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For Review Only 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE Submitted to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B - Issue Page 2 of 40 provided by Keele Research Repository Neanderthalensis, H. sapiens & ritual 1 2 3 4 Homo neanderthalensis and the evolutionary origins of ritual in Homo sapiens 5 6 7 8 9 10 1,2,* 3 4 5,6 11 Mark Nielsen , Michelle C. Langley , Ceri Shipton & Rohan Kapitány 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 1. Early Cognitive ForDevelopment Review Centre, School Only of Psychology, University of 22 23 24 25 Queensland, Australia 26 27 28 2. Faculty of Humanities, University of Johannesburg, South Africa 29 30 31 32 3. Australian Research Centre for Human Evolution, Environmental Futures 33 34 35 Research Institute, Griffith University, Australia 36 37 38 39 4. Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, College of Asia 40 41 42 and the Pacific, Australian National University, Australia 43 44 45 46 5. School of Psychology, Keele University, U.K. 47 48 49 6. School of Anthropology and Museum Ethnography, University of Oxford, U.K. 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 *Author for correspondence: [email protected], +61 7 3365 6805 57 58 59 60 1 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/issue-ptrsb Page 3 of 40 Submitted to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B - Issue Neanderthalensis, H. sapiens & ritual 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 For Review Only 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 2 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/issue-ptrsb Submitted to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B - Issue Page 4 of 40 Neanderthalensis, H. sapiens & ritual 1 2 3 4 Abstract 5 6 7 There is a large, if disparate, body of archaeological literature discussing specific 8 9 10 11 instantiations of symbolic material culture and the possibility of ritual practices in 12 13 14 Neanderthal populations. Despite this attention, however, no single synthesis exists 15 16 17 18 which draws upon cognitive, psychological, and cultural evolutionary theories of 19 20 21 ritual. Here we reviewFor the evidence Review for ritual-practice Only among now extinct Homo 22 23 24 25 neanderthalensis, as well as the necessary cognitive pre-conditions for such 26 27 28 behaviour, in order to explore the evolution of ritual in Homo sapiens. We suggest 29 30 31 32 that the currently available archaeological evidence indicates that Neanderthals may 33 34 35 have utilised ‘ritualisation’ to increase the successful transmission of technical 36 37 38 39 knowledge across generations — providing an explanation for the technological 40 41 42 stability of the Middle Palaeolithic and attesting to a survival strategy differing from 43 44 45 46 near contemporary Homo sapiens. 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 Keywords: symbolism; Palaeolithic; Neanderthal; behaviour; cognition; over- 57 58 59 imitation. 60 3 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/issue-ptrsb Page 5 of 40 Submitted to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B - Issue Neanderthalensis, H. sapiens & ritual 1 2 3 4 Introduction 5 6 7 Modern human lives are filled with rituals, from the secular act of blowing out 8 9 10 11 candles on a birthday cake, to the overtly religious, such as performing Islamic salat. 12 13 14 Rituals, owing to their ubiquity and embeddedness, can be prominent or invisible, 15 16 17 18 and our engagement with them may be fleeting or profound. Today rituals serve a 19 20 21 variety of purposes: TheyFor bring Review people together Onlyto form coherent, co-operative 22 23 24 25 groups (1, 2), they may serve signalling and trust functions (3-5), they can reduce 26 27 28 individual or collective anxieties (6, 7), and they play a role in the recall and 29 30 31 32 transmission of important cultural knowledge (8, 9). While rituals in Homo sapiens 33 34 35 appear ubiquitous today, it’s not clear when they began to serve these roles in the 36 37 38 39 evolutionary past of the genus Homo. As a first step towards exploring the extents of 40 41 42 our common heritage of ritualised behaviours, here we review possible instances of 43 44 45 46 ritual-like behaviour in our evolutionary cousins: Homo neanderthalensis. 47 48 49 50 51 52 Who were our cousins? 53 54 55 56 The common ancestor of hominins and chimpanzees existed around 6 million 57 58 59 years ago; while Homo sapiens, and our relatives, the Neanderthals (Homo 60 4 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/issue-ptrsb Submitted to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B - Issue Page 6 of 40 Neanderthalensis, H. sapiens & ritual 1 2 3 4 neanderthalensis) share a common ancestor who lived in the early Middle 5 6 7 Pleistocene, 800-400 ka (10, 11). Though our chimpanzee relatives continue to exist 8 9 10 11 (somewhat precariously), Neanderthals disappeared approximately 40,000-years- 12 13 14 ago (12). Just as evaluation of chimpanzee cognition and behaviour can shed light 15 16 17 18 on human origins, so too can comparisons between the archaeological record of 19 20 21 near contemporary HomoFor sapiens Review and Neanderthals. Only What, then, do we know about 22 23 24 25 the potential for ritual behaviours in our cousins? Let us first provide a sketch of what 26 27 28 we know about their social and cognitive proclivities. 29 30 31 32 Having populated Europe and the Middle East between about 300,000 and 33 34 35 40,000 years BP, before being displaced by Homo sapiens, Neanderthals left an 36 37 38 39 extensive — if patchy — record of their lifeways. Neanderthal groups employed 40 41 42 various mobility strategies (13-15), and used a formal stone technology which 43 44 45 46 represents an increase in hierarchical complexity over that of their Acheulean 47 48 49 forebears (16, 17). This stone technology was part of a wider techno-complex which 50 51 52 included bone, claws, wood, shell, and adhesive components, with tools appearing 53 54 55 56 to be more diverse and task-specific (in some cases) than those of the Acheulean 57 58 59 (18-20). 60 5 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/issue-ptrsb Page 7 of 40 Submitted to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B - Issue Neanderthalensis, H. sapiens & ritual 1 2 3 4 Neanderthal hunting strategies involved coordinated effort (21). For example, 5 6 7 at Mauran (dating to MIS 3) in the foothills of the French Pyrenees, there is evidence 8 9 10 11 that Neanderthal groups corralled migratory bison into natural geographic traps 12 13 14 where they were slaughtered en masse, butchered, and parts taken for consumption 15 16 17 18 (22). This site was used for several hundred years, suggesting the maintenance of 19 20 21 specialised, region specificFor techniques, Review through Onlythe transmission of adaptive cultural 22 23 24 25 knowledge, and an understanding of collective intentionality (see also 23, 24). 26 27 28 The presence of interregional variation in Neanderthal biface traditions 29 30 31 32 similarly indicates the transmission of cultural knowledge between generations (25), 33 34 35 with the technological continuity of the Mousterian a feature of the Eurasian Middle 36 37 38 39 Palaeolithic (26). This technological stability, relative to near contemporary Homo 40 41 42 sapiens, is the subject of debate (27), with recent research suggesting that a 43 44 45 46 predominance of high fidelity imitation without much experimentation in Neanderthal 47 48 49 social learning may explain the technological stability (28, see also 29, 30, 31). 50 51 52 Neanderthals, then, were expert hunter-gatherers living in a variety of environments, 53 54 55 56 who transmitted cultural knowledge over tens of thousands of years. But did they 57 58 59 have the capacity for ritual, as we understand it in our own species? 60 6 http://mc.manuscriptcentral.com/issue-ptrsb Submitted to Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B - Issue Page 8 of 40 Neanderthalensis, H. sapiens & ritual 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Ritual and ritual actions 8 9 10 11 For the purposes of our endeavour here, we distinguish ‘ritual’ and ‘ritualistic 12 13 14 action’ and acknowledge the challenges of applying contemporary standards and 15 16 17 18 definitions that often rely on behaviour and belief to archaic contexts in which access 19 20 21 to behaviour and beliefFor can only Review be inferred. In definingOnly ritual, we follow Hobson et 22 23 24 25 al. (2018) in taking it to be: ‘(a) predefined sequences characterized by rigidity, 26 27 28 formality, and repetition that are (b) embedded in a larger system of symbolism and 29 30 31 32 meaning, [and] (c) contain elements that lack direct instrumental purpose’ (p. 261). 33 34 35 Element b necessarily requires an associated degree of community, shared 36 37 38 39 knowledge and normativity. A ‘ritualistic action’ is, largely, the behavioural 40 41 42 components of elements (a) and (c): It is an action which is repetitive, redundant, 43 44 45 46 often rigidly or formally performed, and which is causally opaque and goal demoted 47 48 49 (32-37). A ritualistic action is often an element of a larger ritual, but unlike rituals, can 50 51 52 exist in symbolically impoverished contexts. 53 54 55 56 The above two terms, causal opacity and goal demotion, tie into element (c) 57 58 59 regarding instrumental purpose.
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