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Xerox University Microfilms INFORMATION TO USERS This material was produced from a microfilm copy of the original document. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the original submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or patterns which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign ur "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting thru an image and duplicating adjacent pages to insure you complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a large round black mark, it is an indication that the photographer suspected that the copy may have moved during exposure and thus cause a blurred image. You will find a good image of the page in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., was part of the material being photographed the photographer followed a definite method in "sectioning" the material. It is customary to begin photoing at the upper left hand corner of a large sheet and to continue photoing from left to right in equal sections with a small overlap. If necessary, sectioning is continued again — beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. The majority of users indicate that the textual content is of greatest value, however, a somewhat higher quality reproduction could be made from "photographs" if essential to the understanding of the dissertation. Silver prints of "photographs" may be ordered at additional charge by writing the Order Department, giving the catalog number, title, author and specific pages you wish reproduced. 5. PLEASE NOTE: Some pages may have indistinct print. Filmed as received. Xerox University Microfilms 300 North Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 I 75-26,623 McKENZIE, Donald Chisholm, 1946- CARDIO-RESPIRATORY AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO SELECTIVE ARM OR LEG TRAINING. The Ohio State University, Ph.D., 1975 Education, physical Xerox University Microfilmsf Ann Arbor, Michigan 48106 CARDIO-RESPIRATORY AND METABOLIC RESPONSES TO SELECTIVE ARM OR LEG TRAINING DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate- School of The -Ohio State University By Donald Chisholm McKenzie, B.Sc.(P.E.),M.P.E. ***** The Ohio State University 1975 Reading Committee Approved by E.L. Fox R.L. Bartels jS.I. Lustick Division of Physical Edudation DEDICATED To my father, Donald G. McKenzie for the principles and goals which guide my life; and to my wife Barbara, for making it all worthwhile- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This study represented a co-operative effort on the part of a large number of individuals. I am parti­ cularly indebted to Dr. E. L. Fox for his help in the collection and statistical treatment of the data. Ken Cohen was instrumental in the development of the rebreathing apparatus and also in the collection and reduction of the data; without his assistance this study would not have been possible. I am also indebted to my 'colleagues', Topper Hagerman, Bill Steinmetz, John Dusseau, Dan Switchenko, and Garret Caffrey for their assistance in this study and for making my stay in Columbus a rewarding and cherished exper­ ience. Certainly the students who served as subjects for this study must be thanked for their co-operation and effort in all facets of the investigation. Finally, I especially wish to express my grati­ tude to my advisor, Dr. E. L. Fox, for his advice and help throughout my graduate program. This study was supported by the Central Ohio Heart Chapter (RF 3793-A1). iii VITA December 28, 1946 .. Born - Weston, Ontario, Canada 1970 ................ B.Sc.(P.E.), University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada 1970 - 1972 ....... Teaching Assistant, the University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 1972 ................ M.P.E., The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada 1972 - 1974 ....... Teaching Associate, Exercise Physiology Research Laboratory, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio PUBLICATIONS "Plasma Lipid Variations in Response to Diet and Exercise", Masters Thesis, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. "Plasma Lipid Variations in Response to Diet and Exercise", Fed. Proc. 32: 890 Abs., March 1973. "Specificity of Training: Metabolic and Circulatory Responses", with E.L. Fox and K. Cohen, Med. Sci. Sports: Vol. 7, No.l, 1975. FIELDS OF STUDY Physiology of Exercise Dr. E.L. Fox Physiology ............ Dr. S.I. Lustick Human Anatomy ......... Dr. R. Beran Physiological Chemistry Dr. J. Merola v TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS................. ............... iii VITA . ................. iv LIST OF TABLES .................................... viii LIST OF FIGURES .................................. ix Chapter I. INTRODUCTION ................... ..... 1 Statement of the Problem Limitations and Delimitations of the Study Significance of the Study Definitions II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE ................. 6 Introduction Cardio-respiratory Adaptations to Training Adaptations to Arm or Leg Training III. METHODS AND PROCEDURES ................... 17 Subjects Orientation Experimental Design Training Programs Experimental Procedure a. Calorimetry b. CO2 Rebreathing Procedure IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................... 34 Introduction Reliability Arm Training Versus Leg Training Oxygen Consumption Heart Rate Cardiac Output Stroke Volume Blood Lactate Pulmonary Ventilation A-V O2 differences v i Page V. S U M M A R Y ...........................................55 APPENDIX A. Raw D a t a ........................................ 60 B. Statistical Results ............................ 68 C. Sample Cardiac Output Calculation ............ 75 D. Reliability D a t a ............................. 7 7 BIBLIOGRAPHY ............................................. 78 LIST OF TABLES Table I Physical Characteristics Table II Mean Circulatory Changes Following Training: Arm Trained Group Table III Mean Circulatory Changes Following Training: Leg Trained Group • • • V 3 . l l LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Rebreathing Apparatus 27 Figure 2. Oxygen Consumption: Trained limb vs untrained limb 39 Figure 3. Heart Rate Responses: Leg trained group 41 Figure 4. Heart Rate Responses: Arm trained group 42 Figure 5. Heart Rate versus VO 2 for Trained and Untrained limbs 44 Figure 6. Cardiac Output: Trained limb vs untrained limb 47 Figure 7. Blood Lactic Acid Changes: Arm trained group 49 Figure 8. Blood Lactic Acid Changes: Leg trained group 50 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION The importance of the cardio-respiratory system, both at rest and during physical activity, is well known and has been the subject of an enormous number of investiga­ tions. The cardio-resiratory adaptations to physical train­ ing: resting and exercise bradycardia, increased stroke volume of the heart, decreased pulmonary ventilation, in­ creased arterial-venous oxygen differences etc., are also well documented; however, the mechanisms that elicit these adaptations have not yet been completely resolved. Frick et al (27) feel that an intrinsic mechanism within the heart itself is responsible for the resting and exercise brady­ cardia. They suggest that at rest, the decreased heart rate is due to increased vagal tone, whereas during physical act­ ivity this influence on the heart is a result of sympathethic inhibition. Other researchers have also concluded that adap­ tations to exercise by the heart is of an intrinsic nature, the primary change being that of increased stroke volume due to a more powerful contraction of the myocardium (32,39,46). On the other hand, there is some evidence that the effects of training may be derived from extrinsic factors, 1 2 specifically in alteration in the trained muscles. The ad­ justment of the heart rate to the work intensity might be mediated by afferent nervous impulses from working muscles and by descending impulses from motor cerebral centers, both modifying the brain stem's sympathetic stimulation of the sinoatrial node (4,32,49). This suggests that the effect of training on the heart would be secondary to changes in the trained skeletal muscles which reduce the sympathetic stimulation of the sinoatrial node during exercise performed with these muscles. Thus, there appear to be two plausible explana­ tions of the mechanisms involved in the adaptation of the cardio-respiratory system to training: an intrinsic or central mechanism within the heart itself and an extrinsic or peripheral mechanism, the trained skeletal muscles. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the this study is to evaluate the effects of training the arm or leg muscles on the cardio­ respiratory responses to two submaximal work loads. The following experimental hypotheses will be tested: 1. Training performed by arm exercise on a bicycle 3 ergometer will cause a significant reduction of heart rate and blood lactic acid, a significant increase in stroke volume, and no significant change in cardiac output during submaximal arm exercise, but not during submaximal leg exercise. 2. Training performed by leg exercise on a bicycle ergometer will cause a significant reduction of heart rate and blood lactic acid, a significant increase in stroke volume, and no significant change in cardiac output during submaximal leg exercise, but not during
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