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Tobacco in Australia Facts & Issues

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Tobacco in Australia Facts & Issues Tobacco in Australia Facts & Issues A comprehensive online resource tobaccoinaustralia.org.au Book excerpt List of chapters available at tobaccoinaustralia.org.au Introduction Chapter 1 Trends in the prevalence of smoking Chapter 2 Trends in tobacco consumption Chapter 3 The health effects of active smoking Chapter 4 The health effects of secondhand smoke Chapter 5 Factors influencing the uptake and prevention of smoking Chapter 6 Addiction Chapter 7 Smoking cessation Chapter 8 Tobacco use among Aboriginal peoples and Torres Strait Islanders Chapter 9 Smoking and social disadvantage Chapter 10 The tobacco industry in Australian society Chapter 11 Tobacco advertising and promotion Chapter 12 The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes Chapter 13 The pricing and taxation of tobacco products in Australia Chapter 14 Social marketing and public education campaigns Chapter 15 Smokefree environments Chapter 16 Tobacco litigation in Australia Chapter 17 The economics of tobacco control Chapter 18 The WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control Appendix 1 Useful weblinks to tobacco resources Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues. Fourth Edition A comprehensive review of the major issues in smoking and health in Australia, compiled by Cancer Council Victoria. First edition published by ASH (Australia) Limited, Surry Hills, NSW, 1989 Second edition published by the Victorian Smoking and Health Program, Carlton South, Victoria (Quit Victoria), 1995 Third edition published by Cancer Council Victoria 2008 in electronic format only. ISBN number: 978-0-947283-76-6 Suggested citation: Scollo, MM and Winstanley, MH. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. 4th edn. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria; 2012. Available from www.TobaccoInAustralia.org.au OR <Author(s) of relevant chapter section>, <Name of chapter section> in Scollo, MM and Winstanley, MH [editors]. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and issues. 4th edn. Melbourne: Cancer Council Victoria; 2012. <Last updated on (date of latest update of relevant chapter section)> Available from < url of relevant chapter or section> Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues; 4th Edition updates earlier editions of the book published in 1995, 1989 and 2008. This edition is greatly expanded, comprising chapters written and reviewed by authors with expertise in each subject area. Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues is available online, free of charge. A hard copy version of this publication has not been produced. This work has been produced with the objective of bringing about a reduction in death and disease caused by tobacco use. Much of it has been derived from other published sources and these should be quoted where appropriate. The text may be freely reproduced and figures and graphs (except where reproduced from other sources) may be used, giving appropriate acknowledgement to Cancer Council Victoria. Editors and authors of this work have tried to ensure that the text is free from errors or inconsistencies. However in a resource of this size it is probable that some irregularities remain. Please notify Cancer Council Victoria if you become aware of matters in the text that require correction. Editorial views expressed in Tobacco in Australia: Facts and Issues. Fourth Edition are those of the authors. The update of this publication was funded by the Australian Government Department of Health and Ageing. Cancer Council Victoria 1 Rathdowne Street Carlton VIC 3053 Project manager: Michelle Scollo Senior Policy Adviser, with assistance from Merryn Pearce, Policy and Projects Officer, Quit Victoria. Editorial advice and editing: Rosemary Moore Website design: Creative Services, Cancer Council Victoria Design and production: Jean Anselmi Communications Proofreading: Caz Garvey Tobacco in Australia Facts & Issues A comprehensive online resource tobaccoinaustralia.org.au Chapter 12 The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes Chapter 12: The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes i Chapter 12 The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes Table of contents By Michelle Scollo Updated by Caroline Miller 12.0 Introduction ........................................................................................... 1 and Michelle Scollo 12.1 Tobacco in Australian cigarettes ............................................................... 3 12.2 Measuring cigarette smoke constituents ..................................................... 6 12.3 Labelling of ‘tar’, nicotine and carbon monoxide yields of Australian cigarettes ........................................................................... 9 12. General engineering features of Australian cigarettes and their relation to compensatory smoking ...............................................12 12.5 Comparison of Australian and United States cigarettes...............................15 12.6 Comparison of Australian cigarettes in different yield categories .................17 12.7 Additives in Australian cigarettes .............................................................19 12.8 Menthol and confectionery/ liqueur flavoured cigarettes ............................22 12.9 Specific carcinogens and cardiovascular toxicants in Australian cigarettes ..........................................................................................25 A12.1.0 Introduction and rationale for health warnings ....................................28 A12.1.1 History of health warnings in Australia................................................29 A12.1.1.1 Warnings in force between 1987 and 1994 ............................................................... 29 A12.1.1.2 Warnings in force between 1995 and 2005 ......................... 30 Date of last update: 8 June 2012 Tobacco in Australia: ii Facts and Issues A12.1.1.3 Pictorial warnings in force between 2006 and 2012 ............. 32 A12.1.1.3.1 Warnings required on cigarettes and roll-your-own or pipe tobacco ..................................... 33 A12.1.1.3.2 Warnings s on cigars .................................................. 33 A12.1.1.3.3 Bidis and nasal snuff .................................................. 34 A12.1.1.3.4 Information message and Quitline logo ........................ 34 A12.1.1.4 Competition and Consumer (Tobacco) Information Standard 2011, commencing 1 January 2012 ...................... 34 A12.1.1.4.1 The development of a new Information Standard for health warnings, commencing 1 January 2012 ........... 34 A12.1.1.4.2 Health warnings under the new Information Standard commencing 1 January 2012 .......................... 36 A12.1.1.4.3 Health warnings required from 1 January 2012 to 1 December 2012 ................................................... 36 A12.1.1.4.4 Health warnings for cigarettes and smoked tobacco products (excluding cigars and bidis) ................ 37 A12.1.1.4.5 Health warnings for cigars (other than cigar tubes) ...................................................................... 38 A12.1.1.4.6 Health warnings for cigar tubes ................................... 38 A12.1.1.4.7 Health warnings for bidis and smokeless tobacco .................................................................... 38 A12.1.1.4.8 Quitline logo ............................................................ 39 A12.1.1.4.9 Other requirements for health warnings under the new Standard ....................................................... 39 A12.1.1.5 A pictorial summary of the history of health warnings over four decades in Australia ............................ 39 A12.1.2 Health warnings used in other countries ..............................................42 A12.1.3 Evidence about the effects of health warnings .......................................44 A12.1.3.1 Awareness of health warnings .......................................... 45 A 12.1.3.2 Increase in knowledge about health effects ......................... 45 A 12.1.3.3 Increase in thoughts about quitting ................................... 45 A12.1.3.4 Self-reported usefulness in quitting ................................... 45 A12.1.3.5 Documented quit attempts ............................................. 46 A12.1.3.3 Effect on use of Quitlines ................................................. 46 A12.1.3.4 Effects of health warnings on young people ........................ 46 A12.1.3.5 Effectiveness among low-income smokers and other sub-populations ..................................................... 47 A12.1.3.6 Evidence of wear-out of health warnings ............................ 47 A12.1.3.7 Industry attempts to undermine the effectiveness of health warnings .......................................................... 47 A12.1.4 What makes an effective health warning? .............................................52 A12.1. 4.1 What should warnings cover? .......................................... 52 A12.1.4.2 What form should warnings take? .................................... 53 Date of last update: 8 June 2012 Chapter 12: The construction and labelling of Australian cigarettes iii A12.1.5 What has been the impact of the 2006 warnings in Australia? .................59 A12.1.5.1 Miller et al and other implementation studies ..................... 59 A.12.1.5.2 White, Webster and Wakefield study of Victorian adolescents .................................................................... 59 A.12.1.5.3 Brennan et al Victorian and Miller et al South Australian household survey studies ................................. 60 A.12.1.5.4 Miller et al study of impact on Quitline ............................
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