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Socioeconomic and Environmental Implications of Agricultural Residue SPRINGER BRIEFS IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE Parmod Kumar Surender Kumar Laxmi Joshi Socioeconomic and Environmental Implications of Agricultural Residue Burning A Case Study of Punjab, India SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science present concise summaries of cutting-edge research and practical applications across a wide spectrum of environmental fields, with fast turnaround time to publication. Featuring compact volumes of 50 to 125 pages, the series covers a range of content from professional to aca- demic. Monographs of new material are considered for the SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science series. Typical topics might include: a timely report of state-of-the-art analytical tech- niques, a bridge between new research results, as published in journal articles and a contextual literature review, a snapshot of a hot or emerging topic, an in-depth case study or technical example, a presentation of core concepts that students must understand in order to make independent contributions, best practices or protocols to be followed, a series of short case studies/debates highlighting a specific angle. SpringerBriefs in Environmental Science allow authors to present their ideas and readers to absorb them with minimal time investment. Both solicited and unsolic- ited manuscripts are considered for publication. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/8868 Parmod Kumar · Surender Kumar Laxmi Joshi Socioeconomic and Environmental Implications of Agricultural Residue Burning A Case Study of Punjab, India Parmod Kumar Laxmi Joshi ADRTC, Institute for Social Department of Agriculture and Rural and Economic Change Development Bengaluru National Council of Applied Economic Karnataka Research India Parisila Bhawan New Delhi Surender Kumar India Department of Business Economics University of Delhi New Delhi India ISSN 2191-5547 ISSN 2191-5555 (electronic) ISBN 978-81-322-2146-3 ISBN 978-81-322-2014-5 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-81-322-2014-5 Library of Congress Control Number: 2014953254 Springer New Delhi Heidelberg New York Dordrecht London © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and the Author(s) 2015 The book is published with open access at SpringerLink.com. Open Access This book is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncom- mercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. All commercial rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other way, and storage in data banks. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’s location, in its current version, and permission for commercial use must always be obtained from Springer. Permissions for commercial use may be obtained through RightsLink at the Copyright Clearance Center. Violations are liable to prosecution under the respective Copyright Law. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication, neither the authors nor the editors nor the publisher can accept any legal responsibility for any errors or omissions that may be made. The publisher makes no warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein. Printed on acid-free paper Springer is part of Springer Science+Business Media (www.springer.com) Contents 1 Problem of Residue Management Due to Rice Wheat Crop Rotation in Punjab ..................................... 1 1.1 Agricultural Growth in Punjab .............................. 1 1.2 Agricultural Residue Burning and Its Management .............. 3 1.3 Main Objectives of the Study ............................... 10 1.4 An Overview ........................................... 10 References .................................................. 12 2 The Extent and Management of Crop Stubble .................... 13 2.1 Introduction ............................................ 13 2.2 The Produce of Crop Stubble and Its Burning .................. 14 2.2.1 Straw/Residue to Grain Ratio ......................... 17 2.2.2 Chemical Composition of Rice and Wheat Stubble ........ 18 2.3 Volume of Pollution Caused by Crop Stubble Burning ........... 19 2.4 Effects of Crop Stubble Burning on the Fertility of the Soil ....... 24 2.4.1 International Experience. 25 2.5 Health Impacts of Pollution Due to Residue Burning ............ 25 2.6 Management of Crop Stubble. 26 2.6.1 In Situ Incorporation ............................... 26 2.6.2 Alternative Uses of Crop Stubble ...................... 27 2.6.3 Cost of Alternate Uses .............................. 29 2.6.4 End Use of Rice Residue in Different Districts of Punjab ... 29 2.7 Summary of the Chapter. 31 References .................................................. 32 3 Valuation of the Health Effects ................................ 35 3.1 Introduction ............................................ 35 3.2 Ambient Air Quality Level in Study Area ..................... 37 3.3 Household Survey Design and Data .......................... 38 3.4 The Survey Results ....................................... 40 v vi Contents 3.4.1 The Household and Farming Characteristics ............. 40 3.4.2 Management of Stubble Among the Selected Farmers ..... 43 3.4.3 The Effect of Crop Stubble Burning on Human Health ..... 48 3.5 Methodology ........................................... 56 3.5.1 Theoretical Model ................................. 56 3.5.2 Estimation Strategy ................................ 58 3.6 The Model Results ....................................... 60 3.6.1 Welfare Loss ...................................... 62 3.6.2 Increase in Medical Expenditure ...................... 62 3.6.3 Opportunity Cost of Increase in Workdays Lost .......... 63 3.7 Summary of the Chapter. 64 References .................................................. 66 4 Alternative Uses of Crop Stubble ............................... 69 4.1 Introduction ............................................ 69 4.2 Disposal Pattern of Paddy Straw ............................ 70 4.3 Management of Agricultural Waste for Alternate Uses ........... 71 4.3.1 Use of Rice Residue as Fodder for Animals .............. 71 4.3.2 Use of Crop Residue in Bio Thermal Power Plants ........ 75 4.3.3 Use of Rice Residue as Bedding Material for Cattle ....... 77 4.3.4 Use of Crop Residue for Mushroom Cultivation .......... 77 4.3.5 Use of Rice Residue in Paper Production ............... 77 4.3.6 Use of Rice Residue for Making Bio Gas ............... 78 4.3.7 In Situ ........................................... 78 4.3.8 Incorporation of Paddy Straw in Soil ................... 78 4.3.9 Production of Bio-oil from Straw and Other Agricultural Wastes ................................ 79 4.4 Agricultural Residues for Power Generation ................... 79 4.4.1 Energy Technologies ............................... 81 4.4.2 Thermal Combustion ............................... 81 4.5 Summary of the Chapter. 83 References .................................................. 89 5 Environmental Legislations: India and Punjab ................... 91 5.1 Introduction ............................................ 91 5.1.1 Ministry of Environment and Forest ................... 92 5.1.2 Clean Technology Division .......................... 92 5.1.3 Control of Pollution Division ......................... 93 5.2 Various Laws to Control Pollution in India .................... 94 5.2.1 Water Act (Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1974) ... 94 5.2.2 Air Prevention and Control of Pollution Act, 1981 ........ 97 5.2.3 The Environment Protection Act, 1986 ................. 100 5.2.4 The Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986 .............. 102 5.2.5 The National Environment Tribunal Act, 1995 ........... 103 5.2.6 The National Environment Appellate Authority Act, 1997 .... 104 Contents vii 5.2.7 The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control) Rules, 2000 ... 105 5.2.8 Biological Diversity Act, 2002 ....................... 106 5.3 Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) ...................... 108 5.3.1 Functions of the Central Board ...................... 108 5.3.2 National Ambient Air Monitoring Programme (NAMP) ... 109 5.3.3 Water Quality Monitoring and Surveillance Programme ... 109 5.4 Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) ...................... 110 5.5 Punjab State Council for Science and Technology. 112 5.6 Environment Division. 113 5.7 Punjab Energy Development Agency (PEDA) .................. 114 5.8 Punjab Biodiversity Board ................................. 115 5.9 Summary of the Chapter. 115 6 Policies for Restricting the Agriculture Residue Burning in Punjab ... 117 6.1 Monitoring and Recording the Levels of Pollution in Punjab ...... 118 6.2 Existing Policies to Control Air Pollution ..................... 122 6.2.1 Punjab Pollution Control Board (PPCB) ............... 122 6.2.2 Agriculture Councils .............................. 123 6.2.3 Punjab State Council for Science and Technology. 124 6.2.4 Department of Agriculture .........................
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