University of Oklahoma Graduate College Mapping
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UNIVERSITY OF OKLAHOMA GRADUATE COLLEGE MAPPING GEOPOLITICAL IMAGINATIONS: TURKISH AUDIENCES & VALLEY OF THE WOLVES-PALESTINE A DISSERTATION SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE FACULTY in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY By NECATI ANAZ Norman, Oklahoma 2012 MAPPING GEOPOLITICAL IMAGINATIONS: TURKISH AUDIENCES & VALLEY OF THE WOLVES-PALESTINE A DISSERTATION APPROVED FOR THE DEPARTMENT OF GEOGRAPHY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY BY ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Dr. Darren Purcell, Chair ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Dr. Patrick Meirick ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Dr. Laurel Smith ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Dr. Karl Offen ––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––––– Dr. Robert Rundstrom © Copyright by NECATI ANAZ 2012 All Rights Reserved. DEDICATED TO This dissertation is dedicated to a young geographer, Mahmut Gökmen, who died on July 22, 2008, at age 27, in Norman, Oklahoma. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank to my advisor, Darren Purcell. This dissertation would not have been possible without his expert guidance and friendship. I would also like to thank to my committee members: Patrick Meirick, Laurel Smith, Karl Offen, and Robert Rundstrom for their assistance and encouragement during my course of studies and their availability as I wrote this dissertation. My graduate years and studies would not be the same without the social and academic challenges and diversions provided by my colleagues and friends, in particular, Matthew McNair, Lukas Sandve, Naci Dilekli, Kristin Collier, Ibrahim Hakki Guntay, Mehmet Ozkan, Arif Keceli, Burcu Degirmen, Anna Galiatsatos, Ersin Ozbenli, Bora Yalcin, Sezer Sevinc, Lutfiye Hocioglu, Hasan Baris Serce, Ceyda Gunsel, Tugba Turnaoglu, Bekir Koksal, and Ahmet Aker. I am also in debt to my anonymous focus group participants and survey respondents. I want to thank them for their important contribution to this study, thus my sincere gratitude goes to them. But my big thanks goes out to my parents, Guldan and Ilyas, and my brothers Metin, Abdullah, Fatih and Nurullah Anaz. Without their life-long support, I would not be where I am right now. iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements.……………………………………………………………………...iv Table of Contents………………………………………………………………………....v List of Tables……….……………………………..………………………………….......x List of Figures…………………………………..………………………………………xii Abstract…………………………………………………………………….…………....xv CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ...................................................................................... 1 1.1 INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 VALLEY OF THE WOLVES-PALESTINE ................................................................................................... 5 1.3 AIM .......................................................................................................................................... 10 1.4 RESEARCH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................. 10 1.5 RESEARCH INTEREST ................................................................................................................ 11 1.6 ORGANIZATION OF DISSERTATION ............................................................................................ 13 1.7 GENERAL CONCEPTS AND THEORIES IN FILM GEOGRAPHIES ..................................................... 14 1.7.1 The discussion of why and how film became important for geographers ..................... 15 1.7.2 The uses of film in geography classrooms..................................................................... 21 1.7.3 Political economy of film geographies .......................................................................... 23 1.8 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 31 CHAPTER 2: NATIONAL CINEMA, TURKISH FILM INDUSTRY AND THE FEATURES OF TURKISH MEDIA .............................................................................. 33 2.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 33 2.2 NATIONAL CINEMA AND NATIONALISM .................................................................................... 35 2.3 TURKISH CINEMA ..................................................................................................................... 40 v 2.4 THE IMPORTANCE OF SELECTED TURKISH MASS MEDIA FORMS TO VALLEY OF THE WOLVES- PALESTINE ..................................................................................................................................... 58 2.4.1 Television ...................................................................................................................... 60 2.4.2 Internet .......................................................................................................................... 65 2.5 SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER 3: UNDERSTANDING THE VISUAL TURN, POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY, POPULAR CULTURE, TURKISH GEOPOLITICS AND AUDIENCE GEOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................ 71 3.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................... 71 3.2 THE VISUAL TURN, POLITICAL GEOGRAPHY AND POPULAR CULTURE ....................................... 72 3.3 WHAT IS CRITICAL GEOPOLITICS? ............................................................................................ 76 3.4 TURKISH GEOPOLITICS AND ALTERNATIVE PARADIGM ............................................................. 79 3.5 TURKEY’S ISRAEL-PALESTINE POLICIES ................................................................................... 86 3.6 TURKEY’S SOFT POWER ............................................................................................................ 91 3.7 CONTEXTUALIZING AUDIENCE ................................................................................................. 94 3.8 OBSERVING ONLINE AUDIENCE ACTIVITIES ............................................................................ 100 3.9 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 105 CHAPTER 4: METHODOLOGY ................................................................................. 107 4.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 107 4.2 LOCATIONS OF ANALYSIS: PRODUCTION, TEXT AND AUDIENCE .............................................. 108 4.3 RESEARCH SITES .................................................................................................................... 109 4.4 RESEARCH DESIGN AND DATA COLLECTION ........................................................................... 112 4.4.1 Phase I: Planning ........................................................................................................ 112 4.4.2 Phase II: Implementation ............................................................................................ 113 4.4.3 Phase III: Processing .................................................................................................. 124 vi 4.5 APPROPRIATENESS OF THE METHODOLOGY ............................................................................ 124 4.6 RESEARCH ISSUES ................................................................................................................... 128 4.6.1 Problems with selecting research sites/cities .............................................................. 128 4.6.2 Sampling is not simple ................................................................................................ 130 4.6.3 Positionality and technology in interviews ................................................................. 132 4.6.4 The relations of power ................................................................................................ 134 4.7 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 135 CHAPTER 5: GEOPOLITICAL REPRESENTATIONS AND CRITICAL READING OF THE FILM, VALLEY OF THE WOLVES-PALESTINE .......................................... 136 5.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 136 5.3 TERRITORIAL CORRECTION IN VALLEY OF THE WOLVES-PALESTINE ..................................... 138 5.4 TURKISH GEOPOLITICS IN VALLEY OF THE WOLVES-PALESTINE ............................................ 159 5.5 VIGILANTE HERO AND GENRE POLITICS IN VALLEY OF THE WOLVES-PALESTINE .................. 165 5.6 SUMMARY .............................................................................................................................. 170 CHAPTER 6: TWO INTERVIEWS: DEFENDING PALESTINE IN THE VALLEY OF THE WOLVES ........................................................................................................ 172 6.1 INTRODUCTION....................................................................................................................... 172 6.2 IMAGINATIONS