DOCSLIB.ORG

MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE FACT SHEET (Including Meningococcal Meningitis)

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE FACT SHEET (Including Meningococcal Meningitis) INVASIVE MENINGOCOCCAL DISEASE FACT SHEET (including meningococcal meningitis) Agent: Neisseria meningitidis NOTE: Hospital or commercial laboratories usually perform primary isolation. All isolates Brief Description: An acute bacterial infection should be sent to the Georgia Public Health characterized by sudden onset of fever, intense Laboratory for serogrouping and outbreak headache, nausea and vomiting, stiff neck, some- surveillance. times associated with petechial rash. With early diagnosis, modern therapy, and support measures, the Case classification: case-fatality rate is between 5-15%. In some cases • Probable: a case with a positive antigen test not associated with meningitis, the meningococcus in CSF or clinical purpura fulminans in the can cause overwhelming sepsis with refractory absence of a positive blood culture hypotension, pneumonia, arthritis, or (rarely) milder • Confirmed: a clinically compatible case febrile illness with bloodstream infection. that is culture-confirmed Reservoir: Humans. Period of Communicability: As long as meningococci are present in discharges from Mode of Transmission: Direct contact with oral the nose and mouth. Organisms usually disap- secretions of an infected person, such as mouth-to- pear from the nasopharynx after 24 hours of mouth contact or sharing eating utensils, and droplet treatment with antimicrobial agents to which spread from the nose and throat. the organisms are sensitive. Incubation Period: Varies from 2-10 days, com- Vaccination: The vaccine for meningococcal monly 3-4 days. disease is not routinely recommended in the U.S. because it is not effective in controlling Laboratory criteria for diagnosis: Isolation of the spread of sporadic disease. Neisseria meningitidis from a normally sterile site • Meningococcal vaccines do not protect (e.g., blood or cerebrospinal fluid or, less commonly, children under 2 years of age. Most menin- joint, pleural, or pericardial fluid). gococcal infections occur in this age group, and so vaccines do not help the children Presumptive diagnoses can be made with positive most at risk. latex agglutination antigen testing from the CSF. • Meningococcal vaccines do not protect Positive antigen test results from urine or serum against Group B disease, which accounts samples are unreliable for diagnosing meningococcal for up to one third of all meningococcal disease. cases. • Meningococcal vaccines do not provide Diagnostic Testing: permanent protection. Children are pro- A. Pure Culture tected for only one or two years, and adults 1. Specimen: cerebrospinal fluid, blood, and are protected for about four years. other usually sterile sites • Meningococcal vaccines cannot eliminate 2. Outfits: (Culture referral) carriage of meningococcus from the nose 3. Lab Form: Form 3410 or 3415 and throat — a condition that exists in up 4. Lab Test Performed: Bacterial isolation, to 15% of the population. confirmation, and/or serogrouping. 5. Lab: State Bacteriology Lab, Georgia Public Health Laboratory (GPHL) in Decatur. 11 Treatment: Therapy for meningitis or sepsis must be and public health personnel should identify initiated before culture results are available. For household and other close contacts of patients. children, initial therapy must be effective against Chemoprophylaxis should then be immediately Haemophilus influenzae, drug-resistant Streptococcus provided to such contacts. Secondary cases are pneumoniae (DRSP) and meningococci. When rare, but likely to occur early after the index pathogen identification and sensitivity results are case, if at all. Educate contacts about signs and available, therapy can be adjusted. Penicillin given symptoms of meningococcal disease, and parenterally in adequate dosage is the drug of choice encourage early medical contact for illness. for proven meningococcal disease. Ceftriaxone and Major emphasis must be placed on careful cefotaxime are acceptable alternatives. Culture surveillance, early diagnosis and immediate confirmed cases should also be given rifampin prior treatment of suspected cases. to release from the hospital to eradicate throat car- riage of the invasive strain, unless ceftriaxone or Vaccination in the context of an outbreak: cefotaxime (which also eradicate carriage) were used The use of vaccine in all age groups affected to treat the infection. should be strongly considered if an outbreak occurs in a large institutional or community Prophylaxis of Contacts: Persons with meningococ- setting in which cases are due to groups A, C, cal disease are considered to have been potentially Y, or W-135. Immunization of all those in the infectious during the 7 days prior to illness onset. group should be considered if: Prophylactic antibiotics should be provided for close contacts that were exposed during this period. Close 1. At least 3 cases of group C or Y disease contacts include persons sharing the same household, with the same subtype have occurred during the same daycare classroom, those who kissed or a 3-month period. shared eating utensils with the index case, and hospi- 2. New cases are still occurring. tal personnel having contact with the patient’s secre- 3. The attack rate exceeds 10 group C or Y tions, such as through intubation or mouth-to-mouth cases per 100,000 in the population at risk. resuscitation. Chemoprophylaxis is not recom- mended for casual contacts such as school or work Reporting: Report probable and confirmed mates, indirect contacts whose only contact is with a cases IMMEDIATELY by phone to your local high-risk contact of the index case, or for medical health department, District Health Office, or personnel without direct exposure to the patient’s oral the Epidemiology Branch at 404-657-2588. If secretions. calling after regular business hours, it is very important to report cases to the Epidemiology Rifampin is the drug of choice in most instances. Branch answering service (770-578-4104). Other options for prophylaxis include ceftriaxone (an After a verbal report has been made, please injection), ciprofloxacin (for adults only), and transmit the case information electronically sulfisoxazole (if the organism is known to be sulfona- through the State Electronic Notifiable Disease mide-sensitive). Pregnant women should not use Surveillance System (SENDSS) at http:// rifampin, ciprofloxacin, or sulfonamides without the sendss.state.ga.us, or complete and mail a GA advice of a physician. (See Table for dosages). Notifiable Disease Report Form (#3095). Assistance with locating and caring for house- Investigation: Send the isolate to the Georgia Public hold and other close contacts can be provided. Health Laboratory for serogrouping. The physician 12 Report all suspected cases to the Epidemiology of the Advisory Committee on Immuniza- Branch electronically through SENDSS or using a tion Practices (ACIP). MMWR Vol 46(RR- GA Notifiable Disease Report Form. Districts should 5), 1997: 1-27. complete the “Active Bacterial Core Surveillance Case Report Form” and forward it to the Epidemiol- Links: ogy Branch as soon as possible. • CDC meningitis – http://www.cdc.gov/ ncidod/dbmd/diseaseinfo/ Reported Meningococcal Infections in Georgia, meningococcal_g.htm 1990-2000 • American Academy of Pediatrics Policy (Meningitis and Septicemia) Statement – http://www.aap.org/policy/ 01262.html Year Number of cases Deaths • CDC Vaccine Information – http:// 1990 72 9 www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/VIS/ 1991 92 6 Mening2000.pdf 1992 55 2 • Guidelines for travelers – http:// 1993 93 7 www.cdc.gov/travel 1994 82 3 • Recommendations of the Advisory Com- 1995 111 7 mittee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) – 1996 147 9 http://www.cdc.gov/nip/publications/acip- 1997 107 12 list.htm 1998 103 11 1999 72 7 Suggested Check List for Follow-up of Menin- 2000 53 9 gococcal Meningitis Cases Note: Not all of these infections represent meningitis. 1. Contact District Health Office and/or Epidemiology Branch (404-657-2588) to References: coordinate investigation with them immedi- 1. American Academy of Pediatrics. Meningococcal ately. Infections. In Peter G, ed. 1997 Red Book: Report 2. Alert other physicians in the community of the Committee on Infectious Diseases. 24th ed. that the case exists within 8 hours. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of 3. Identify all close contacts, and give prophy- Pediatrics; 1997: 357-362. laxis and an information sheet within 24 2. Chin J, ed. MENINGOCOCCAL INFECTION. hours. Close contacts are defined as house- In: Control of Communicable Diseases Manual. hold contacts, daycare contacts, military 17th ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health personnel sharing the same sleeping space Association, 2000: 340-345. and people socially close enough to have 3. CDC. Change in Recommendation for Meningo- shared eating utensils, e.g., close friends at coccal Vaccine for Travelers. MMWR Vol 48(5), school but not the whole class. 1999: 104. 4. Consider providing casual contacts with an 4. CDC. Control and prevention of meningococcal information sheet. disease and control and prevention of serogroup C 5. Follow-up in two days to see if contacts meningococcal disease: evaluation and manage- took medication. ment of suspected outbreaks. Recommendations 6. Check to see that laboratory isolate was 13 sent to the Georgia Public Health Laboratory for Patients with impaired liver function should be serogrouping. given rifampin only in case of necessity, with 7. Complete history and contact forms for case caution, and under strict medical supervision. showing all known contacts, treatment,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Global Burden of Norovirus and Prospects for Vaccine Development
    Global Burden of Norovirus and Prospects for Vaccine Development Primary author Ben Lopman Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Contributors and Reviewers Robert Atmar, Baylor College of Medicine Ralph Baric, University of North Carolina Mary Estes, Baylor College of Medicine Kim Green, NIH; National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases Roger Glass, NIH; Fogarty International Center Aron Hall, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Miren Iturriza-Gómara, University of Liverpool Cherry Kang, Christian Medical College Bruce Lee, Johns Hopkins University Umesh Parashar, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Mark Riddle, Naval Medical Research Center Jan Vinjé, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or the US Department of Health and Human Services. This work was funded in part by a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to the CDC Foundation. GLOBAL BURDEN OF NOROVIRUS AND PROSPECTS FOR VACCINE DEVELOPMENT | 1 Table of Contents 1. Executive summary ....................................................................3 2. Burden of disease and epidemiology 7 a. Burden 7 i. Global burden and trends of diarrheal disease in children and adults 7 ii. The role of norovirus 8 b. Epidemiology 9 i. Early childhood infections 9 ii. Risk factors, modes and settings of transmission 10 iii. Chronic health consequences associated with norovirus infection? 11 c. Challenges in attributing disease to norovirus 12 3. Norovirus biology, diagnostics and their interpretation for field studies and clinical trials..15 a. Norovirus virology 15 i. Genetic diversity, evolution and related challenges for diagnosis 15 ii.
    [Show full text]
  • African Meningitis Belt
    WHO/EMC/BAC/98.3 Control of epidemic meningococcal disease. WHO practical guidelines. 2nd edition World Health Organization Emerging and other Communicable Diseases, Surveillance and Control This document has been downloaded from the WHO/EMC Web site. The original cover pages and lists of participants are not included. See http://www.who.int/emc for more information. © World Health Organization This document is not a formal publication of the World Health Organization (WHO), and all rights are reserved by the Organization. The document may, however, be freely reviewed, abstracted, reproduced and translated, in part or in whole, but not for sale nor for use in conjunction with commercial purposes. The views expressed in documents by named authors are solely the responsibility of those authors. The mention of specific companies or specific manufacturers' products does no imply that they are endorsed or recommended by the World Health Organization in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. CONTENTS CONTENTS ................................................................................... i PREFACE ..................................................................................... vii INTRODUCTION ......................................................................... 1 1. MAGNITUDE OF THE PROBLEM ........................................................3 1.1 REVIEW OF EPIDEMICS SINCE THE 1970S .......................................................................................... 3 Geographical distribution
    [Show full text]
  • Novel Risk Factors for Coronavirus Disease-Associated Mucormycosis (CAM): a Case Control Study During the Outbreak in India
    medRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.07.24.21261040; this version posted July 26, 2021. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted medRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under a CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license . Novel risk factors for Coronavirus disease-associated mucormycosis (CAM): a case control study during the outbreak in India Umang Arora1, Megha Priyadarshi1, Varidh Katiyar2, Manish Soneja1, Prerna Garg1, Ishan Gupta1,- Vishwesh Bharadiya1, Parul Berry1, Tamoghna Ghosh1, Lajjaben Patel1 , Radhika Sarda1, Shreya Garg3, Shubham Agarwal1, Veronica Arora4, Aishwarya Ramprasad1, Amit Kumar1, Rohit Kumar Garg1, Parul Kodan1, Neeraj Nischal1, Gagandeep Singh5, Pankaj Jorwal1, Arvind Kumar1, Upendra Baitha1, Ved Prakash Meena1, Animesh Ray1, Prayas Sethi1, , Immaculata Xess5, Naval Vikram1, Sanjeev Sinha1, Ashutosh Biswas1,Alok Thakar3, Sushma Bhatnagar6, Anjan Trikha7, Naveet Wig1 1Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Delhi, India 2Department of Neurosurgery, AIIMS, Delhi, India 3Department of Otolaryngology & Head-Neck Surgery, AIIMS, Delhi, India 4Department of Medical Genetics, Sir Ganga Ram Hospital, Delhi, India 5Department of Microbiology, AIIMS, Delhi, India 6Department of Onco-anaesthesia and Palliative Medicine, AIIMS, Delhi, India 7Department of Anaesthesiology, Pain Medicine and Critical Care, AIIMS, Delhi, India 1. Umang Arora, MD (Medicine), Junior Resident, Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Delhi, India. E-mail ID: [email protected] 2. Megha Priyadarshi, DM (Infectious disease), Junior Resident, Department of Medicine, AIIMS, Delhi, India. E-mail ID: [email protected] 3. Varidh Katiyar, MCh (Neurosurgery), Chief Resident, Department of Neurosurgery AIIMS, Delhi, India. E-mail ID: [email protected] 4.
    [Show full text]
  • The Interaction Between Human Antimicrobial Use and the Risk of Foodborne Zoonotic Bacteria
    Downloaded from orbit.dtu.dk on: Dec 20, 2017 The interaction between human antimicrobial use and the risk of foodborne zoonotic bacteria Koningstein, Maike; Hald, Tine; Mølbak, Kåre Publication date: 2014 Document Version Peer reviewed version Link back to DTU Orbit Citation (APA): Koningstein, M., Hald, T., & Mølbak, K. (2014). The interaction between human antimicrobial use and the risk of foodborne zoonotic bacteria. National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark. General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. • Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research. • You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. The interaction between human antimicrobial use and the risk of foodborne zoonotic bacteria Maike Koningstein, M.Sc. PhD Thesis 2013 Statens Serum Institute Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Artillerivej 5, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark and National Food Institute, DTU Department for Microbiology
    [Show full text]
  • Midterm Exam Health Science 161 March 6, 2002
    Name____________________ Midterm Exam Health Science 161 March 6, 2002 Part I: Terms and Definitions - Match the definition to its corresponding term. Note: Not all terms will be used. (2 points each) 1. ___________________ A state of complete physical, mental, and social well being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity. 2. ___________________ A biological, physical, or chemical factor whose presence, absence, or relative amount is necessary for the disease to occur. 3. ___________________ The point at which the ecology of disease reaches a balance representing a steady state of new cases flowing into a population and old cases leaving it. 4. ___________________ The study of the distribution, determinants, and occurrence of disease and health-related conditions in populations. 5. ___________________ The occurrence of disease at or near the usual rate. 6. ___________________ A form of political and social activism that aims to protect, promote, and restore the people’s health. 7. ___________________ The occurrence of disease in clear excess of normal expectancy. 8. ___________________ The time between exposure to a pathogen and the appearance of clinically discernible effects. 9. ___________________ The point at which a pathogen leaves one host and enters another. 10. ___________________ Disease-causing. 11. ___________________ The broad scope of manifestations and severity of non- infectious diseases, from silent to progressive and fulminating. 12. ___________________ Factors that must be present for disease to occur. 13. ___________________ Events and factors related to or caused by disease or disablility. 14. ___________________ All factors that alter the likelihood of infection and disease once the agent is encountered. 15. ___________________ Ability of an agent to cause disease within the host.
    [Show full text]
  • Public Health Management of Sporadic Cases of Invasive Meningococcal Disease and Their Contacts
    ECDC GUIDANCE Public health management of sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease and their contacts www.ecdc.europa.eu ECDC GUIDANCE Public health management of sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease and their contacts Public health management of sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease ECDC GUIDANCE The production of this guidance was coordinated by Pierluigi Lopalco (Scientific Advice Unit, ECDC) and Helena de Carvalho Gomes (Scientific Advice Unit, ECDC) The work was outsourced by ECDC to James Stuart who built up a consortium with four additional external experts: • Germaine Hanquet, consultant epidemiologist (independent), Brussels, Belgium. • Wiebke Hellenbrand, consultant epidemiologist, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany. • Sigrid Heuberger, consultant microbiologist, Meningococcal Reference Laboratory, Austrian Agency for Food and Health Safety, Graz, Austria. • Pawel Stefanoff, consultant epidemiologist, National Institute of Public Health–National Institute of Hygiene, Warsaw, Poland. • James Stuart, consultant epidemiologist (independent), Ausseing, France. Suggested citation: European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control. Public health management of sporadic cases of invasive meningococcal disease and their contacts. Stockholm: ECDC; 2010 Stockholm, October 2010 ISBN 978-92-9193-220-7 doi 10.2900/34738 © European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control, 2010 Reproduction is authorised, provided the source is acknowledged ii ECDC GUIDANCE Public health management of sporadic cases of
    [Show full text]
  • Chlamydia Trachomatis
    CHLAMYDIA TRACHOMATIS REPORTING INFORMATION • Class B: Report the case, suspected case and/or a positive laboratory result to the local public health department where the patient resides by the close of the next business day. If patient residence is unknown, report to the local public health department in which the reporting health care provider or laboratory is located. • Health care providers and laboratories report using the following form(s) and/or mechanism: Ohio Confidential Reportable Disease form (HEA 3334, rev. 5/2014), Positive Laboratory Findings for Reportable Disease form (HEA 3333, rev. 8/2005), Ohio Disease Reporting System (ODRS), electronic laboratory reporting (ELR), or telephone. • Local public health departments report the case, suspected case and/or a positive laboratory result to the Ohio Department of Health (ODH) via ODRS by the end of the next business day. • Key fields for ODRS reporting include: for laboratory - date collected, test name, and result; for clinical - treatment name, dose and start date. AGENT Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) is an obligate intracellular organism that is Gram-negative, ovoid in shape, and nonmobile. Most genital isolates belong to immunotypes D through K. CASE DEFINITION Clinical Description Infection with Chlamydia trachomatis may result in urethritis, epididymitis, cervicitis, acute salpingitis, or other syndromes when sexually transmitted; however, the infection is often asymptomatic in women. Perinatal infections may result in inclusion conjunctivitis and pneumonia in newborns. Other syndromes caused by C. trachomatis include lymphogranuloma venereum and trachoma. Laboratory Criteria for Diagnosis • Isolation of C. trachomatis by culture OR • Demonstration of C. trachomatis in a clinical specimen by detection of antigen or nucleic acid.
    [Show full text]
  • 7 Microbial Aspects
    7 Microbial aspects he greatest risk from microbes in water is associated with consumption of Tdrinking-water that is contaminated with human and animal excreta, although other sources and routes of exposure may also be significant. This chapter focuses on organisms for which there is evidence, from outbreak studies or from prospective studies in non-outbreak situations, of disease being caused by ingestion of drinking-water, inhalation of droplets or contact with drinking-water; and their control. 7.1 Microbial hazards associated with drinking-water Infectious diseases caused by pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites (e.g., proto- zoa and helminths) are the most common and widespread health risk associated with drinking-water. The public health burden is determined by the severity of the illness(es) associated with pathogens, their infectivity and the population exposed. Breakdown in water supply safety may lead to large-scale contamination and potentially to detectable disease outbreaks. Other breakdowns and low-level, poten- tially repeated contamination may lead to significant sporadic disease, but is unlikely to be associated with the drinking-water source by public health surveillance. Quantified risk assessment can assist in understanding and managing risks, espe- cially those associated with sporadic disease. 7.1.1 Waterborne infections The pathogens that may be transmitted through contaminated drinking-water are diverse. Table 7.1 and Figure 7.1 provide general information on pathogens that are of relevance for drinking-water supply management. The spectrum changes in response to variables such as increases in human and animal populations, escalating use of wastewater, changes in lifestyles and medical interventions, population move- ment and travel and selective pressures for new pathogens and mutants or recombi- nations of existing pathogens.
    [Show full text]
  • Epidemiology (Quickie Version)
    Harriet Wilson, Lecture Notes Bio. Sci. 4 - Microbiology Sierra College Epidemiology (quickie version) Epidemiology – Epidemiology is the quantitative study of the occurrence of disease and factors that influence disease frequency and distribution. It involves data collection and analysis with the goal of disease prevention. Within the US, data collection, analysis and distribution is coordinated through the Centers for Disease Control and prevention (CDC), the headquarters of which are located in Atlanta, Georgia. World wide epidemiological efforts involve the World Health Organization (WHO) centered in Geneva, Switzerland. Disease categories as they relate to epidemiology include the following: 1. Endemic – An endemic disease is one that is always present within a population, i.e., one involving relatively few cases, but occurring all the time. The common cold is endemic to most human populations, plague is endemic to rodent populations in California, and cholera is endemic to some regions of Southeast Asia. 2. Sporadic – A disease that occurs in small, localized, unpredictable outbreaks is categorized as a sporadic disease. Legionnaires disease associated with water misters, fountains, etc. and malaria (in some places) would qualify as sporadic diseases. 3. Epidemic – When the number of cases of a disease is significantly above the expected background level, the disease is considered to be an epidemic. 4. Pandemic – When disease is spreading to involve people in multiple nations on more than one continent, it is considered to be a pandemic. Factors influencing the prevalence of disease: The primary factors influencing the prevalence of disease are the reservoirs involved and the mode of transmission possible. Reservoirs – The term reservoir when applied to epidemiology refers to the total of all potential sources for a disease-causing agent.
    [Show full text]
  • A Mathematical Model for Coinfection of Listeriosis and Anthrax Diseases
    Hindawi International Journal of Mathematics and Mathematical Sciences Volume 2018, Article ID 1725671, 14 pages https://doi.org/10.1155/2018/1725671 Research Article A Mathematical Model for Coinfection of Listeriosis and Anthrax Diseases Shaibu Osman 1 and Oluwole Daniel Makinde 2 1 Department of Mathematics, Pan African University, Institute for Basic Sciences, Technology and Innovations, Box 62000-00200, Nairobi, Kenya 2Faculty of Military Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X2, Saldanha 7395, South Africa Correspondence should be addressed to Shaibu Osman; [email protected] Received 8 April 2018; Accepted 9 July 2018; Published 2 August 2018 Academic Editor: Ram N. Mohapatra Copyright © 2018 Shaibu Osman and Oluwole Daniel Makinde. Tis is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Listeriosis and Anthrax are fatal zoonotic diseases caused by Listeria monocytogene and Bacillus Anthracis, respectively. In this paper, we proposed and analysed a compartmental Listeriosis-Anthrax coinfection model describing the transmission dynamics of Listeriosis and Anthrax epidemic in human population using the stability theory of diferential equations. Our model revealed that the disease-free equilibrium of the Anthrax model only is locally stable when the basic reproduction number is less than one. Sensitivity analysis was carried out on the model parameters in order to determine their impact on the disease dynamics. Numerical simulation of the coinfection model was carried out and the results are displayed graphically and discussed. We simulate the Listeriosis-Anthrax coinfection model by varying the human contact rate to see its efects on infected Anthrax population, infected Listeriosis population, and Listeriosis-Anthrax coinfected population.
    [Show full text]
  • Guidelines for the Investigation and Control of Disease Outbreaks
    Institute of Environmental Science & Research Limited Guidelines for the InvestigationGph-Yr Isol and Control of Disease Outbreaks 1200 1100 Pandemic (H1N1) 09 1000 Seasonal influenza 900 800 A (not sub-typed) 700 600 500 A(H1N1)pdm09 400 2010 300 No. of influenza viruses 200 100 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Week (by reported month) 2010 data only up to week 39¹ ¹Sentinel surveillance only Page 1 April 2012 www.esr.cri.nz Guidelines for the Investigation and Control of Disease Outbreaks Institute of Environmental Science and Research April 2012 Copyright Any part of this document may be quoted or reproduced and distributed (without addition or deletion), provided acknowledgement is given to the Institute of Environmental Science & Research Limited. Suggested citation Guidelines for the Investigation and Control of Disease Outbreaks. Porirua: Institute of Environmental Science & Research Limited; Updated 2011. FW12020 Published in April 2002. Updated April 2012 by the Institute of Environmental Science & Research Limited Kenepuru Science Centre PO Box 50-348 Porirua, New Zealand ISBN 978-1-877166-14-3 (Book) ISBN 978-1-877166-15-0 (Web) This document will be available on the ESR website www.esr.cri.nz Foreword This document is the latest revision of a series produced at different times over the past fifteen years. Over that time, there have been substantial changes to the environments in which outbreak investigators and responders operate. The 2002 Disease Outbreak Manual was partly based on the Guidelines for investigation of disease outbreaks in New Zealand produced by the Institute of Environmental Science & Research Limited (ESR) in 1996 and revised in 1997.
    [Show full text]
  • Water and Infection. Epidemiological Studies Of
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives WATER AND INFECTION. EPIDEMIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF EPIDEMIC AND ENDEMIC WATERBORNE DISEASE KARIN NYGÅRD Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology Division of Infectious Disease Control Norwegian Institute of Public Health Oslo 2008 © Karin Nygård, 2008 Series of dissertations submitted to the Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo No. 664 ISBN 978-82-8072-474-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission. The papers in the attachment in the dissertation are printed in agreement with the respective journals copyright policy or with special permission given by the publishers. Cover: Inger Sandved Anfinsen. Printed in Norway: AiT e-dit AS, Oslo, 2008. Produced in co-operation with Unipub AS. The thesis is produced by Unipub AS merely in connection with the thesis defence. Kindly direct all inquiries regarding the thesis to the copyright holder or the unit which grants the doctorate. Unipub AS is owned by The University Foundation for Student Life (SiO) TABLE OF CONTENTS SUMMARY 6 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 8 LIST OF PAPERS 9 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 10 1. GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11 WATER AND HUMANS ........................................................................................................................................11 INFECTIOUS AGENTS ASSOCIATED WITH WATER.................................................................................................13
    [Show full text]