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The AILING GILA WILDERNESS

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The AILING GILA WILDERNESS The AILING GILA WILDERNESS­ A PICTORIAL REVIEW The AILING GILA WILDERNESS A PICTORIAL REVIEW ~ Gila Wilderness by RONALD J. WHITE Division Director M.S. Wildlife Science, B.S. Range Science Certified Wildlife Biologist Division of Agricultural Programs and Resources New Mexico Department of Agriculture December 1995 ACknoWledgments Many people who live in the vicinity of the Gila National Forest are concerned about the degraded condition of its resources. This document resulted from my discussions with some of them, and the conclusion that something must be started to address the complex situation. Appreciation is extended to the participants in this project, who chose to get involved, and whose assistance and knowledge contributed significantly to the project. Their knowledge ofthe country, keen observations, and perceptive interpretations of the situation are unsurpassed. As a bonus, they are a pleasure to be around. Kit Laney - President, Gila Permittee's Association, and lifetime area rancher, Diamond Bar Cattle Co. Matt Schneberger - Vice President, Gila Permittee's Association, and lifetime area rancher, Rafter Spear Ranch. Becky Campbell Snow and David Snow - Gila Hot Springs Ranch. Becky is a lifetime area guide and outfitter. The Snows provided the livestock and equipment for both trips to review and photograph the Glenn Allotment in the Gila Wilderness. Wray Schildknecht - ArrowSun Associates, B.S. Wildlife Science, Reserve, NM. D. A. "Doc" and Ida Campbell, Gila Hot Springs Ranch, provided the precipitation data. They have served as volunteer weather reporters for the National Weather Service Forecast Office since 1957, and they are longtime area ranchers, guides, and outfitters. Their gracious hospitality at headquarters was appreciated by everyone. Historic photos were provided by the Campbell family, Gila Hot Springs Ranch. Current photos were taken by the author. T able of Contents Overview 1 Evaluation 7 Pictorial Tour 11 Assessment ofthe Problems 49 Upland Watershed and High Mountain Terrain Areas 49 Riparian Areas 51 Plant and Associated Wildlife Succession 53 Land Stewardship Implications 57 APPENDIX I 63 APPENDIX II 67 ... it is hereby declared to be the policy ofthe Congress to secure for the American people of present andfuture generations the benefits of an enduring resource ofwilderness. Wilderness Act Overview This pictorial report is the result of several sets of circumstances. Present management practices in national forests by the U.S. Forest Service (Forest Service) including wildfire suppression, reduced timber harvesting, and failure to stop encroaching trees by various available control methods, have resulted in vast areas of increasingly dense stands oftrees. Impacts include degraded upland watersheds and water drainage systems, and abnormal ecological conditions. These practices and problems have made it increasingly difficult for livestock grazing permittees, and the Forest Service, to implement proper management practices. Appropriate management of upland watersheds is imperative to long-term maintenance, or enhancement, of the riparian areas. l The Forest Service seldom allows permittees to implement needed management practices, or the permittees' lack of confidence in the Forest Service administrative process has left them reluctant to invest private funds on the national forests. This lThis document uses the definition of "riparian area" provided in a document titled Riparian Area Survey and Evaluation System. 1989. USDA, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. The document also defines "aquatic ecosystem" and "riparian ecosystem." Aquatic Ecosystems - The stream channel, lake or estuary bed, water, biotic communities and the habitat features that occur therein. Riparian Areas - Geographically delineable areas with distinctive resource values and characteristics that are comprised ofthe aquatic and riparian ecosystems. Riparian Ecosystems - A transition between the aquatic ecosystem and the adjacent terrestrial ecosystem, identified by soil characteristics or distinctive vegetation communities that require free or unbound water. This definition is expanded in the Southwestern Region as follows: Riparian Ecosystem (Region 3 Supplement) - Terrestrial ecosystems characterized by hydric soils and plant species that are dependent on the water table (saturated zone) and/or its capillary zone. 1 situation has led to public debate about livestock grazing and its effect on the national forest resources. A question has also arisen regarding the effects of livestock grazing on riparian areas in the Gila National Forest (GNF) located in southwest New Mexico (Fig. 1). The effect ofcongressional wilderness designation on the natural resources of designated areas is another important issue. Citizens engaged in agriculture often rely on use ofthe resources for their livelihood, and to maintain their local customs, culture, and economy. They are concerned over the deteriorating condition of the GNF, particularly its designated wildernesses where legal restraints reduce management options by permittees and by the Forest Service. Common belief among the Gila livestock grazing permittees holds that the Forest Service contends grazing by livestock, primarily cattle, is the major factor degrading national forest resources, including riparian areas, in the GNF. Various grazing decisions, including the Record of Decision/Environmental Impact Statementfor Diamond Bar Allotment Plan, reduce or exclude livestock grazing from various riparian areas because of alleged damage by livestock, thus substantiating the permittees' contention? The permittees believe proper livestock use and correctly functioning riparian areas can coexist. They contend the Forest Service has consistently, and inappropriately, identified livestock grazing as the primary factor in the decline of riparian areas throughout the GNF. The permittees assert that other factors are major contributors to riparian degradation. The Gila Wilderness was administratively established as the Nation's first designated A wilderness, in contrast with those wilderness in 1924. This designation was legislated areas where man and his own works by Congress in 1964, when the Wilderness Act was dominate the landscape, is hereby passed and signed into law. The Gila Wilderness recognized as an area where the earth includes 558,065 acres, much ofwhich is ungrazed and its community oflife are by livestock. The vacant 92,000 acre cattle untrammeled by man, where man himself allotment, known as the Glenn Allotment, is located is a visitor who does not remain. An in the Gila Wilderness (Fig. 1). The Glenn area ofwilderness is.. .protected and Allotment and the adjacent area are not grazed by managed so as to preserve its natural livestock and offered an opportunity to evaluate the conditions.... condition of forest resources, including riparian Wilderness Act areas, in the absence of cattle grazing. The effect of designated wilderness status on the physical and biological characteristics ofthe area could also be reviewed. The Forest Service is charged with the responsibility of administering the national forests. To meet its responsibility, the Forest Service is required to prepare a Land and Resource Management Plan for each forest. One ofthe planning principles includes the protection and, where appropriate, improvement of the quality of renewable resources. The Gila National Forest Plan states that "Management of the wilderness resource will be directed towards protecting and restoring natural 2Record ofDecision/Environmental Impact Statem~nt For Diamond Bar Allotment Management Plan. June 19, 1995. USDA, Forest Service, Southwestern Region. 2 Figure 1. New Mexico vicinity map with relative sizes of the Gila National Forest, Gila Wilderness, and the Glenn Allotment. Gila National Forest D Gila Wilderness 1 D Glenn Allotmenl 3 conditions and maintaining the physical and biological characteristics ofthe wilderness environment" (p. 246).3 The Wilderness Act, and regulations promulgated by the Forest Service to administer wilderness under the act, stipulate that commercial enterprises, roads, use of motor vehicles, motorized equipment, aircraft, other forms of mechanical transport, and structures, are not allowed in designated wilderness areas. These restrictions are subject to existing private rights, and exclude emergencies and some other specified exceptions. Although statutory restrictions restrain the Forest Service's ability to actively manage wilderness resources, the language of the Wilderness Act and the regulations is broad, providing the agency considerable flexibility in setting policy to carry out its responsibility. To meet its responsibility under the Wilderness Act and the regulations, the Forest Service has developed policy for management ofwildernesses within the national forests.4 In pertinent part, the stated objectives direct the Forest Service to "maintain and perpetuate the enduring resource ofwilderness as one of the multiple uses ofNational Forest System land." The agency is also directed to "maintain wilderness in such a manner that ecosystems are unaffected by human manipulation and influence so that plants and animals develop and respond to natural forces." The Forest Service wilderness fire management policy allows the use ofprescribed fire, ignited by lightning or by qualified Forest Service employees. However, the fire policy makes it clear that management ignited fires cannot be used as a vegetative manipulative tool. The policy states that
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