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Spatial Distribution and Interspecific Association Patterns Between Mansonia Altissima A Spatial distribution and interspecific association patterns between Mansonia altissima A. Chev., Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. in a moist semi-deciduous forest Adigla Appolinaire Wédjangnon, N. Bienvenue Sourou Kuiga, Towanou Houêtchégnon, Christine A. I. N. Ouinsavi To cite this version: Adigla Appolinaire Wédjangnon, N. Bienvenue Sourou Kuiga, Towanou Houêtchégnon, Christine A. I. N. Ouinsavi. Spatial distribution and interspecific association patterns between Mansonia altissima A. Chev., Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. in a moist semi- deciduous forest. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2020, 77 (1), pp.6. 10.1007/s13595-019-0913-0. hal-03105254 HAL Id: hal-03105254 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03105254 Submitted on 11 Jan 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Annals of Forest Science (2020) 77: 6 https://doi.org/10.1007/s13595-019-0913-0 RESEARCH PAPER Spatial distribution and interspecific association patterns between Mansonia altissima A. Chev., Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. in a moist semi-deciduous forest Adigla Appolinaire Wédjangnon1 & N. Bienvenue Sourou Kuiga1 & Towanou Houêtchégnon1 & Christine A. I. N. Ouinsavi1 Received: 4 July 2019 /Accepted: 17 December 2019 /Published online: 10 January 2020 # INRA and Springer-Verlag France SAS, part of Springer Nature 2019 Abstract & Key message Mansonia altissima A. Chev. has an aggregated distribution at the juvenile life stage that becomes random at the mature life stage. Ceiba pentandra (L.) Gaertn could play the role of nurse plant in the management of M. altissima populations providing them a moderate forest shade in large gaps for early growth. M. altissima and Triplochiton scleroxylon K. Schum. displayed independent distribution patterns. & Context M. altissima is a species with economic value found in moist semi-deciduous forests of tropical Africa. The analysis of spatial distribution patterns can help to understand the ecology of this species in forest stands dominated by emergent pioneer tree species like C. pentandra and T. scleroxylon. & Aims To assess the spatial distribution patterns of M. altissima and spatial relationships with C. pentandra and T. scleroxylon in their natural habitat. & Methods We investigated the spatial patterns of the three species during three life stages; juvenile (immature trees), premature (trees with minimum flowering diameter) and mature (trees with minimum fruiting diameter). Diameteratbreastheight(DBH)was measured and geographical coordinates of trees were recorded within ten one-ha plots, divided into sixteen subplots (625 m2). We computed the L(r) function, normalized from Ripley’s K(r) function to detect aggregated, random or regular distribution patterns. & Results Aggregations were detected in juvenile and premature M. altissima. Size and scales of spatial aggregation were inversely proportional to the DBH size. M. altissima and C. pentandra displayed interspecific association patterns at the similar life stages. Both species were positively associated within a radius ≥ 3 m. No positive association was detected between M. altissima and T. scleroxylon. & Conclusion Interspecific association patterns between M. altissima and C. pentandra suggest that C. pentandra could be used as a nurse tree in reforestation and management practices of M. altissima populations. Keywords Life stages . Spatial distributions . Ripley’s L-function . Mansonia altissima . Ceiba pentandra . Triplochiton scleroxylon Handling Editor: Bruno Fady 1 Introduction Contributions of the co-authors N. Bienvenue Kuiga Sourou and Towanou Houêtchégnon have contributed to install the plots and to data collection in the forest and to In a forest stand, spatial distribution of a species can be aggre- database management. Christine A. I. N. Ouinsavi has supervised the gated, random or regular (Du et al. 2017). These spatial dis- work (data collection and analysis), review of drafts and manuscript improvements. tribution and association patterns of populations within plant communities are affected by various ecological or evolution- * Adigla Appolinaire Wédjangnon ary processes such as niche segregation (Pielou 1962), habitat [email protected] heterogeneity (Harms et al. 2001), differential predation (Janzen 1970;Connell1971), neighborhood competition (Le 1 Laboratoire d’Etudes et de Recherches Forestières (LERF), Faculté et al. 2016; Getzin et al. 2006), dispersal limitation d’Agronomie, Université de Parakou, 03BP 123 Parakou, Benin (Thioulouse et al. 1997), shade tolerance (Zhang et al. 6 Page 2 of 11 Annals of Forest Science (2020) 77: 6 2013), regeneration (Cheng et al. 2014) and life history of extracts used in therapeutic and medicinal fields (Adeoti et al. populations (Qi et al. 2016). 2016). In Benin, it is only found in one moist semi-deciduous Numerous studies of spatial distribution patterns showed that forest where it is critically endangered (Wédjangnon et al. 2016b; in heterogeneous forest stands (in terms of diversity and size of Neuenschwander et al. 2011) due to human activities and land individuals) a tree is in competition with its immediate neighbors property conflicts. Thus, management, restoration and conserva- to access nutritive resources (Liu et al. 2014; Barot et al. 1999; tion of this species increasingly required. It coexists with several Connelletal.1984) leading to changes in spatial distribution other large size heterospecific pioneer tree species such as Ceiba patterns of the species. Competitive effects are detected through pentandra (L.) Gaertn. (Malvaceae) and Triplochiton scleroxylon significant positive correlations between the size of trees and K. Schum. (Malvaceae) in plant communities of moist semi- segregation distances of immediate neighbors (Pielou 1962). deciduous forests in Benin. However, immediate neighbors are not inevitably competitors The spatial patterns of these species substantially differ ac- during all life stages of a species. They can act as facilitators in cording to their size (Ligot et al. 2019;DeMadron2003), age species with different shade tolerances and growth forms (Ledo and reproductive stages (Ouédraogo et al. 2018). It is therefore 2015). Agyeman et al. (2016) found that the richness and abun- important to take life stages into account, taking the diameter dance of timber species seedlings and saplings are mainly due to class as a surrogate of life stage (Omelko et al. 2018;Ledo the presence of facilitating pioneer tree species. 2015;Lietal.2008). Thus, forest stands are conventionally To understand spatial distribution patterns, spatial distribu- divided into two groups: juveniles (<10 cm dbh) and adults tion indices like Blackman’sindex(Blackman1942)and (≥10 cm dbh). However, tree species have not the same growth Green’s index (Green 1966) were used for a long time. rate, diameter size and reproductive size. Therefore, the knowl- These indices are giving a general idea of the type of spatial edge of the biology (reproductive size, growth rate) of the studied distribution in a forest stand, but cannot inform both on ag- species is an important criterion to define similar life stages. gregation scale and location of a tree among neighbors (dis- Some studies accessed the reproductive size (Ouédraogo et al. tance between two objects). This information is important to 2018; De Madron and Daumerie 2004) and growth rate (Ligot know the spatial scales of plant associations with different life et al. 2019;DeMadron2003) of the three species. The reproduc- strategies (Omelko et al. 2018). It can be generated using tive size and growth rate vary strongly among these three species. Ripley’s K-function (Ripley 1977) that is an efficient indicator M. altissima can fructify at 18 cm diameter while, the minimum of spatial patterns (Marcon 2010; Cressie 1993;Diggle1983). fruiting diameter for T. scleroxylon is 45 cm (Ouédraogo et al. Ripley’s K-function allows the analysis of spatial distribution 2018). De Madron and Daumerie (2004) showed that the diam- patterns at several spatial scales and the detection mixed pro- eter of M. altissima intervenes only slightly in fruiting. In con- cesses (association and repulsion at some scales) (Fonton et al. trast, fruiting diameter for T. scleroxylon varies strongly across 2012; Fajardo et al. 2006). Since reforestation with native sites (Ouédraogo et al. 2018). Moreover, C. pentandra and species may strongly contribute to the regeneration or restora- T. scleroxylon grow faster than M. altissima with annual diameter tion of degraded forests (Omelko et al. 2018; Agyeman et al. increments ranging up to 3 cm year−1 (Duvall 2011), 2016), such analyses are important in forest management 1.63 cm year−1 (Ligot et al. 2019) and 0.93 cm year−1 (De since they could improve our understanding of the role of Madron 2003) respectively. The largest radial growth rate is pioneer species in maintaining plant diversity.
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