancers, the risk increases with the amount of alcohol consumed

● Cancers of the mouth, throat, voice box, and esophagus: Alcohol use clearly raises the risk of these ​ ​ cancers. Drinking and smoking together raises the risk of these cancers far more than the effects of either drinking or smoking alone. This might be because alcohol can act as a solvent, helping harmful chemicals in tobacco to get inside the cells that line the digestive tract. Alcohol may also slow down these cells’ ability to repair damage to their DNA caused by chemicals in tobacco.

Liver cancer: Long­term alcohol use has been linked to an increased risk of liver cancer. Regular, heavy ​ alcohol use can damage the liver, leading to inflammation. This, in turn, might raise the risk of liver cancer.

36 Colon and rectal cancer: Alcohol use has been linked with a higher risk of cancers of the colon and ​ rectum. The evidence for such a link is generally stronger in men than in women, although studies have found the link in both sexes.

Breast cancer: Even a few drinks a week is linked with an increased risk of breast cancer in women. This ​ risk may be especially high in women who do not get enough folate (a B vitamin) in their diet or through supplements. Alcohol can affect estrogen levels in the body, which may explain some of the increased risk. Drinking less alcohol may be an important way for many women to lower their risk of breast cancer.

● The risk of mouth and throat cancer are high because alcohol comes in direct contacts with ​ ​ those areas. Liver cancer is caused by cirrhosis. The other main cancers like pharynx,larynx, and breast are caused by too much alcohol that is built up in the body. Alcohol is converted into a toxic chemical called Acetaldehyde. Acetaldehyde can damage DNA and stop cells from repairing this damage, also causes liver cells to grow faster than normal. Bacteria that live in our mouths and the linings of our guts are also able to convert into acetaldehyde.

● Every year, alcohol causes around 4% of cancer cases in the UK, about 12,500 cases (10).

● The Million Women Study, involving 1.3 million women across the UK, showed that the ​ ​ relative risk of breast cancer [the chance of one group developing breast cancer, compared

to another] increases by 7.1% for each 10 grams of alcohol you drink, slightly over a unit of

alcohol a day (11).

● Scientists are still trying to figure out why alcohol can promote cancer. there are a variety of possible explanations. Alcohol results in harmful toxins in the body, one of these toxins is acetylated it damages the genetic material in cells and renders the cells incapable of repairing the damage. it causes cells to grow quickly and makes conditions ripe for genetic changes and mistakes. Cancer can develop more easily in cells with damaged genetic material. Alcohol damages the liver causing Cirrhosis which can lead to cancer. Alcohol can result in mouth, esophagus,pharynx,larynx,liver, and breast cancer.

37 10. Blood Cancer

Blood Cancer comes in multiple different categories. There is leukemia, myeloma, and lymphoma. The most common blood cancer is leukemia, which also comes in multiple variations. The second most common blood cancer is myeloma. Lymphoma isn’t found as often in the bloodstreams.

Leukemia:

A cancer that infects your white blood cells Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL)

The second most common leukemia in adults and is the most rare in children. Common symptoms of CLL is swelling of lymph nodes in the neck, underarm, stomach, and stomach, fatigue, pain below the ribs, fever, and also weight loss. The diagnosis of CLL is blood, bone, and lymph node tests. Treatments to consider are radiation therapy, removal of spleen, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.

Chronic Myeloid

Chronic Myeloid Leukemia (CML) differs from other leukemias because this leukemia is 1 caused by too many granulocytes,​ which is a type of white blood cell. Blood and bone tests diagnose this certain leukemia. CML is treated with chemotherapy, spleen removal, stem cell transplant, and biologic and targeted therapy. The biologic therapy helps you fight cancer and targeted therapy attacks cancer cells without bothering the normal cells.

1 type of white blood cells that hold cytoplasm and granules

38 2 Acute Lymphocytic Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia (ALL) is a leukemia when there are too many lymphocytes. Lymphocytes are a certain type of white blood cells. ALL is the most common type of cancer in children. ALL is also tested with blood and bone tests, similar to other leukemia types. The treatments are chemotherapy, stem cell transplants, radiation therapy, and targeted therapy.

Acute Myeloid AML is the most common acute leukemia in adults. In this type of leukemia, there are too many myeloblast cells. AML can be caused by recent/previous chemotherapy treatment(s). The diagnoses for AML is also blood and bone tests. The treatments are chemotherapy,medicinal drugs,targeted therapy, and stem cell transplants.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma is a cancer that starts in the cells of the body’s immune system. There are two are types of types of Lymphomas Hodgkin Lymphoma and Non-Hodgkin

Lymphoma

How are they different from each other? ● If the doctors detects the presence of a specific type of abnormal cell called a Reed-Sternberg cell the lymphoma is classified as Hodgkin. ● If the Reed-Sternberg cell is not present, the lymphoma is classified as Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma.

How are they diagnosed? ● The doctor will need family medical records and will need to do a physical exam.

How is it treated?

2 the cancer gets worse quickly

39 Non-Hodgkin ● Chemotherapy ● immunotherapy ● targeted therapy ● stem cell transplant ● Radiation

Hodgkin ● chemotherapy ● radiation ● high-dose chemotherapy and stem cell transplant ● monoclonal antibodies

Myeloma Cancer of plasma cells, there are 4 types of myeloma ​ ● Multiple myeloma; A type of leukemia that affects 7 different parts of the body. It ​ affects the bone marrow, the immune system,

Risk Factors:

Age: ● Most people who were diagnosed with leukemia were 50 and older.

Gender: ● Myeloma often occurs in men rather than women. ● Lymphoma occurs more in men rather than women. ● Leukemia occurs more in men rather than women.

OTHER COMMON RISK FACTORS: ❏ Being caucasian ❏ Working around certain chemicals ❏ Genetic diseases ( ex: down syndrome)

40 SIGNS/SYMPTOMS:

In chronic leukemia the symptoms rarely are noticeable. The signs may sometimes become signaled after a few years of diagnosis. On the other hand, acute leukemia symptoms show much more dramatically. The symptoms are headaches, swollen lymph nodes, weight loss, painful bones/joints, or swollen abdomen area. Not many of those symptoms occur in acute leukemias. The other set of signs (acute leukemias signs) include vomiting, seizures, loss of muscle control, and confusion.

For myeloma, the symptoms aren’t much different than leukemia. The signs include bone weakness, fractures, and pain, low red and white blood cells, stomach pain, drowsiness, weakness, dehydration, loss of appetite, constipation, kidney malfunctions, extreme urination, and drinking a lot. The weakness most often occur in legs. Kidney malfunctions can lead to itching, swelling of the legs, shortness of breath, and weakness.

Lymphoma signs include night sweats, short of breath, feeling full after a small amount of food, fever, fatigue, weight loss, enlarged lymph nodes, and swollen abdomen. The swollen abdomen can lead to blocked bowel movements. Lymphoma can also block urine from leaving the kidney. Sometimes lymphoma can also affect the skin cells. When your skin is infected, that causes itchy red or purple lumps under your skin.

Statistics: ➔ About 3 out of 4 leukemias among children and teens are acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL). Most of the remaining cases are acute myelogenous leukemia (AML). ➔ Cases of AML are more spread out across the childhood years, but ALL type of leukemia is slightly more common during the first 2 years of life and during the teenage years. ➔ Chronic leukemias are rare in children.

41 ➔ About 6,660 new cases will be diagnosed with CML (3,530 in men and 3,130 in women). ➔ About 1,140 people will die of CML (590 men and 550 women).

42 11.

Breast Cancer Promise Campbell Chris Robinson Janyia Carroll Basic description

Breast cancer is cancer of the breast the develops from cell mass of cells forming a tumor due to genetic mechanism that tells the cells when to stop growing malfunctions because of errors, or mulation in the gene. According to the American Cancer Society about 231,840 cases of breast cancer are reported each year .

Detections

The earlier the cancer is found, the the better the chances of a successful treatment and stopping the cancer from spreading all over the body. It’s imperative that women between the ages of 25-45 get a mammogram every year. Women in their twenties and thirties should have a clinical breast exam at least every three years. Women also should knowing know what their bodies looks like, so if anything seems out of place like the shape of the breast, deformation of nipples, lumps in the breast, bloody or liquid discharge, and changes in shape or form.

43 2

Preventions

Their isn’t really a way to prevent breast cancer. Breast cancer can happen just by the anything such as ­ Ageing ­ Gender ­ Genetics ­ Race ­ Dense breast tissues ­ Being overweight ­ Drinking alcohol ­ Smoking tobacco ­ Night work ­ Breast implants ­ Chemicals in the environment

But even with all these risk factors, it's possible for someone with average low risk of getting breast cancer can reduce the chances by ­ Breast feeding ­ Engaging in physical activity on a regular basis ­ Staying in shape ­ Not doing drugs ­ reducing the use of alcohol

Treatment

Depending on the patient's situation they are allowed to choose their own treatment. Treatment methods consist of different kinds a surgeries,, chemotherapy, hormone therapies, and radiation therapy. Patients also have the option of having the entire breast removed. This surgical processor is called Lumpectomy, which only the cancerous area is removed. Mastectomy is the surgical processor of the removal of the entire breast.

44 3

Who is at risk

Gender- Women have the greatest risk of getting breast cancer than men due to th ​

Age- Women forty and above have a developing chance of getting breast cancer. There ​ ​ are some cases reported of women having cancer at a young age. This is caused because the BRCA1 and BRCA2 in their genes mutation that produce a tumor suppressor protein.

Race- Caucasian and Ashkenazi Jewish descent women have a higher risk of getting ​ ​ breast cancer because they carry and pass down genetic mutation.African American and Latino women are less likely to get breast cancer because

Heredity- Having a first degree relative with breast cancer can increase a woman's ​ ​ risk of having breast cancer. Bottom line

Approximately 12.3 percent of women will be diagnosed with breast cancer some point in their life. The number of deaths was 21.9 per 100,000 each year. Breast cancer caught earlier on can be treated successfully and may save millions of lives. Women especially between the age of 25-40 should get a mammogram and regular breast exams each year to make sure they're healthy. Something that can reduce breast cancer is staying healthy, being physically active a regular basis and limiting the amount of alcohol use.

45 12. Exercise and Fitness

How can exercise benefit you?

Have you walked up a set of step and found your found yourself out of breath? That may be because you are unfit, or lacking in the health department. That can be fixed by just taking at least 30 minutes to just work out.

Not enough time on your hands to actually complete a thirty minute workout, well they have exercises on the go such as - ● Biking, Running or Walking to destinations instead of taking the car, emailing or phoning. ● Try to cut the amount of TV you watch or use the treadmill while watching tv so you're being productive. ● Take an exercise break at work to stretch or take a quick walk. ● Wear a pedometer and walk everyday and increase your daily steps. ● Plan active vacations instead of driving trips

Common Excuses People Use To Get Out Of Excising ● “I don’t have time” ● “Too Tired” ● “I don’t get a break from the kids” ● “Exercise is boring”

46 Recommendations for community action

Although many Americans would like to adopt a healthy lifestyle, many encounter barriers that make it hard to do so. These guidelines therefore stress the importance of public, private, and community organizations working together at national, state, and local levels to apply policy and environmental changes that:

● Increase access to affordable, healthy foods in communities, places of work, and schools, and decrease access to and marketing of foods and drinks of low nutritional value, particularly to youth. ● Provide safe, enjoyable, and accessible environments for physical activity in schools and workplaces, and for transportation and recreation in communities.

Places in Milwaukee Wisconsin

Planet Fitness

Prices-Regular Membership $10 a month

Black Card Membership $19.99 a month

Locations and Contact Info-

101 W Wisconsin Ave (414)223-3360

5700 W Capitol Dr (414)444-3111

6529 S 27th St (414)988-9269

Open 24 Hours

YMCA

Prices: Household 2 adults and their dependents- $66.75

Adult- Age 18+ $44.50

1 Adult and their dependents- $51.00

47 Senior-65+- $40.75

Senior Household- 65+ and their dependents- $53.50

Student- Full time student through age 25 -$18.00

Location and Contact Info-

161 W Wisconsin Ave (414)291-9622

4340 N 46th St (414)873-9622

1350 W North Ave (414)431-9559

Blast Fitness!

Prices- $10 a month

Locations and Contact Info-

1300 N 7th St (414)233-0785

901 S 60th St (414)475-7066

2525 E Layton Ave (414) 481-2255

Gold’s Gym

Prices $40.00 per person

Location and Contact Info

731 N Water St (414)312-7582

48 13. Healthy Food Alternatives

Health Risks

The link between diet and cancer are complex and difficult to unravel.

Diets are made up of different foods and nutrients which could affect the risk of getting or not getting cancer. Red and processed meats, along with salt, can increase risks of developing cancer. Foods with high fiber, such as fruits and vegetables, can help prevent cancer.

An unhealthy diet can cause 7 types of cancer- mouth and throat, larynx, oesophagus, lung, stomach and bowel. Eating a healthy serving of fruits and vegetables lowers risks of mouth, oesophagus, lung and larynx cancer. Fruits and veggies have vitamins and nutrients that soak up harmful chemicals that could harm or damage DNA, and block formation of cancer causing chemicals. Eating a lot of red and processed meats can cause bowel cancer and possible stomach and pancreatic cancer. Red processed or fresh meats are most likely to cause cancer because the chemicals found in the meat can increase the risk. Bowel cancer is less common in people who eat lots of fiber because fiber increases the size of stool and dilutes the stools contents and making it easier to have more bowel movements and also reduces the contact of harmful chemicals. Salt increases cancer risk by damaging the stomach lining- causing inflammation of the stomach and making it more sensitive to cancer causing chemicals.

GMOS

GMO stands for Genetically Modified Organism. They are organisms in which their genetic material has been modified, and artificially manipulated for specific desired traits. Most developed nations do not consider GMOs to be safe. Unfortunately, even though polls consistently show that a significant majority of Americans want to know if the food they’re purchasing contains GMOs, the powerful biotech lobby has succeeded in keeping this information from the public. In the U.S., GMOs make up as much as 80% of conventional

49 2 processed food. Some ingredients that seem low-risk may have less-visible high-risk ingredients. Over 80% of all GMOs grown worldwide are engineered for herbicide tolerance. GMO crops are also responsible for the emergence of “superweeds” and “superbugs.”

The primary effects of GMOs on health are production of new allergens, increased toxicity, decreased nutrition and antibiotic resistance.

Healthy Food Alternatives

● Instead of eating sugary cereals, eat whole grain with no added sugar. (ex. Erewhon Raisin Bran instead of fruity pebbles) ● When eating a salad, eat spinach rather than iceberg lettuce (spinach has a lot more nutrients!) ● Instead of using whole butter, use smart balance or margarine. ● Instead of whole milk, drink soy or almond milk. ● Instead of mayonnaise, use avocado. ● Use himalayan sea salt instead of table salt.

Dirty Dozen and Clean Fifteen

Many fruits and vegetables are exposed to many pesticides and chemicals, which can be detrimental to your health. By buying organic, you are avoiding consuming many chemicals. The Dirty dozen are fruits and vegetables that should only be purchased organic, because of the high amounts of pesticide residue. They are also the most likely to be contaminated. The Clean fifteen are foods that were tested with the lowest amount of pesticide contamination. Dirty Dozen

1. Apples (Including apple juice and applesauce) 2. Celery 3. Tomatoes 4. Cucumbers 5. Grapes 6. Nectarines

50 3

7. Peaches 8. Potatoes 9. Spinach 10. Strawberries 11. Blueberries 12. Sweet Bell Peppers

Clean Fifteen 1. Onions 2. Avocado 3. Sweet Corn 4. Pineapple 5. Mango 6. Sweet Peas 7. Eggplant 8. Cauliflower 9. Asparagus 10. Kiwi 11. Cabbage 12. Watermelon 13. Grapefruit 14. Sweet Potatoes 15. Honeydew Melon

Fast Food

Fast food is defined as, “food that can be prepared quickly and easily and is sold in restaurants and snack bars as a quick meal or to be taken out.”

When fast food frequently replaces nutritious food in your diet, it can lead to poor nutrition, poor health, and weight gain. Despite being known for unhealthy foods, some fast food restaurants provide nutritious options to eat when you are on the go.

Fast food originated in Southern California in the 1940’s. In the duration of thirty years, fast food business grew nearly twenty times- from six billion dollars in 1970 to over 110 billion dollars in 2001. In urban neighborhoods, fast food is the dominant source of food because of the cost, and placement. Grocery stores are strategically placed in more suburban neighborhoods, while fast food is located everywhere in urban neighborhoods. Urban communities tend to be of lower income, therefore choosing the cheaper place to eat. It is

51 4 cheaper for them to purchase food from the fast food restaurants, than transporting themselves to a grocery store for more expensive food. Fast food is the source of nutrition in these neighborhoods, all across the United States. People of color living in these communities suffer the most from the effects of fast food. “Profit is the driving force behind the fast food industry’s attempts to target African Americans and Latinos.” Food Desert

A food desert is an area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good quality fresh food.

There are many neighborhoods in Milwaukee that are food deserts. For example on MLK Drive, you see many corner stores or fast food restaurants- but in other neighborhoods you have multiple grocery stores, such as Pick N’ Save, to choose from. Often, it is hard to commute to a store that provides healthy foods. Despite this, organizations such as Growing Power are trying to provide healthy food to these areas. Growing Power has a rural farm in Merton, about 45 minutes outside of Milwaukee. Fresh Produce in Milwaukee

● Outpost Natural Foods Co-op - 100 E Capitol Dr, Milwaukee, WI 53212 - 2826 S Kinnickinnic Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53207 - 7000 W State St, Wauwatosa, WI 53213 ● Whole Foods Market - 2305 N Prospect Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53211 ● Natural Food Shop - 3048 South 13th Street, Milwaukee, WI 53215 ● Beans & Barley Market & Cafe - 1901 E North Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53202 ● Riverwest Food Co-op - 733 E Clarke St, Milwaukee, WI 53212 ● Trader Joe's - 5600 N Port Washington Rd, Milwaukee, WI 53217 - 12665 W Bluemound Rd, Brookfield, WI 53005 ● Good Harvest Market - 2205 Silvernail Rd, Pewaukee, WI 53072 ● Kellner’s Greenhouse - 3258 N Humboldt Blvd, Milwaukee, WI 53212 ● Growing Power Inc. - 2719 N M.L.K. Drive, N M.L.K. Dr, Milwaukee, WI 53212 - 5500 W Silver Spring Dr, Milwaukee, WI 53218 - 13111 W Silver Spring Dr, Butler, WI 53007

52 5

Farmers Markets in Milwaukee County (Many run only from around June through October)

● Brown Deer Farmers Market ● Cudahy Farmers Market ● East Side Green Market ● Fondy Farmers Market ● Fox Point Farmers Market ● East Town Market ● Riverwest Gardeners Market ● Shorewood Farmers Market ● South Milwaukee Downtown Market ● South Shore Farmers Market

53 14.

Hoop House: Growing Healthy Foods

2016

OVERVIEW Growing your own food helps save money, give the opportunity for outdoor exercise and creates a higher quality produce, that’s healthier and tastes better, to feed yourself and your family. Produce found in the grocery store must be picked early so it doesn’t spoil on the trip from farm to store, so homegrown fruits and vegetables, because they are picked at the peak time of ripeness are more nutrient dense and taste better. It helps you to eat more fresh fruits and vegetables, in addition to limiting/controlling what pesticides go into the food you eat. Dr. Helen Delichatsios of Massachusetts General Hospital argues that, “Backyard gardening can inspire you to take an interest in the origins of your food and make better choices about what you put on your plate. When you grow your own food, you savor it more because of the effort it took to get to your table.”

What is Organic and Why is it Good? Organic produce is food grown/made without any artificial chemicals. In our food culture today, Americans are more focused on speed and readily available foods, rather than the quality. Because of that, lots of food found in grocery stores are genetically modified organisms. For example, ethylene gas is a gas that manipulates the ripening of raw agricultural commodities.GMOs are organisms who’ve had their genetic makeup modified in a laboratory through genetic engineering. These new breeds of plants are things not found in nature, designed to withstand pesticides and/or to produce their own insecticide. Many advanced countries like Japan, Australia and every country in the European Union have put in place strict regulations on the production and sale of GMOs, since they do not consider them to be safe for regular consumption. An increasing number of studies have come out to show that GMOs connect with health problems, environmental damage, and in some cases, the violation of farmer and consumer rights. In the U.S., producers are not required to label foods made with GMO ingredients.

Starting Your Own Garden Gardening is the process of using a designated plot of land to cultivate fruits, vegetables, flowers, shrubs or herbs. There are four easy steps to follow when starting a backyard garden: a. Get proper gear. You may need a trowel, gardening gloves, a watering can or hose, a shovel ​ ​ and/or gardening shears.

54 1 b. Choose where to place your garden. Pick a spot with ample sunlight and easy access to a ​ ​ water supply. Many recommend using a raised garden bed in order to better control moisture in the soil (an excess can lead to mold issues) and to give the gardener easier access to the plants. c. Check your soil. Good soil has air circulation, is free of large obstructions like sticks or stones, ​ and is rich in organic matter like compost or manure. d. Decide which plants to grow. Pick things you ​ ​ enjoy eating and grow well in your area. Plants that succeed in Wisconsin include but are not limited to artichoke, brussel sprouts, collards, leeks, lettuce, peppers, onions, strawberries, raspberries, tomatoes and tomatillos.

Nutrition Labels Read from top to bottom, a nutrition label tells consumers serving size, calories, fat, cholesterol, sodium and the various vitamins and minerals included in the product. To properly read a nutrition facts label, follow these easy steps: a. Serving Size: How many are you actually consuming? ​ b. Calories (and calories from fat): Use your actual serving to figure out how many ​ calories are in your food. A general guide to to calories follows the 40 is low, 100 is moderate and 400+ is high. c. The Nutrients, How much?: Learn to limit fat, cholesterol and sodium. Get ​ ample amounts of fiber, vitamins, calcium and iron. Most Americans are lacking in these core nutrients, leading to other, various health issues. d. Understanding the Footnote: The starred footnote found at the bottom of all ​ nutrition fact labels explains that all recommended daily values are based on a 2,000 calorie a day diet. Nutrition labels can be misleading when individuals don’t follow the stated serving size. They will look directly at the calories and think they are consuming less than they are, because their actual food intake is much higher than the recommended amount.

55 2 15.

Na­Shayla Adams, Gladys Greer, Corbin Roach Lung Cancer

Description Lung Cancer is the untrollable dividing of cells. The mutated cells are on the

surface of the lungs or in the airway. The noticeable signs are chest pains, coughing up

blood, fatigue, bone pain, and arm pain or weakness. The early stages of lung may not

have symptoms. Cancer patients who have went through radiation therapy are

encouraged to get screen for lung cancer.

56 Main Types

❏ Small Cell Lung Cancer ❏ rare but the most aggressive form of lung cancer ❏ Non-Small Cell ❏ Most common lung cancer

Treatment ❏ radiation therapy ❏ Using high energy x­rays to destroy cancer cells ❏ Surgery ❏ removes tumor anr portion of the lung that the tumor is attached to ❏ Immunotherapy ❏ Building a stronger immune system to fight of the cancer ❏ Targeted therapy ❏ targets the cancer cells and destroys them ❏ Chemotherapy ❏ pumping drugs into the body to destroy the cancer cells and stop them from growing ❏ Adjuvant ❏ get rid of any cancer cells left over after surgery

Detection ❏ CT scans ❏ X-ray of chest

Resources American Cancer Society

Pewaukee

N19 W24350 Riverwood Dr

Waukesha, Wisconsin 53188

Phone: (262)­523­5500

Hours: 8:00 ­ 4:30

2 57 16.

MHSA Health Fair - Nutrition Milwaukee High School of the Arts January 16, 2016

How does Nutrition affect cancer rates? ●Higher vegetable and fruit intake reduces cancer risk have led researchers to try

to figure out which specific nutrients from these foods are responsible.

● Many studies have not found that supplements containing certain nutrients (like ​ vitamins) reduce cancer risk, and some have even suggested they may cause harm.

58 How can I improve my Nutrition?

● One way to improve your nutrition would be to eat under two thousand to two thousand five hundred calorie diet daily.

● Second would be to eat healthy and organic meals, with no added preservatives or sugars. ● Third would be to learn how to read and understand food labels and monitor your eating habits to make sure that you are eating healthy and make sure that you are consuming your recommended daily values. ● Fourth would be to resort to fruits and vegetables or other healthy snacking alternatives when it comes to snacking. What foods can you eat to prevent cancer? Vegetables: ● Broccoli ●Spinach

● Beans ● Cauliflower Fruits: ● Oranges ● Berries ● Limes ● Tangerines

©MHSA Health Fair

2300 W Highland Ave, Milwaukee, WI 53233

59 17.

Pancreatic Cancer Basic Description There are two cells that the Pancreas contains. These two are: Exocrine cells which makes digestive juices and Endocrine cells which produce hormones. Most pancreatic cancers form in the Exocrine cells but there are a few rare cases where the cancer does attack the Endocrine cells. Tumors that form in the Exocrine cells do not secrete hormones and don't cause signs or symptoms. This makes it hard to diagnose pancreatic cancer that attacks the Exocrine cells. For most patients with Exocrine pancreatic cancer, current treatments do not cure the cancer. Both types of pancreatic cancer treatment plans range from depending the severity and how far along the cancer is.

60 2

Prevention There is no true way to prevent pancreatic cancer. Refraining from smoking, avoiding chemical exposure and maintaining a healthy weight can lessen the chance of getting pancreatic cancer. Also living a healthy lifestyle can lessen the odds. Detection Pancreatic Cancer can be can be detected through medical exams and scans or just by sign and symptoms. Some signs and symptoms are: jaundice (yellowing of the skin and whites of the eyes), dark urine, light colored stools, itchy skin, abdominal or back pain, weight loss, poor appetite, and digestive problems. There are also scans to help detect this cancer. Some of these are: computed tomography Scan (CT), Ultrasounds, Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and Cholangio Pancreatography. These use x rays, sounds or vibrations, etc. to help find the cancer. Treatment Treating Pancreatic Cancer is a long process and is not a guarantee for a cure. Oncologists choose a treatment plan differently for each patient depending on the person and the cancer. There are three forms of treatment that are very common in the treatment of Pancreatic Cancer. The first is surgery. This is when a surgeon removes all or part of the pancreas depending on the location and size of the tumour. It is often combined with radiation and chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is another form of treatment which uses drugs to destroy cancer cells. It stops the cells’ ability to grow and multiply. The final main treatment is Radiation therapy. Radiation therapy is the use of high energy x rays or other particles to destroy cancer. This keeps the cancer from growing and spreading. Who is at risk? Some people genetically are more prone to get pancreatic cancer. African Americans are most at risk. Males are also more prone to getting pancreatic cancer than women. The percentage of males who have pancreatic cancer in America are 17.2% whereas women are 14.4%. There is no true reasoning behind why males are at more of a risk for contracting pancreatic cancer.

61 3 In the Body Through physical exam doctors will mostly focus on the abdomen to check for any masses or fluid build up. This cancer causes blockage in the bile duct that causes the gallbladder to enlarge. Pancreatic cancer may spread to all parts of the body including the liver. Bottom Line If pancreatic cancer is not found at an early stage the chance of survival is very slim. There are signs and symptoms that can help catch the cancer in an early stage and can help the chances of survival increase. Pancreatic cancer is not preventable but leading a healthy life decreases the chance of getting the cancer.

62 18. Tobacco

Tobacco in a nutshell...

Tobacco is a green plant that is grown in warm climates. After it is picked, it is dried, ground up, and used in different ways. It can be smoked in a cigarette, pipe, or cigar. It can be chewed (called smokeless tobacco or chewing tobacco). Tobacco smoke has over 7,000 known ​ chemicals and 70 of those are known to cause cancer. They are also known as carcinogens, a substance capable of causing cancer in living tissue.

What’s in Tobacco? There are over 600 ​ ingredients in cigarettes, and when lit cigarettes produce over 7,000 chemicals, 70 of those chemicals are known to cause cancer. Some chemicals you can find in cigarettes are…

● Acetone, found in nails polish remover. ​ ● Arsenic, used in rat poison. ​ ● Formaldehyde, used as embalming fluid. ​ Embalming fluid is used to preserve cadavers (dead people). ● Tar, a material used for paving roads. ​ ● Ammonia, used as a household cleaner. ​

Cigarettes: Smoking is a leading cause of cancer and cancer deaths. A common cancer ​ ​ associated with cigarette smoking is lung cancer, small cell and non­cell. When you inhale ​ cigarette smoke changes in the lung tissue begin almost immediately. 80% and 90% of lung cancer deaths are associated with smoking.

Chewing Tobacco: Chewing tobacco consists of sweetened loose tobacco leaves. A wad ​ ​ of tobacco is placed between the cheek and gum, users will then suck on the juices. Chewing tobacco is largely linked with mouth cancer, 90% of people with mouth cancer are tobacco users.

63 Marijuana

Marijuana in a nutshell...

Marijuana is the dried leaves, flowers, stems, and seeds of the hemp plant. Marijuana can be consumed through pipes, cigarette­like joints, and cigar­like blunts. There are also several different way to consume it orally. A common misconception is that marijuana is better for you compared to tobacco, this is false. Marijuana has over 400 chemicals, 60 of those are unique to the plant. Marijuana smoke contains 50% to 70% more carcinogens than tobacco smoke and has the potential to produce cancer. The smoke of marijuana is usually inhaled deeper and longer than tobacco, this causes more carcinogens to enter the body.

What’s in Marijuana?

Marijuana contains 60 chemicals called cannabinoids.

THC. An abbreviation for ​ delta­9­tetrahydrocannabinol, THC is responsible for the “high” feeling, or the mind altering effects. It may also help symptoms such as nausea and vomiting.

Marijuana and Cancer:

Small studies concluded that the use of medicinal marijuana could be helpful in treating the nausea and vomiting that comes along with cancer chemotherapy. Some studies have even discovered that smoked or vaporized marijuana is a helpful treatment of neuropathic pain ( pain that is caused by damaged nerves). Recently scientists reported that THC can slow the growth or kill certain cancer cells. Also animal studies show certain cannabinoids could slow growth and reduce the spread of some forms of cancer.

64 65 Hour Six Project Abstracts and Booth Numbers

19. Healthy Food Alternatives 20. MHSA Hoop House 21. Blood Cancers 22. Nutrition 23. Pediatric Cancers 24. Skin Cancer/Look Good Feel Better Makeovers

Works Cited Starts on Page 104

66 67 Healthy Food Alternatives 19.

Basic description

Healthy Food Alternatives are basically the better choice. Like Instead of eating a bunch of non-healthy foods you can eat healthy foods that are easy to make and taste great.

Why are fresh fruits and vegetables better? Many canned, processed and frozen foods tend to lose a lot of nutrients during the ​ ​ ​ preservation process. Notable exceptions include tomatoes and pumpkins. Processed foods also tend to lose all the vitamins and proteins and can also ​ ​ develop some types of bacteria. Freezing has been shown to decrease nutrients and the overall value of a meal. Fresh vegetables and fruits provide many of the vitamins and minerals that are essential to our health. In addition, these foods ​ provide hydration­fresh fruits and vegetables have a higher water constant and ​ ​ therefore offer natural hydration that is important for cellular health. Healthful ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Fats several natural, plant­based fats and oils provide a variety of health values. ​ Unhealthy fats­many oils are proceeded in unhealthful ways, such as through high ​ temperature mechanical pressing, bleaching. filtering and deodorizing practices. Fresh foods deliver enzymes ­these help with digestion and nutrient absorption by ​ ​ breaking down the food into absorbable parts that our bodies can use. Overall, frozen, canned or processed meals tends to deliver more chemicals such as salt and other toxins and add things like chemical flavorings and other unwelcome toxins in these meals.

GMO’s Gmo’s are Genetically Modified Organisms. GMO critics are worried that transgenic crops could harm wildlife and cause lasting damage to fragile food chains. They are also accused of contributing to food allergies.

68 Dangers of Fast Food 600 adults and teens in St. Paul, Minneapolis were interviewed for a study. Most reported eating fast food at least 3 times per week. Some reasons are and were voted: it is quick: 92.3%, easy to get: 80.1%, and it is inexpensive: 63.6%

Healthy Alternatives to Fast Food Eat: Grilled Dijon chicken Not: Chicken fajita rollup Eat: Honey maple ham on honey wheat Not: Turkey club panini Eat: sesame pretzel Not: Pretzel dog Eat: strawberry stuffed French toast Not : stacked and stuffed strawberry banana

Food Deserts An urban area in which it is difficult to buy affordable or good quality fresh food

Fresh Produce in Milwaukee Cermak Fresh Market Address: 1541 Miller Park Way, ​ West Milwaukee, WI 53214 Phone:(414) 988­9051 ​ Hours: 7:00 AM – 9:00 PM ​ ​ Pete's Fruit Market Address: 1400 S Union St, ​ Milwaukee, WI 53204 Phone:(414) 383­1300 ​ Hours: 7:00 AM – 9:30 PM ​ ​

69 20. MHSA Hoop House

Right now Milwaukee High school of the Arts is in the process of getting our very own hoop house- which is not only a great opportunity for our school but the whole community. Through the hoop house we can learn and teach those around us how to plant, grow and cook fruits and vegetables as well as the importance and value of fresh produce.

What is a Hoop House?

A hoop house is essentially a less permanent greenhouse that sits on top of the ground.

It is supported by a series of pipe hoops that have a sturdy layer of clear plastic stretched across it to enclose the house itself. A structure like this allows you to grow fresh produce throughout the year instead of just the typical growing seasons. Even in

70 cold Midwest weather the sun heats up the inside of the hoop house enough to allow for prosperous plant growth all year long.

Why Fresh Fruits and Vegetables?

Fresh produce is much more nutritious than canned or frozen fruits and vegetables.

Canned food typically contains more sugar, salt and less fiber- the opposite of what you want to be eating for good health. The process of canning fruits and vegetables can deprive them of their nutrients. Before being canned they are cut up and put into hot water to help them keep their color. This process causes the loss of essential vitamins like B and C. Another convenient way to eat fruits and vegetables is buying them frozen. While frozen is better than canned, fruits like peaches and pears are peeled before they’re frozen, lowering the overall fiber and nutrient content of the fruit.

Generally fresh fruits and vegetables are sold as they naturally are while usually canned/frozen fruits and vegetables take out some of the most nutritious parts of the plant.

What Does This Have to do with Cancer?

Diet is thought to be partly responsible for about 30% to 40% of all cancers. Eating healthy can aid you in maintaining a healthy body weight, which can help prevent many forms of cancer. Fruits, vegetables can assist in the prevention of cancer due to the many nutrients and antioxidants they contain as well as them being a good source of vitamins and minerals. Fresh produce can also help protect and repair damaged DNA in your cells. Eating them daily can block the formation of chemicals inside your body that cause cancer. Healthy food gives your body the energy it needs to protect and heal itself naturally.

71 21. Blood Cancer

What is blood cancer?

Blood cancers, such as Leukemia, Lymphoma, and Myeloma are ​ ​ cancers of the body’s blood forming tissues. This includes bone marrow, (a soft fatty substance in the bone cavities, where blood cells are produced). These cancers can also affect the lymphatic system (part of the circulatory system and a vital part of the immune system, with vessels that carry clear fluid called “lymph” to the heart). Many symptoms are not noticeable until later on, given that these cancers progress in the body slowly.

What are the symptoms? Symptoms of leukemia include fever, chills, bone/joint pain, headaches, and shortness of breath. Signs can also include loss of appetite, nausea, itchy skin/ skin rash, swollen lymph nodes in neck, underarms and groin. Anemia, and persistent fatigue and weakness are also symptoms.

Where does it come from? Risk factors of blood cancer are chemical exposures such as the chemical Benzene, which is all around us. It is found in cigarette smoke, car exhaust, cleaning products, also paint and many, many more. Smoking and other tobacco use can also cause blood cancers, even though the doesn't make contact with the smoke. Cells can carry the toxins into the bloodstream and throughout the body. It can also be caused by chemotherapy drugs, from previous cancer treatment, blood disorders, such as anemia and other genetic syndromes.

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How is it treated? The way these cancers can be treated are through stem cell transplantation, a procedure in which “diseased bone marrow is replaced by highly specialized stem

cells that develop into healthy bone marrow.” Chemotherapy, in which certain drugs are given that kill cancer cells is also often used to treat blood cancers. Targeted therapy, a more precise chemotherapy treatment targets the specific types of cancer cells that an individual patent has. Radiation therapy uses high­energy radiation to shrink tumors and kill cancer cells. Biological therapy is also used, which is a treatment to help restore the body's

immune system.

Resources

January 2016

73 22.

What is Nutrition? Nutrition is the process of providing or obtaining the food necessary for health and growth. In science and human medicine, nutrition is the science or practice of ​ consuming and utilizing foods.

Why is Nutrition Important? Good nutrition is an important part of leading a healthy lifestyle. Combined with physical activity, your diet can help you to reach and maintain a healthy weight, reduce your risk of chronic diseases (like heart disease and cancer), and promote your overall health. What are the Seven Nutrients that our Bodies Need? ● Carbohydrates ● Fats ● Fibers ● Proteins ● Water ● Vitamins ● Minerals *Remember too much of anything can be detrimental to maintaining a good nutritional diet.

74 Connections: Nutrition, Cancer and other Diseases

The National Cancer Institute estimated that at least 35% of all cancer have a nutrition connection. What you eat makes a big difference in our energy level, our mood, and even our self­esteem. Being overweight or obese is linked with an increased risk of developing several types of cancer (and other health problems). Overweight or obese people can lower their risk level by losing weight.

Important Nutrition Guidelines: a. To increase your vegetable and fruit intake. b. To prevent and/or reduce overweight and obesity through improved eating and physical activity behaviors. c. Select an eating pattern that meets nutritional needs over time at an appropriate calorie level.

Nutrition Myths and Facts:

Myth: Red meat is bad for health. ​ Fact: It's not bad if you choose to eat lean cuts and ​ eat in healthy portions (3­4 ounces).

Myth: Most sodium in food is from added salt. ​ Fact: Only 6% of sodium is from added salt. Most ​ sodium is from packaged, processed, and restaurant foods.

75 23. Pediatric Cancer What Is Pediatric Cancer Pediatric cancer is childhood cancer.

Pediatric cancer has many different types the most common one is Leukemia. Types of Pediatric Cancer The different kinds of Pediatric cancer are Brain cancer, Bone cancer, Wilms tumor, Retinoblastoma, Hepatoblastoma, Lymphomas, Rhabdoid tumor, leukemias, Neuroblastoma, and sarcomas.

Our Focus: Brain and Spinal Cord Cancer Brain and spinal Cord cancer is what we really tried to focus on throughout this project. Brain cancer is the second most common pediatric cancer. Brain cancer is basically a tumor inside of the brain that disturbs the brain’s function. There are 10 different types of brain tumors located in the brain. The tumor is formed by abnormal cell grow. Spinal cord cancer is similar, it is abnormal cell growth from in the tissue of the spinal cord, the cause of this cancer is unknown.

Signs and Symptoms, Pediatric Brain and Spinal Cord Cancer

­ A seizure not related to high fevers ­ starring repetitive automatic movements ­ vomiting without any known cause (projectile vomiting) nausea ­ progressive weakness or clumsiness; neck tilt, squint ­ walking, balance problems ­ precocious puberty growth retardation ­ Sleep apnea ­ vision problems ­ headache that wakes the child up at night or early in the morning ­ pain especially back pain which should be taken serious in a child ­ back pain or pain that spreads towards the arms or legs ­ weakness in the legs ­ trouble walking

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(Symptoms are different in each child) Diagnosis and Treatment of Brain and Spinal Cord Cancer

One way they find the brain and spinal cord cancer is a MRI. A MRI is a procedure that uses magnetic radio waves and a computer to make a serial detailed picture of the brain and spinal cord. Often, a substance called ​ gadolinium is injected into a vein. The ​ ​ ​ ​ gadolinium collects around the cancer cells so they show up brighter in the picture. This procedure is also called nuclear magnetic resonance imaging (NMRI).

A biopsy can also be done to remove a sample ​ ​ of tissue. For tumors in the brain, the biopsy is done by removing part of the skull and using a ​ ​ needle to remove a sample of tissue (craniotomy). This tissue is looked at under a microscope to look for cancer cells. If cancer is ​ found the doctor may remove as much tumor as safely possible during the same surgery. ​ ​

77 24. Skin Cancer

True Beauty Is Within.

Feel Free Gain Confidence Love Yourself

Details Skin cancer can cause a variety of different emotions. It can cause depression and a loss of interest when it comes to keeping yourself up. Women and Men love to feel safe and beautiful when going through/dealing with cancer. TBIW stands for True Beauty Is Within. We are here to make the community and our fellow peers feel better about themselves, and have the confidence to stand out and enjoy the adventure of Beauty.

Detection ● moles that have changed shape or color over time ● a sore that does not heal ● itchiness redness burning ● skin self-exams

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Skin Cancer Treatments ● Chemotherapy- is a category of cancer treatments that use chemical substances.

● Surgeries- Mohs surgery is a surgical technique used to treat skin cancer layers of the skin that has the cancer gets removed.

Options for Cancer Patients ​ There is a national program called “Look Good, Feel Better” that ​ ​ supports cancer patients, providing makeovers and tips to help them look and feel their best during and after cancer treatments. Many cancer centers and hospitals have resources to support cancer patients with these things. For example, Small Stones at the Froedtert and Medical ​ College of Wisconsin Cancer Center provides many services like wig ​ fitting, scarves, makeup and makeovers and aromatherapy.

79 Hour Seven Project Abstracts and Booth Numbers

25. Alcohol 26. Breast Cancer 27. Gardening & Healthy Eating 28. Head & Neck Cancer 29. Healthy Food Alternatives 30.Liver Cancer 31. Lung Cancer 32. Obesity 33. Tobacco & Marijuana

Works Cited Starts on Page 104

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25.

Definition

Alcohol is a depressant that slows down the nervous system resulting in slurred speech, unsteady movement, disturbed perceptions, and inability to act quickly. ​ Effects

Alcohol effects everyone differently based on size, weight and health. It can determine whether the person is used to consuming it, if other drugs are being taken with it, the amount drunk and the strength of the drink. It is never safe to mix alcohol with drugs EVER!!! some of the effects may be a feeling of relaxed, increase in confidence, slower reflexes, feeling of sad or happy depending on mood. If a lot is consumed the results may be more deadly and dangerous. Some of those effects are confusion, blurred vision, clumsiness, memory loss, nausea, vomiting, passing out, coma and or possibly death.

Prevention

One way to prevent harm from alcohol is to not drink it at all. By never consuming alcohol, you will reduce your chances for cancer. There isn’t really a way to prevent alcoholism, but we would say beware of your surroundings and the people, if you don’t want to take or consume alcohol then say no to your fellow people. Try avoiding bars

82 and parties with drinks if you think this will be a problem. We can’t stop you from drinking but we can help you make better choices.

Treatments

Even when people know that excessive drinking can cause deadly diseases like cancer, it is difficult to stop drinking once you are dependent on it. In order to stop drinking, the person must recognize the problem. Denial is common in alcoholics, but admitting your problem is the first step to getting better. Those who are dependent on alcohol may experience withdrawal symptoms when they quit drinking. Giving up alcohol after drinking it for a long time is challenging because the body has to get used to functioning without it. It is important for these people to seek medical attention – a doctor, professional rehab facility or psychiatrist - to quit drinking. Alcohol withdrawal symptoms usually begin 4 to 12 hours after drinking and can last up to 4 to 5 days. In extreme cases, alcohol withdrawal can be fatal.

Cancer Risk

Genetics, environment, and lifestyle habits can all heighten your risk of getting cancer. Not drinking is ​ one of those choices you can make now that will reduce your risk of cancer in the years to come. Drinking too much alcohol at a time, or drinking over ​ a long period of time can increase your risk of

83 developing certain cancers. The National Cancer Institute has identified alcohol as a risk factor for cancers in the mouth, esophagus, pharynx, larynx, breast, and liver. People who smoke and drink greatly increases the risk of cancer more than just ​ ​ smoking or just drinking.

Chart: National Survey on Drug Use and Health

As you can see by this chart from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health, all drinking, and particularly heavy and binge alcohol use, explodes between the ages of 15 and 20.

Drinking is more harmful to teens than adults because their brains are still developing through adolescence and well into young adulthood. drinking during this critical growth period can lead to lifetime damages in brain functions, as memory, motor skills, ability to move and coordination. Research shows that people who begin to drink before the age of 15 are more likely to develop alcohol dependence than those who begin at 21.

84 26.

Basic Description

Breast cancer is when cells in your breast start growing out of control.

Signs and Symptoms Many women do not have any of signs or symptoms before they are diagnosed. But some women may have symptoms such as changes in the size or shape of the breast, nipple discharge, or a lump or hardening.

How People Can Minimize Breast Cancer Risk People can help minimize their chances of getting cancer by avoiding carcinogens, substances that cause cancer. The risk of breast cancer can also be minimized by: maintaining a healthy weight, being active, not smoking, and limiting alcohol consumption. The risk of developing breast cancer increases as a woman ages. Most cancers develop in women older than 50. Breast cancer may run in the family, if one has one or more of the following characteristics: immediate relatives (mother, sister) have had breast cancer or many close relatives have been diagnosed with breast cancer or ovarian cancer especially before the age 50.

85 Who’s at risk? Women & Men ★ Women are more likely to get breast cancer than men ★ Your risk of getting breast cancer increases as you get older ★ If your mother, grandmother, or sister developed breast cancer at a young age then that means that you could possibly develop it as well, which also ties into genes from the parent to the child. ★ Obesity could increase your risk of getting breast cancer

Screening Options ★ CBE (Clinical Breast Exam) ★ Self Breast Exam ★ Mammogram (best way)

For more information about breast cancer screening and when you should start, visit: http://www.cancer.org/cancer/breastcancer/moreinformation/breastcancerearlydetection/b reast-cancer-early-detection-acs-recs

86 An Estimated Graph of New Cases and Death Cases of Breast Cancer in 2015 !!!

Estimated New Cases in 2015: 231,840

Percent of all new breast cancer cases: 14.0%

Estimated Death cases in 2015: 40,290

Percent of Breast Cancer Deaths: 6.8%

87 27. Healthy Eating (gardening)

January 5, 2016

Description

Healthy eating means consuming the right quantities of foods from all food groups in order to lead a healthy life. Healthy eating is a balanced diet. A balanced diet ­ or a good diet ­ means consuming from all the different food groups in the right quantities. Nutritionists say there are five main food groups ­ whole grains, fruit and vegetables, protein, dairy, and fat & sugar.

Fresh fruits and vegetables

● Contain lots of fibre which helps to keep your bowels healthy-problems such as constipation and diverticular disease are less likely to develop. ● Contain plenty of vitamins and minerals, which are needed to keep you healthy ● are naturally low fat ● are filling but low in calories

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GMO’s

GMOs are genetically modified foods such as plants and animals that have had their genetic make­up artificially altered by scientists to make them grow faster. They provide more nutrients for the body.

Directions to Gardening

● Start slow ● Build raised beds ● Bed creative ● Play your region ● Build the beds ● Use a barrier against weeds ● Enrich the soil ● Protect your investment with mulch ● Don’t start your own plants from seed the 1st year ● Have fun with what you are doing

89 28. Head and Neck Cancer

Description

Head and neck cancers affect your voice box, tongue, inside of your mouth, throat and lips. Alcohol and tobacco use are the main risk factors of head and neck cancers. The main way to prevent head and neck cancers is to avoid the use of tobacco completely or just stop using the products as much as you were before as well as not being a heavy drinker or heavy tobacco user.

Different Types of Head and Neck Cancers

● Squamous cell carcinomas

● Oral Cavity

● Pharynx

● Larynx

Symptoms

Head and Neck Cancers are often shown in/on a person's throat or in their mouth. At first it's almost painless and unnoticeable until the later stages where a lump begins to form and gets very big and noticeable at the final stages of the cancer where the disease is at its peak.

90 Risk Factors

Smoking and chewing tobacco and alcohol use are the largest risk factors for Head and Neck Cancer. HPV-16 virus is risks factor for some types of head and neck cancers.

Incidence of Head and Neck Cancers

Head and neck cancer account for approximately 3% of all cancers in the United States. They are twice as common among men as they are among women. African American patients had significantly shorter average survival rate than caucasians. The mortality rate is higher in African Americans that in any other races.

Treatment

Most treatments for head and neck cancer will affect your looks, they way you talk, the way you eat, or even the way you breathe. The treatment basically is based off of how far the cancer is along. The main treatments of these cancers are radiation and chemotherapy.

Interesting Fact: In 1946, just before retiring from baseball, Ruth was diagnosed with nasopharyngeal ​ carcinoma. Nasopharyngeal carcinoma refers to a malignant growth that arises from epithelium, which tends to infiltrate and metastasize to other organs. The location of the carcinoma was in the nasopharynx, or the upper part of the throat behind the nose. Doctors tried their best to control Ruth's cancer with surgery and radiation treatments, but were not successful and so they eventually released him from the hospital in 1947.

91 29. Healthy Food Alternatives

How eating healthy reduces the chances of cancer

● A balanced diet can help maintain a healthy body weight, that reduces the risk of many cancers ● Diets are made up of lots of different foods and nutrients.(many can affect our risk of cancer) ● Foods such as red and processed meats and salt increase the risk of developing cancer ● Foods such as fruits and vegetables and high fiber can prevent cancer.

Why Fresh is Best

1. Frozen fruits and vegetables are picked before they have time to develop a full spectrum of vitamins and minerals. While the fruits and vegetables are traveling they are exposed to a variety of warm temperatures along the way which breaks down some of the essential vitamins in the produce.

2. BPA is the plastic lining inside the cans for canned foods. BPA is a toxic chemical that causes a hormonal imbalances and a wide variety of health issues ranging from hypertension, aggression, obesity to cancer and heart disease. Based on FDA 17% of the American diet comes from canned foods yet there are no regulation or safety standards regarding the amount of BPA in canned foods.

What are GMOs

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GMOs (Genetically Modified Organisms) are organisms whose genetic material has been manipulated in a laboratory through genetic engineering. There is not a lot known about GMO’s, but we do know they can negatively affect humans but not the full scope of the issues. But there have been studies to prove they are awful for humans.

Five Scientific Studies on how GMOs affect the Human Body:

1. Multiple Toxin from GMOs detected in Maternal and Fetal blood 2. DNA in genetically modified crops can be transferred into the humans who eat them 3. Link GMOs to Gluten disorders that affect 18 million Americans 4. Studies link GMOs to Rat Tumors 5. Glyphosate induces human Breast Cancer cells grow via Estrogen receptors

What/Where are Food Deserts

Food deserts are urban neighborhoods and rural towns without ready access to fresh, healthy, and affordable food. Instead of supermarkets and grocery store, these communities may have no food access or are served only by fast food restaurants and convenience stores that offer few healthy, affordable food options. The lack of access contributes to a poor diet and can lead to higher levels of obesity and other diet-related diseases, such as diabetes and heart disease. There a 5 “sectors” where USDA says it is a food deserts in milwaukee: ● 2 are between N 35th st to 27th st (N to E) and wi Galena st to W. Kilbourn ave. (N to S) ● 2 are between N 43th st to N 35th st (W to E) and W. Vliet st to W. Park Hill Ave. ( N to S) ● 1 between N 60th st to N 43th st ( W to E) and W. Vliet st to W Trenton PL ( N to

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30. Liver Cancer

All About the Liver: ​ What it does and Where is it ​ Located Before we delve into cancerous livers, first you need to know what the liver is and what it is supposed to do in ​ ​ the body. Shaped like a small pyramid, the liver is the largest internal organ. It rests directly under the right lung and is protected by the rib cage. Often called the “powerhouse of the body”, the liver is in charge of many important tasks that without it, we could not possibly live. For example, liver cells break down fats and turns them into energy. The liver is also responsible for processing nutrients, filtering toxins out of the body, and regulating blood sugar.

So What is Liver Cancer?

Liver Cancer is a cancer that begins in the cells of your liver. Hepatocellular Carcinoma is the main liver cell that causes liver cancer. When the Hepatocellular Carcinoma cell multiplies too much, it can cause liver cancer.

94 Some Risk Factors for Liver Cancer ​

Some Risk factors for liver cancer are, non alcoholic fatty liver disease, obesity, diabetes and chronic infection with Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C:

­Non alcoholic liver disease: An accumulation of fat in the liver that increases the risk of liver cancer. ­Obesity: Having an unhealthy body mass index ­Diabetes: A blood sugar disorder that affects the body’s ability to produce insulin. People with chronic with Hep B or Hep C infections are at greater risk for liver cancer.

Liver Cancer CANNOT be cured but can be treated

Screening is testing people who do not show symptoms. It not advised for people with an average risk for getting liver cancer but is highly advised for people with cirrhosis or chronic hepatitis B. You can take an alpha fetoprotein blood test or get an ultrasound (takes pictures of organs) to screen for liver cancer although the alpha feto protein test is not always an indicator. Screening should occur every six to twelve months.

Did you know?

The liver is the largest organ in the body. Liver cancer is most common in men (they are twice as likely to get it.) It is more common in underdeveloped countries. livers, If damaged or partially removed, can actually regenerate and grow back! One in a ten Americans are affected by liver cancer.

95 several asian americans are in a much higher risk of dying of liver cancer of hepatitis B­Infection. Where You Can Go for More Information

Froedtert Medical Cancer Center 8800 W. Doyne Avenue Milwaukee, WI 53226 (414)­805­0505 Vince Lombardi Cancer Clinic Sinai Medical ​ Center 1218 W. Kilbourn Avenue, #200 Milwaukee, WI 53233 414­219­7370 ​

Van Dyke Cancer Center (Columbia St. Mary’s) ​ 2350 N. Lake Drive (Water Tower Medical Commons) Milwaukee, WI 53211 (877)­259­9355

Aurora Cancer Care 2801 W. Kinnickinnic River Pkwy., Suite 930 Milwaukee, WI 53215 414­384­5111

96 LUNG CANCER 31.

Brief Description Lung cancer starts as a mutation in your DNA, which causes changes in the lung causes lung cells to grow faster and become slightly abnormal. Then the cells go through a gene change which progresses the cells to “true cancer”. Cancer cells then make chemicals that create blood vessels, which take care of the cancer cells allowing the cells to grow into a tumor. Lung cancer is broken into 3 categories; non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumors. Non-small cell lung cancer is the most common type. Opportunities Prevention Not smoking. Begin conversations about the dangers of smoking with your children early, so that they know how to react to peer pressure. Avoid secondhand smoke. Get home tested for radon. Avoid asbestos. If you live or work with a smoker, you should urge them to quit. Detection Early lung cancer is often asymptomatic. Normally, lung cancer is found on accident with a X-ray or a CT scan. The only recommended screening for lung cancer is a low-dose CT scan, in which a X-ray uses low doses of radiation to make detailed pictures of the lungs. The earlier the abnormal tissue is found, the easier it is to treat. Treatment ❖ Surgery: a surgeon removes cancer ❖ Wedge resection and segmentectomy: removal of cancerous tissue from the lung. ❖ Lobectomy: removal of an entire lobe from the lung. ❖ Pneumonectomy: removal of an entire lung ❖ Video-assisted thoracic surgery: doctors perform a lobectomy or wedge resection without opening up the chest. ❖ Chemotherapy: works by stopping or slowing the growth of cancer cells. ❖ Immunotherapy: stimulating your own immune system to work harder or smarter to attack cancer cells.

97 Who is at risk?

Race and Gender African American men are more likely to develop and die from lung cancer.

Age Fewer than 2% of all cases are found in people younger than 45. The average age at the time of diagnosis is 70. Other Risk Factors

❖ Smoking ❖ Asbestos ❖ Family history of lung cancer ❖ Exposure to secondhand smoke ❖ Exposure to radon gas ❖ Exposure to asbestos and other carcinogens ❖ Family history of lung cancer Statistics Lung Cancer in US (2015) ❖ 221,000 New cases ➢ Women: 105,590 ➢ Men: 115,610 ❖ 158,040 Deaths ➢ Women: 86,380 ➢ Men: 71,660 ❖ Lung cancer is more common in older people. ❖ 2 out of 3 people diagnosed with lung cancer are at least 65 years old. ❖ Chance of development ➢ Men: 1 of 13 ➢ Women: 1 of 16

98 32. Obesity

Basic Description

Obesity is a condition where a person has excessive body fat. One way to determine obesity is using body mass index (BMI). BMI is a calculation based on one’s height and weight. Anybody can have obesity. The extra amount of fat tissue can cause health problems.

Obesity

Causes Of Obesity

● Consuming more calories than you burn ● Lack of healthy eating ● Lack of physical activity ● Environment ● Income

Prevention - The best way to avoid the health problems of obesity is to prevent excessive ​ weight gain. Living a healthy lifestyle can change just that. A healthy lifestyle starts with a different and healthy diet and more physical activity. A healthy eating plan is low in saturated fat, trans fat, cholesterol, sodium (salt), as well as anything with added sugar. ​ ​ Treatment - A person with obesity have to change their eating habits with a healthier diet and ​ more exercise. Try to lose 5 to 10 percent of your current weight over 6 months. However, there are wrong ways to try to lose weight.

● Eating more fruits, vegetables, lean protein, and whole grain. ● Limit food and drinks that contain sugar

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● Consume as many calories that would result to a healthy weight ● Increase physical activity. Even a small amount of physical activity makes a change.

Tip: Weigh yourself on a regular basis - if you go up 2 pounds immediately start cutting back ​ on what you are eating and increase your activity

Some myths and false methods for losing weight:

● Do not eat at all. ● Eating low fat food will help you lose weight ● Weight supplements, shakes or beverages, and certain exercise products ● More carbs will make you fat ● Fats will make you fat

Health Risks

Risks Factors of obesity is very dangerous. People who have obesity or overweight have a ​ higher chance and/ or linked to serious health conditions and a number of cancers. The fat tissues produce more hormones can cause cancer cells to grow. Additionally, obesity affects you emotional and mental health. Dealing with obesity, a person can go through social discrimination and/or have a low self-esteem.

Health Conditions Include:

● Diabetes ● High blood pressure ● High cholesterol ● Stroke ● Heart/ Cardiovascular Diseases ● Gallstones ● Sleep Apnea

Different Types of Cancer Include:

● Colon ● Rectum ● Gallstones ● Breast ● Kidney ● Esophagus Obesity in America

Who is at Risk:

● Obesity can affect people of all ages, genders, and ethnic groups

100 33.

Tobacco and Marijuana ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

How Does It cause Cancer? Tobacco smoke contains over 60 chemicals known to cause cancer. Certain chemicals in tobacco smoke damage an important gene called p53. The p53 gene is found in the nucleus of every cell in the human body and its main role is to prevent cancer cells from evolving. Damaging your p53 genes can make you more vulnerable to developing cancer.

How It Affects Your Lungs When you inhale cigarette or marijuana smoke, you are doing major damage to your lungs. Tar, a black substance that is produced by the burning of tobacco and marijuana, makes its way into your lungs each time you smoke. The tar then paralyzes you cilia (small hair-like structures in your lungs that help get rid of debris), and this causes them to not be able to function. This can result in you developing lung problems and other illnesses. Compared to cigarette smokers, people who smoke marijuana tend to inhale more smoke (two- thirds larger puff volume), inhale the smoke deeper into the lungs (one-third greater depth of inhalation) and hold the smoke in the lungs for longer time periods of time (up to four times longer). However, the chemicals in both tobacco and marijuana can cause damage to your body and lead to the development of certain cancers.

Second-Hand Smoke

Second hand smoke is smoke inhaled involuntarily from tobacco being smoked by others. It can come from cigars, cigarettes, and pipes. Second hand smoke contains over 7,000 chemicals, hundreds of which are toxic and about 70 can cause cancer. Inhaling Second hand smoke can

101 lead to some of the same problems that smokers are at risk at. Every year in the US, second hand smoke causes about 34,000 deaths from heart disease and 7,300 from lung cancer.

How To Quit

Tobacco is highly addictive because of a chemical inside of it called nicotine, so quitting smoking can be very difficult. As soon as you quit, you’ll start to feel symptoms of nicotine withdrawal and you will crave more. Symptoms can include intense cravings, anxiety, headaches and cramps. Withdrawal symptoms will begin to dissipate after about two weeks, but it is important to stay strong during that time and to not give in to temptation. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRTs) are ​ ​ things that help you quit smoking. Medications like Zyban and Chantix, as well as things like nicotine nasal spray and the nicotine inhaler can be prescribed. You can get NRTs like patches, gum and lozenges over-the-counter. Some things you can do every day without medications includes avoiding triggers and chewing on things to keep your mouth occupied. If you have a lot of memories from smoking at the bar, you probably shouldn’t go there for a while. To keep your mouth busy, you can chew on things like carrots and celery, so you can be healthy at the same time.

Benefits of a Smoke-Free Life

One of the best benefits of living a smoke-free life is that you are less likely to have to deal with all the health problems it can cause. Also, you will save money by not buying cigarettes or marijuana. The best way to avoid the consequences of smoking is obviously to never smoke at all. However, if you have smoked, it’s not too late to reverse the damage. Within the first few days of quitting smoking, your heart rate and the amount of carbon monoxide in your body decreases. Your senses like taste and smell, which were previously deadened, are enhanced because your nerve endings begin to regrow. Lung function will improve significantly and you will be able to breathe easier. After about fifteen years of being smoke-free, your risks of dying from lung cancer, having a stroke, having a heart attack, or getting heart disease will be the same as someone who’s never smoked. People who quit smoking generally live fourteen years longer than those who don’t.

102

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117 Burgan, Michael. Tobacco and nicotine. New York: Cavendish Square, 2014. Print. "Chewing Tobacco | Mouth Cancer Foundation." Chewing Tobacco | Mouth Cancer Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. "Do I Have Nicotine Withdrawal?" Smokefree.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. . "Drug Myths and Facts." Saint Mary's College of California, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. . Eldridge, Lynne. "What Is Sidestream Smoke?" About.com Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . Gettman, Jon. "Consistent, Persistent, and Resistant, Marijuana Use in the United States." (2008): 1-28. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Harms of Cigarette Smoking and Health Benefits of Quitting." National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . Karagueuzian HS, White C, Sayre J, Norman A. Cigarette smoke radioactivity and lung cancer risk. Nicotine Tob Res. 2012;14(1):79-90. Medical Marijuana. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Lucent Books, an imprint of Gale Cengage Learning, 2014. Print. Piano MR, Benowitz NL, Fitzgerald GA, et al. Impact of smokeless tobacco products on cardiovascular disease: implications for policy, prevention, and treatment: a policy statement from the American Heart Association.Circulation. 2010;122(15):1520-1544. Shousha HA, Ahmad F. Natural radioactivity contents in tobacco and radiation dose induced from smoking. Radiat Prot Dosimetry. 2012;150(1):91-95. "Smoking Facts and Evidence." Cancer Research UK. N.p., 24 Mar. 2015. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . "Tobacco Use in Racial and Ethnic Populations." American Lung Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Trends in Current Cigarette Smoking Among High School Students and Adults." Center for Disease Control and Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . "Quitting Is the Best Thing You'll Ever Do." Smokefree. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Harmful and Potentially Harmful Constituents in Tobacco Products and Tobacco Smoke: Established List. March 2012. Accessed at www.fda.gov/TobaccoProducts/GuidanceComplianceRegulatoryInformation/ucm297786.htm on November 5, 2015.

118 US Department of Health and Human Services. The Health Consequences of Involuntary Exposure to Tobacco Smoke: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2006. Accessed at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/ on November 5, 2015. US Department of Health & Human Services. The Health Consequences of Smoking---50 Years of Progress: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2014. Accessed at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/ on November 5, 2015. US Department of Health and Human Services. Preventing Tobacco Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General. 2012. Accessed at www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/reports/ on November 5, 2015. "What's In a Cigarette?" N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . Hour 6 Blood Cancer "Blood Cancers." Blood Cancers – Types & Treatment Options. N.p., 01 Jan. 0001. Web. 09 Dec. 2015. "Leukemia-Prevention." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 09 Dec. 2015. "State Cancer Profiles." Table. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. "Leukemia Prevention and Screening." Leukemia Prevention & Screening Plus Risk Factors. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. "Cancer Staging." National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. "Dr. Wu Is Working towards a Future without Blood Cancers." LaRussaA. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Blood Cancers." Blood Cancers – Types & Treatment Options. N.p., 01 Jan. 0001. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Cancer Prevention: Facts About Diet and Lifestyle." MedicineNet. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Leukemia-Prevention." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015 "Myths about Acute Myeloid Leukemia - DIY Health | Do It Yourself Health Guide by Dr Prem." DIY Health Do It Yourself Health Guide by Dr Prem. N.p., 06 Mar. 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "State Cancer Profiles." Table. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Table of Contents." Obesity Facts Obes Facts (2015): n. pag. Web. "Leukemia." Treatments and Drugs. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Cancer Quackery: The Persistent Popularity of Useless, Irrational 'Alternative' Treatments." Cancer Quackery: The Persistent Popularity of Useless, Irrational 'Alternative' Treatments. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015.

119 Healthy Food Alternatives "Home." Cancer Research Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 06 Jan. 2016. "Cancer Prevention Diet." : Lower Your Risk with Cancer-Fighting Foods. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016 "Healthy Recipes, Healthy Eating - EatingWell." Healthy Recipes, Healthy Eating - EatingWell. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. "David Suzuki Foundation." David Suzuki Foundation. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016 "WebMD - Better Information. Better Health." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. "SAHM.org." SAHMorg. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. Hillstorm, Kevin. Genetically modified foods. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2012. Print.

Hoop House "A Look Inside Food Deserts." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 24 Sept. 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. . "Healthy Fast Food." : Tips for Making Healthier Fast Food Choices. Help Guide, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. . "How Healthy Eating Prevents Cancer." Cancer Research UK. N.p., 24 Mar. 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "About The Buzz: Frozen And Canned Fruits And Vegetables VS Fresh | Fruits & Veggies More Matters." Fruits Veggies More Matters. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Fresh Versus Frozen Produce: Which Is Healthier?" LIVESTRONG.COM. LIVESTRONG.COM, 17 June 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "GMO Quick Facts: What, Why, Where." Whole Foods Market. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "FAQs on GMOs." Whole Foods Market. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Center for Young Women's Health." Center for Young Womens Health. N.p., Aug. 2014. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. .

120 "UCSB Science Line." UCSB Science Line. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. . "Vegetable Gardening for Beginners: Gardener's Supply." Gardeners Supply. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015.http://www.gardeners.com/how-to/vegetable-gardening/5069.html "What Is Organic?" What Is Organic Food and Why Choose Organic? Soil Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. http://www.soilassociation.org/whatisorganic "Organic Nutrition." - Is Organic Food Better for You? : Soil Association. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. . Spector, Kaye. "Grow Food All Winter With a Hoop House." EcoWatch. N.p., 14 Oct. 2013. Web. 06 Jan. 2016. . Nutrition "ACS Guidelines for Nutrition and Physical Activity." ACS Guidelines for Nutrition and Physical Activity. N.p., 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. Aloian, Molly. Why We Need Carbohydrates. 2011.Print.) Aloian, Molly. Why We Need Fats.2011. Print. Barrett, Stephan London, William M., Kroger, MAnfre, Hall, Harriet, Baratz, Robert S.,. 9th Edition Consumer Health Bow, James. Why We Need Minerals. Print.2011 "Calculate Your Body Mass Index." Calculate Your BMI. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. "| Choose MyPlate." Choose MyPlate. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. Cohen, Marina. Why We Need Nutrition.print. 2011 "Diet and Activity Factors That Affect Risks for Certain Cancers." Diet and Activity Factors That Affect Risks for Certain Cancers. N.p., 11 Jan. 2012. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.

"DietaryGuidelines." DietaryGuidelines. N.p., 1 Jan. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. Elle, Paula. "Daily Amount for Fat-Soluble Vitamins." Healthy Eating. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. Feature, Elizabeth Heubeck WebMD. "Cancer Fighting Foods." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. James, James C.S. Nutrition and Well-Being A to Z." Quackery. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. (Nardo, Dan. Vegan Diets. Print)

121 Nierenberg,, Cari. "Taking Too Many Vitamins? Side Effects of Vitamin Overdosing." WebMD. WebMD, 2 Apr. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. "Nutrition & Cancer: What Is the Connection?" Nutrition And Cancer: What Is the Connection. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. "Nutrition Myths & Facts." Nutrition Myths & Facts. N.p., 12 Mar. 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. Richard, Mary Ellen, and Deb Gochenour. "Nutrition Myths & Facts." Nutrition Myths & Facts. N.p., 12 Mar. 2013. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. Royston, Angela. Why We Need Proteins .2011.Print. "The Risks of Excess Vitamins and Other Nutrients." WebMD. WebMD, n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. "Understanding Food Nutrition Labels." Understanding Food Nutrition Labels. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. "U.S. Food and Drug Administration." Guidance for Industry: A Food Labeling Guide (14. Appendix F: Calculate the Percent Daily Value for the Appropriate Nutrients). N.p., 20 Aug. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.

Skin Cancer "Home." University of Maryland Medical Center. Web. 11 Jan. 2016.

"Skin Cancer." Skin Cancer. Web. 11 Jan. 2016.

"Skin Cancer." - Mayo Clinic. Web. 11 Jan. 2016.

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"FDA Proposes Age Restriction for Indoor Tanning." American Academy of Dermatology. Web. 11 Jan. 2016.

"Home." University of Maryland Medical Center. Web. 11 Jan. 2016.

122 "American Cancer Society | Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin." American Cancer Society | Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin. Web. 11 Jan. 2016.

Pediatric Cancer "Brain Cancers." ACCO. N.p., 12 Feb. 2015. Web. 11 Jan. 2016. "What Are the Risk Factors and Causes of Childhood Cancer?" What Are the Risk Factors and Causes of Childhood Cancer? N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2016.

"Pediatric Cancer Research." Pediatric Cancer Research. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Jan. 2016. Hour 7 Alcohol "Alcohol and Cancer Risk." National Cancer Institute. National Cancer Institute, 24 June 2013. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . "Alcohol Causes Cancer, and Here’s the Evidence." Cancer Research UK Science Blog Alcohol Causes Cancer and Heres the Evidence Comments. Cancer Reasearch Uk, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . "Addiction and Substance Abuse Health Center." WebMD. WebMD, 15 Oct. 2012. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . "How Alcohol Affects Your Appearance." How Alcohol Affects Your Appearance. My DrinkAware, Mar. 2015. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. "Alcoholism and Alcohol Abuse." : Signs, Symptoms, and Help for Drinking Problems. N.p., Aug. 2015. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . "The 13 Biggest Myths About Alcohol, Busted." Greatist. Greatist, June 2014. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . "ASA - Advertising Standards Authority." ASA - Advertising Standards Authority. N.p., 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. "You Searched for Cancer - Page 3 of 10 - Ask Dr Sears® | The Trusted Resource for Parents." Ask Dr Sears The Trusted Resource for Parents. N.p., 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2016

123 "Alcohol." Alcohol. N.p., 14 Nov. 2014. Web. 08 Jan. 2016 "Alcohol Facts." Drug News. Drug News, 7 July 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. "Drug Free World: Substance & Alcohol Abuse, Education & Prevention."Drug Free World: Substance & Alcohol Abuse, Education & Prevention. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. Breast Cancer American Cancer Society. Breast Cancer Facts & Figures 2015-2016. Atlanta: American Cancer Society, Inc. 2015. “Breast Cancer.” Breast Cancer. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. “Breast Cancer - Risk Factors.” Cancer.Net. N.p., 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. “Breast Cancer - Symptoms And Signs.” Cancer.Net. N.p., 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. “Breast Cancer - Treatment Options.” Cancer.Net. N.p., 2012. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. “How Is Breast Cancer Treated?” How is breast cancer treated? Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "11 Facts About Breast Cancer." 11 Facts About Breast Cancer. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Breast Cancer Rates by State." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 26 Aug. 2014. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. "Breast Cancer Risk Factors." Breastcancer.org. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. "Breast Cancer Statistics." Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 20 Aug. 2015. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. "Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer." Breast Cancer and Ovarian Cancer. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. "Breast Cancer Risk Factors." Breast Cancer Risk Factors: Age, Family History, Others. 01 Jan. 0001. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. "Breast Cancer Survival Rates, by Stage." Breast Cancer Survival Rates, by Stage. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Cancer Facts and Statistics." Cancer Facts and Statistics. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Cancer Quackery." Cancer Quackery. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Expert Voices Blog." Expert Voices Blog. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. "Find Breast Cancer Global Statistics at Susan G. Komen." Breast Cancer Global Statistics. Web. 10 Dec. 2015.

124 "KidsHealth." Breast Cancer. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. "Milwaukee Cancer Treatment Centers." Cancer Treatment Centers in Milwaukee, Wisconsin with Reviews & Ratings. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. "Race, Ethnicity, and Breast Cancer Risk." WebMD. WebMD. Web. 02 Jan. 2016. "Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Screening | Susan G. Komen®." Racial Disparities in Breast Cancer Screening | Susan G. Komen®. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. "Result Filters." National Center for Biotechnology Information. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Stages of Breast Cancer | Breastcancer.org." Breastcancer.org. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. "Topic: 10-Year Breast Cancer Survival Rates Improve." Breast Cancer. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. "What Is Breast Cancer? | Breastcancer.org." Breastcancer.org. Web. 11 Dec. 2015. "What Screening Tests Are There?" Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 07 Oct. 2014. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. Head and Neck Cancer "Laryngeal Cancer Treatment." National Cancer Institute. National Cancer Institute, n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . "Laryngeal and Hypopharyngeal Cancer - Stages and Grades." Cancer.Net. N.p., 25 June 2012. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . Find a Doctor." MCW OPD. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Jan. 2016. . "Head and Neck Cancers." National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. .

Healthy Food Alternatives "What Is the Dirty Dozen?" The World's Greatest Foods. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 1015. "EWG's 2015 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce™." EWG's 2015 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce™. N.p., n.d. Web. 10 Dec. 2015. . Pou, Jackie. "The Dirty Dozen and Clean 15 of Produce." PBS. PBS, 13 May 2010. Web. 13 Dec. 2015. . "EWG's 2015 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce™." EWG's 2015 Shopper's Guide to Pesticides in Produce™. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2015. .

125 "Top 11 Reasons for Fast Food's Popularity." WebMD. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2015. . "What Is GMO?" The NonGMO Project RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2015. .

"10 Scientific Studies Proving GMOs Can Be Harmful To Human Health."CollectiveEvolution RSS. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Dec. 2015. . "Center for Young Women's Health." Center for Young Womens Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. http://youngwomenshealth.org/2013/12/05/fast-food/ "Food Deserts | Civil Eats." Civil Eats Food Deserts Category. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. http://civileats.com/category/food-deserts-2/ "USDA ERS - Go to the Atlas." USDA ERS - Go to the Atlas. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Dec. 2015. . "Vegetables and Fruits." The Nutrition Source. N.p., n.d. Web. 08 Jan. 2016. .http://www.hsph.harvard.edu/nutritionsource/what-should-you-eat/vegetables-and-fruits/ "How Healthy Eating Prevents Cancer." Cancer Research UK. N.p., 24 Mar. 2015. Web. 08 Jan. 2016.http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/about-cancer/causes-of-cancer/diet-and-cancer/how- healthy-eating-prevents-cancer

Hoop House "Center for Young Women's Health." Center for Young Womens Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. "Google." Google. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Hillstrom, Kevin. Genetically modified foods. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2012. Print. MacKay, Jenny. Organic foods. Farmington Hills, Mich.: Lucent Books, a part of Gale, Cengage Learning, 2015. Print. "Medical Information & Trusted Health Advice: Healthline." Medical Information & Trusted Health Advice: Healthline. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. "Organic Foods: All You Need to Know." Organic Foods: Understanding the Benefits of Organic Food and What the Different Labels Really Mean. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Silverthorne, Elizabeth. Cancer. Detroit: Lucent Books, 2009. Print.

126 "Symptom Checker, Health Information and Medicines Guide | Patient." Patient. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. "The World's Healthiest Foods." The World's Healthiest Foods. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. "Vegetable Gardening for Beginners: Gardener's Supply." Gardeners Supply. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. "U.S. Food and Drug Administration." Chemical Contaminants. N.p., n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. Liver Cancer "What Is Liver Cancer?" What Is Liver Cancer? American Cancer Society, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. . "What Is Liver Cancer?" What Is Liver Cancer? American Cancer Society, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. . "How Is Liver Cancer Treated?" How Is Liver Cancer Treated? American Cancer Society, n.d. Web. 16 Dec. 2015. . "Facts about LIVER CANCER." Facts about LIVER CANCER. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2016. . "Managing the Costs of Your Cancer Treatment." Managing the Costs of Your Cancer Treatment. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2016. . "Cancer Costs Projected to Reach at Least $158 Billion in 2020 | National Institutes of Health (NIH)." U.S National Library of Medicine. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 12 Jan. 2011. Web. 04 Jan. 2016. . Cassileth, Barrie R. "Cancer Quackery: The Persistent Popularity of Useless, Irrational 'Alternative' Treatments." Cancer Quackery: The Persistent Popularity of Useless, Irrational 'Alternative' Treatments. N.p., 20 Aug. 2012. Web. 04 Jan. 2016. . "How Is Liver Cancer Staged?" How Is Liver Cancer Staged? N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2016. . "187 Fake Cancer "Cures" Consumers Should Avoid." 187 Fake Cancer "Cures" Consumers Should Avoid. N.p., n.d. Web. 04 Jan. 2016. . "Cancer Facts and Figures." (n.d.): n. pag. Web.

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129 "American Cancer Society | Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin." American Cancer Society | Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast, Colon, Lung, Prostate, Skin. N.p., n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. Colbert, Treacy. "9 Signs of Lung Cancer." Healthline. George T Krucik, n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016. . "Lung Cancer." Prevention. Mayo Clinic Staff, n.d. Web. 05 Jan. 2016.

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130 "15 Types of Cancer Caused by Smoking." Quit Shisha. QuitShisha, 2013. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. . "Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids Homepage." Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids Homepage. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . "Cancer Research UK." Cancer Research UK. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015.17 Dec. 2015.http://www.cdc.gov/cancer/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 15 Dec. 2015. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . "Do I Have Nicotine Withdrawal?" Smokefree.gov. BeTobaccoFree, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. "Laws/Policies." Tobacco Laws and Policies. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2001. Web. 04 Jan. 2016. . "Learn About Marijuana: Science-Based Information for the Public." Learn About Marijuana: Science- Based Information for the Public. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . "List of Smoking Bans in the United States." Wikipedia. Wikimedia Foundation, n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. . "National Criminal Justice Reference Service, NCJRS." National Criminal Justice Reference Service. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . "National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA)." National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA). N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2015. . "Quit Smoking." Quitting Smoking: 10 Ways to Ride out Tobacco Cravings. Mayo Foundation, 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. . "Smokefree Outdoor Air." - No-smoke.org. American Nonsmoker's Rights Foundation, 02 Dec. 2015. Web. 14 Dec. 2015. .

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